127-498: The Aryan Guard was a neo-Nazi terrorist organization based in Alberta , Canada, whose members are primarily located in the city of Calgary . It was founded in late 2006, and was reported to have disbanded in 2009 as a result of internal conflict including pipe bombing attacks. However, the group denied this late in 2009, and claimed it was still operating. The Aryan Guard did not gain any media attention until 2007, when members began
254-483: A Berlin –Moscow alliance against the supposedly "decadent" Atlanticist forces; a dream which had been thematic since the days of Remer. Zündel visited Russia and met with ex-KGB general Aleksandr Stergilov and other Russian National Unity members. Despite these initial aspirations, international neo-Nazism and its close affiliates in ultra-nationalism would be split over the Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995, as part of
381-469: A Strasserite "nationalist and socialist" policy, which dissolved in 1962 due to lack of support. Other Third Reich associated groups were the HIAG and Stille Hilfe dedicated to advancing the interests of Waffen-SS veterans and rehabilitating them into the new democratic society. However, they did not claim to be attempting to restore Nazism, instead functioning as lobbying organizations for their members before
508-590: A fascist state . Neo-Nazism is a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries and international networks. It borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including antisemitism, ultranationalism , racism , xenophobia , ableism , homophobia , anti-communism , and creating a " Fourth Reich ". Holocaust denial is common in neo-Nazi circles. Neo-Nazis regularly display Nazi symbols and express admiration for Adolf Hitler and other Nazi leaders. In some European and Latin American countries, laws prohibit
635-459: A brawl between the two parties that brought traffic to a standstill. Several people had to be treated for injuries. The Aryan Guard had received media attention earlier that year on January 10, 2009 when they appeared at a protest against Israel 's actions in the Gaza Strip , despite being asked to leave by the protest organizers. According to Const. Lynn MacDonald, the hate crimes coordinator for
762-732: A brief intelligence "brown scare". Later leaders of American white nationalism came to politics through the ANP, including a teenage David Duke and William Luther Pierce of the National Alliance , although they soon distanced themselves from explicit self-identification with neo-Nazism. In 1961, the World Union of National Socialists was founded by Rockwell and Colin Jordan of the British National Socialist Movement , adopting
889-528: A charge or return to court. The decision whether to apply an extrajudicial sanction lies in with the police officer, Crown Prosecutor, or other officials and in comparison to other types of extrajudicial measures, a more formal set of rules applies to extrajudicial sanctions. Further, although it appears that the charge has "gone away", if the youth reoffends the sanction can be brought up at the next hearing. Extrajudicial sanctions can only be used if: Extrajudicial sanctions cannot be used if: Section 18(1) of
1016-596: A clearly sympathetic view of Hitler and the publisher Ernst Zündel was deeply tied to international neo-Nazism), however, the main interest of Holocaust denial to neo-Nazis was their hope that it would help them rehabilitate their political ideology in the eyes of the general public. Did Six Million Really Die? (1974) by Richard Verrall and The Hoax of the Twentieth Century (1976) by Arthur Butz are popular examples of Holocaust denial material. Key developments in international neo-Nazism during this time include
1143-585: A consequence, some members of the nascent movement of German neo-Nazism joined the Deutsche Reichspartei of which Hans-Ulrich Rudel was the most prominent figure. Younger members founded the Wiking-Jugend modelled after the Hitler Youth . The Deutsche Reichspartei stood for elections from 1953 until 1961 fetching around 1% of the vote each time. Rudel befriended French-born Savitri Devi , who
1270-487: A flyering campaign targeting immigrants. Some of these flyers had been surreptitiously placed in the free Calgary arts and culture newspaper Fast Forward Weekly by Aryan Guard members. The Friends of the Simon Wiesenthal Center for Holocaust Studies suspect that the individual responsible for the flyers may be Bill Noble, a neo-Nazi well known to law enforcement for his online racist activism and who has been in
1397-424: A greater opportunity to be rehabilitated and reintegrated into society. The criminal justice system for young persons must be separate from that of adults and emphasize the following: Paragraph (c) is meant to reflect social values while taking into account each individual's unique situation. It outlines the parameters within which the measures taken against a youth offender are set: Paragraph (d) describes
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#17330853991651524-454: A hearing for the youth when determining to detain or release the individual, at a youth's trial, and in situations where the custody of the youth is in question such as conditional supervision and decision reviews. The youth justice court or review board is more specifically required to provide a reasonable opportunity to obtain such counsel and this act is viewed as a mandated judicial measure. A specific difference in comparison to adult courts
1651-472: A hearing, the justice presiding over the case or the youth justice court may allow youth to be assisted by an adult at the request of the young person. For this to occur, the youth court of justice or the review board must find an adult who is deemed to be suitable in assisting the young person. This right is given to make the process for the young person easier, as the young person can obtain adult assistance from someone that they are more familiar with. Despite
1778-566: A homemade bomb large enough to make "a car explode". The leading suspect, B.T., was organizing the trafficking of weapons and was developing international links, in particular with the Dutch far-right movement De Nationale Alliantie . The neo-Nazi white nationalist organization Bosanski Pokret Nacionalnog Ponosa ( Bosnian Movement of National Pride ) was founded in Bosnia and Herzegovina in July 2009. Its model
1905-488: A human barrier between the two groups and blocked the movement of the counter-protesters while escorting the Aryan Guard down Stephen Avenue and up the steps of City Hall, where they waved flags proclaiming "White Pride Worldwide". Members of the Aryan Guard also taunted Jason Devine and Bonnie Collins, local anti-racism activists whose home was firebombed on February 12, 2008, while they and their four children were inside. As
2032-528: A late World War II general known for his antisemitic and pro-Nazi stance. From 2003 to 2019, the annual event was hosted by Bulgarian National Union. Neo-Nazis in Croatia base their ideology on the writings of Ante Pavelić and the Ustaše , a fascist anti-Yugoslav separatist movement. The Ustaše regime committed a genocide against Serbs , Jews and Roma . At the end of World War II , many Ustaše members fled to
2159-562: A mystery for many years. Conspiracy theories emerged about Hitler himself , that he had secretly survived the war and fled to South America or elsewhere. The Allied Control Council officially dissolved the NSDAP on 10 October 1945, marking the end of "Old" Nazism. A process of denazification began, and the Nuremberg trials took place, where many major leaders and ideologues were condemned to death by October 1946, others committed suicide. In both
2286-514: A neo-Spenglerian author, had written Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics (1949) dedicated to "the hero of the twentieth century" (namely, Adolf Hitler) and founded the European Liberation Front . He was interested more in the destiny of Europe; to this end, he advocated a National Bolshevik -esque red-brown alliance against American culture and influenced 1960s figures such as SS-veteran Jean-François Thiriart . Yockey
2413-613: A new paganism . In the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) a former member of SA , Wilhelm Adam , founded the National Democratic Party of Germany . It reached out to those attracted by the Nazi Party before 1945 and provide them with a political outlet, so that they would not be tempted to support the far-right again or turn to the anti-communist Western Allies. Joseph Stalin wanted to use them to create
2540-650: A new pro-Soviet and anti-Western strain in German politics. According to top Soviet diplomat Vladimir Semyonov, Stalin even suggested that they could be allowed to continue publishing their own newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter . While in Austria, former SS member Wilhelm Lang founded an esoteric group known as the Vienna Lodge ; he popularised Nazism and occultism such as the Black Sun and ideas of Third Reich survival colonies below
2667-664: A paramilitary wing; Combat 18 , which intersected with football hooligan firms such as the Chelsea Headhunters . The neo-Nazi skinhead movement spread to the United States, with groups such as the Hammerskins . It was popularised from 1986 onwards by Tom Metzger of the White Aryan Resistance . Since then it has spread across the world. Films such as Romper Stomper (1992) and American History X (1998) would fix
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#17330853991652794-468: A parent or other adult in some circumstances. Subsection 25(10) of the Act permits provinces to establish a program for the recovery of costs of a young person's counsel from the young person or the parents of that young person. Therefore, young people are represented by permanent salaried legal aid lawyers or, as per the specified choice, by a private lawyer who accepts the legal aid mandate payable according to
2921-530: A police caution, or a charge. If the youth agrees, the police can also refer the youth to a program under section 7 of the Act . If the police decide to refer the case to the courts, the Crown can choose to issue a Crown caution. If a warning, caution or referral was issued it means that the police officer has taken no further action on the offence. If a warning, caution, or referral is not appropriate, an extrajudicial sanction may be considered as well. Section 4 of
3048-600: A popular Croatian singer, was attended by 60,000 people, some of them wearing Ustaše uniforms. Some gave Ustaše salutes and shouted the Ustaše slogan " Za dom spremni " ("For the homeland – ready!"). This event prompted the Simon Wiesenthal Center to publicly issue a protest to the Croatian president. Cases of displaying Ustashe memorabilia have been recorded at the Bleiburg commemoration held annually in Austria. The government of
3175-511: A provincial minister Operating under the paradigm of restorative justice, YJCs aim to "strike the right balance between accountability and community intervention" YJCs are used extensively in Manitoba, Alberta and New Brunswick. A committee's activity largely depends on volunteer efforts from its community. Trained members work to create extrajudicial measures for young people, but failure to comply with measures given ultimately results in return to
3302-486: A public perception that neo-Nazism and skinheads were synonymous. New developments also emerged on the esoteric level, as former Chilean diplomat Miguel Serrano built on the works of Carl Jung , Otto Rahn , Wilhelm Landig , Julius Evola and Savitri Devi to bind together and develop already existing theories. Serrano had been a member of the National Socialist Movement of Chile in the 1930s and from
3429-691: A red flag incorporating the Swastika under the banner of Russia for Russians . These forces came together in a last gasp effort to save the Supreme Soviet of Russia against Boris Yeltsin during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis . As well as events in Russia, in newly independent ex-Soviet states, annual commemorations for SS volunteers now took place; particularly in Latvia , Estonia and Ukraine . The Russian developments excited German neo-Nazism who dreamed of
3556-523: A safety precaution. On March 21, "a date recognized as both a white pride world wide day and as a celebration for the elimination of racism", in 2008, the Aryan Guard staged a demonstration in downtown Calgary. More than 40 supporters of the Aryan Guard faced a crowd of over 200 anti-racist protesters who prevented the Guard from reaching their planned meeting place at the Mewata Armouries . Police then formed
3683-575: A speaker on the panel, stated that "there was not enough basis to take action against the group". In response to the Aryan Guard's activities in the city, Calgary anti-racist activists held a rally in support of Calgary's multiculturalism and opposition to racism and racist movements. Some members of the Aryan Guard organized a counter-protest in response to the anti-racist rally. On October 14, 2007, approximately 15 Aryan Guard members protested at Calgary City Hall . They were drastically outnumbered by anti-racism protesters. Police were forced to step in as
3810-452: A tunnel after a rehearsal. Ilin subsequently accused Estonian police of indifference after filing the incident. When a dark-skinned French student was attacked in Tartu , the head of an association of foreign students claimed that the attack was characteristic of a wave of neo-Nazi violence. An Estonian police official, however, stated that there were only a few cases involving foreign students over
3937-473: A wave of anti-immigration populism and concerns over British national decline. Televised exposes on This Week in 1974 and World in Action in 1978, showed their neo-Nazi pedigree and damaged their electoral chances. In 1967, Rockwell was killed by a disgruntled former member. Matthias Koehl took control of the ANP, and strongly influenced by Savitri Devi, gradually transformed it into an esoteric group known as
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4064-443: A young person who is found guilty of an offence for which an adult can be sentenced to imprisonment for more than two years if the offence was committed after a young person is fourteen years of age. Presumptive offence may be used under one of the following charges: first-degree or second-degree murder, attempt to commit murder, manslaughter or aggravated sexual assault. Other serious offences can fall within presumptive offence if it
4191-463: A youth's choice to retain counsel and the role of lawyers in the criminal justice system. In terms of the JDA, more focus was placed on a youth being viewed as a misguided individual who required guidance from the courts. Sections 25(4) and (10) allow young people to obtain the same rights as adults, in terms of legal counsel, consent, etc. It is also necessary that young persons be given the right to consult
4318-648: Is Bosnian nationalism because it secures national prosperity and social justice..." The group is led by a person nicknamed Sauberzwig, after the commander of the 13th SS Handschar. The group's strongest area of operations is in the Tuzla area of Bosnia. The primary neo-Nazi political party to receive attention in post-WWII Bulgaria is the Bulgarian National Union – New Democracy . On 13 February of every year since 2003, Bulgarian neo-Nazis and like-minded far-right nationalists gather at Sofia to honor Hristo Lukov ,
4445-535: Is a National Socialist movement in Armenia . It was founded in 2021 and supports Aryanism , Antisemitism, and White supremacy. A Belgian neo-Nazi organization, Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw (Blood, Soil, Honour and Loyalty), was created in 2004 after splitting from the international network ( Blood and Honour ). The group rose to public prominence in September 2006, after 17 members (including 11 soldiers) were arrested under
4572-436: Is defined as a type of extrajudicial measure used to deal with a young person only if they cannot be adequately dealt by a warning, caution or referral as outlined above . Conditions that dictate this are the seriousness of the offence, the nature and number of previous offences committed by the young person or any other aggravating circumstances. Extrajudicial sanctions examples include restitution or compensation, service to
4699-447: Is important to take into consideration many factors when deciding on a fair response to the offence. For example, if the young person has already started reparation to the harm done to the victim, the person deciding on the type of extrajudicial measure should consider that factor when determining an appropriate response. There are four types of extrajudicial measures (not including extrajudicial sanctions ): An extrajudicial sanction
4826-567: Is necessary to protect the rights of the young person and guarantee that those rights are upheld throughout the judicial process. Every accused person in Canada has the right to be informed of their rights and what they are being charged of, according to the legal rights of the Arrest and Detention section of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. According to section 146 (2) (b) of the Act , Young persons under
4953-641: Is the Waffen-SS Handschar Division , which was composed of Bosniak volunteers. It proclaimed its main enemies to be "Jews, Roma , Serbian Chetniks , the Croatian separatists , Josip Broz Tito , Communists , homosexuals and blacks ". Its ideology is a mixture of Bosnian nationalism , National Socialism and white nationalism . It says "Ideologies that are not welcome in Bosnia are: Zionism, Islamism, communism, capitalism. The only ideology good for us
5080-662: Is the fact that it prohibits criminal proceedings against a youth without the consent of the Attorney General. In terms of adult proceedings, it is possible for members of the public to commence proceedings without the authorization of police and the Crown Attorney; however, that is not the case with youth. While comparing the Youth Offenders Act to the Youth Criminal Justice Act , the former focuses more on
5207-527: Is the third conviction for such an offence. The age of fourteen may sometimes be raised in a province where the Lieutenant Governor in council has fixed the age greater than fourteen. Youths who are 12 or 13 at the time of the offence may be sentenced in the same way, only for the following: first degree or second degree murder or manslaughter. Trials for both adults and youths follow the same rules for evidence and are equally formal. Section 110 of
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5334-434: Is unable to afford a lawyer, he or she may request legal aid. If eligible, a lawyer will be appointed by the attorney general. The Canadian Charter of rights and freedoms and the Act both hold the right to legal representation for youth. The purpose is to provide extensive opportunity for legal advocacy and advice prior to and during the court process. However, when a young person is not represented by counsel at trial or at
5461-504: Is wrong) where the Court asserted that a separate youth sentencing process is fundamental to Canadian societal notions of justice. In R v C.D. / C.D.K [2005 SCC 78], the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed that youths will receive the most favourable interpretation available of the Act 's sentencing provisions . In C.D / C.D.K. , the Court ruled that 'violent crime' as defined in s.39 of
5588-623: The Cotswold Declaration . French socialite Françoise Dior was involved romantically with Jordan and his deputy John Tyndall and a friend of Savitri Devi, who also attended the meeting. The National Socialist Movement wore quasi-SA uniforms, was involved in streets conflicts with the Jewish 62 Group . In the 1970s, Tyndall's earlier involvement with neo-Nazism would come back to haunt the National Front , which he led, as they attempted to ride
5715-408: The Act outlines privacy in relation to the identity of young offenders, access to their criminal records, and disclosure of their personal or trial information. The Act trial information can be published in media or print but identifying information (i.e., name) about young offenders cannot. This publication ban exists to prevent stigmatization of young offenders, which has been found to hinder
5842-470: The Act sets out principles that govern the establishment of policies about extrajudicial measures: These measures are applied by police and Crown attorneys with the intention that youth can be held liable through non-court measures for their offence(s). Under Section 5 of the Act , objectives of these measures are to: These objectives are specially designed so that a wide range of diversionary options are available to achieve an array of objectives and it
5969-638: The Anglosphere during the 20th century. Figures influential in the development of neo-Nazi racism, such as Miguel Serrano and Julius Evola (writers who are described by critics of Nazism such as the Southern Poverty Law Center as influential within what it presents as parts of "the bizarre fringes of National Socialism, past and present"), claim that the Hyperborean ancestors of the Aryans were in
6096-547: The Calgary Police Service , the Aryan Guard is considered a "criminal activity group". On August 28, 2008, four members of the Aryan Guard were arrested for vandalism that occurred on the Siksika First Nations Reserve near the community of Gleichen, Alberta . On July 27, 2008, a 17-year-old member of the Aryan Guard assaulted a Japanese woman leaving a Calgary bar. The Aryan Guard member was convicted of
6223-477: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms apply to youths and adults. Youths and adults have the right to obtain immediate legal counsel of their own choice upon arrest or detention. The Youth offender also has the right to have their parent(s) or guardian(s) present during questioning. Upon arrest or detainment, these rights must be explained in clear and understandable language. If the police have violated
6350-703: The Czech Republic strictly punishes neo-Nazism ( Czech : Neonacismus ). According to a report by the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic , neo-Nazis committed more than 211 crimes in 2013. The Czech Republic has various neo-Nazi groups. One of them is the group Wotan Jugend, based in Germany. The National Socialist Movement of Denmark was formed in 1991, and was formally a neo nazi party, that would actively promote
6477-463: The Fourth Reich . Holocaust denial is a common feature, as is the incorporation of Nazi symbols and admiration of Adolf Hitler . Neo-Nazism is considered a particular form of far-right politics and right-wing extremism. Neo-Nazi writers have posited a spiritual, esoteric doctrine of race , which moves beyond the primarily Darwinian -inspired materialist scientific racism popular mainly in
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#17330853991656604-562: The Greek Volunteer Guard ). Indeed, the revival of National Bolshevism was able to steal some of the thunder from overt Russian neo-Nazism, as ultra-nationalism was wedded with veneration of Joseph Stalin in place of Adolf Hitler, while still also flirting with Nazi aesthetics. Outside Germany, in other countries which were involved with the Axis powers and had their own native ultra-nationalist movements, which sometimes collaborated with
6731-535: The National Renaissance Party , including James H. Madole , H. Keith Thompson and Eustace Mullins ( protégé of Ezra Pound ) and the Liberty Lobby of Willis Carto . Rockwell, an American conservative, was first politicised in the anti-communism and anti- racial integration movements before becoming anti-Jewish. In response to his opponents calling him a "Nazi", he theatrically appropriated
6858-579: The National Socialist Movement of Denmark of Povl Riis-Knudsen and various German and Austrian figures who felt that the "National Democratic" parties were too bourgeois and insufficiently Nazi in orientation. This included Michael Kühnen , Christian Worch , Bela Ewald Althans and Gottfried Küssel of the 1977-founded ANS/NS which called for the establishment of a Germanic Fourth Reich . Some ANS/NS members were imprisoned for planning paramilitary attacks on NATO bases in Germany and planning to liberate Rudolf Hess from Spandau Prison . The organisation
6985-715: The New Order . In Franco's Spain , certain SS refugees most notably Otto Skorzeny , Léon Degrelle and the son of Klaus Barbie became associated with CEDADE ( Círculo Español de Amigos de Europa ), an organisation which disseminated Third Reich apologetics out of Barcelona . They intersected with neo-Nazi advocates from Mark Fredriksen in France to Salvador Borrego in Mexico. In the post-fascist Italian Social Movement splinter groups such as Ordine Nuovo and Avanguardia Nazionale , involved in
7112-577: The World Jewish Congress on the international stage. Waldheim's record was defended by Bruno Kreisky , an Austrian Jew who served as Chancellor of Austria. The legacy of the affair lingers on, as Victor Ostrovsky has claimed the Mossad doctored the file of Waldheim to implicate him in war crimes. Some critics have sought to draw a connection between Nazism and modern right-wing populism in Europe, but
7239-454: The Youth Offenders Act to the Youth Criminal Justice Act involves the view that deviant youth are now viewed as offenders responsible for their actions. In a similar comparison to that of adults, the youth are encouraged to obtain legal counsel. The youth justice court or review board is required as a legal implication to advise the young person of their right to counsel. The following are some typical situations that warrant such advice: at
7366-413: The Youth Offenders Act , pre-trial detention was on the rise and Canada, out of the western countries, had one of the highest youth incarceration rates. Not only was the use of pre-trial detention high, it also varied widely across the provinces. Pre-trial detention is not meant to be punitive, but research found negative outcomes associated with it as well, such as depravity of freedom and seclusion from
7493-804: The breakup of Yugoslavia . The split would largely be along ethnic and sectarian lines. The Germans and the French would largely back the Western Catholic Croats (Lauck's NSDAP/AO explicitly called for volunteers , which Kühnen's Free German Workers' Party answered and the French formed the "Groupe Jacques Doriot "), while the Russians and the Greeks would back the Orthodox Serbs (including Russians from Barkashov's Russian National Unity, Eduard Limonov 's National Bolshevik Front and Golden Dawn members joined
7620-399: The collapse of the Soviet Union during the early 1990s, neo-Nazism began to spread its ideas in the East, as hostility to the triumphant liberal order was high and revanchism a widespread feeling. In Russia, during the chaos of the early 1990s, an amorphous mixture of KGB hardliners, Orthodox neo-Tsarist nostalgics (i.e., Pamyat ) and explicit neo-Nazis found themselves strewn together in
7747-415: The " Years of Lead " considered Nazism a reference. Franco Freda created a " Nazi-Maoism " synthesis. In Germany itself, the various Third Reich nostalgic movements coalesced around the National Democratic Party of Germany in 1964 and in Austria the National Democratic Party in 1967 as the primary sympathisers of the NSDAP past, although more publicly cautious than earlier groups. Holocaust denial ,
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#17330853991657874-413: The 1960s were the former concentration camp personnel prosecuted by West Germany in the Belzec trial , Frankfurt Auschwitz trials , Treblinka trials , Chełmno trials , and the Sobibór trial . However, the government had passed laws prohibiting Nazis from publicly expressing their beliefs. Neo-Nazism found expression outside of Germany, including in countries who fought against the Third Reich during
8001-556: The Act replaced the Young Offenders Act , which itself was a replacement for the Juvenile Delinquents Act . The Act governs the application of criminal and correctional law to those 12 years old or older, but younger than 18 at the time of committing the offence (Section 2 of the YCJA). Youth aged 14 to 17 may be sentenced as adults under certain conditions, as described later on in the Act . The Criminal Code , section 13, states "No person shall be convicted of an offence in respect of an act or omission on their part while that person
8128-667: The Black Legion. The plaque remained there for four years, until it was removed by the authorities. In 2003, Croatian penal code was amended with provisions prohibiting the public display of Nazi symbols, the propagation of Nazi ideology, historical revisionism and holocaust denial but the amendments were annulled in 2004 since they were not enacted in accordance with a constitutionally prescribed procedure. Nevertheless, since 2006 Croatian penal code explicitly prohibits any type of hate crime based on race , color , gender , sexual orientation , religion or national origin. There have been instances of hate speech in Croatia, such as
8255-402: The December 2003 anti-terrorist laws and laws against racism, antisemitism and supporters of censorship. According to Justice Minister Laurette Onkelinx and Interior Minister Patrick Dewael , the suspects (11 of whom were members of the military) were preparing to launch terrorist attacks in order to "destabilize" Belgium . According to the journalist Manuel Abramowicz, of the Resistances,
8382-463: The East and West, surviving ex-party members and military veterans assimilated to the new reality and had no interest in constructing a "neo-Nazism". However, during the 1949 West German elections a number of Nazi advocates such as Fritz Rössler had infiltrated the national conservative Deutsche Rechtspartei , which had five members elected. Rössler and others left to found the more radical Socialist Reich Party (SRP) under Otto Ernst Remer . At
8509-403: The FPÖ won 22 percent of the vote, as well as 33 percent of the vote in Carinthia and 22 percent in Vienna; showing that it had become a force capable of reversing the old pattern of Austrian politics. Historian Walter Laqueur writes that even though Haider welcomed former Nazis at his meetings and went out of his way to address Schutzstaffel (SS) veterans, the FPÖ is not a fascist party in
8636-550: The Freedom Party and formed the Alliance for Austria's Future , was killed in a traffic accident in October 2008. Barbara Rosenkranz , the Freedom Party's candidate in Austria's 2010 presidential election , was controversial for having made allegedly pro-Nazi statements. Rosenkranz is married to Horst Rosenkranz , a key member of a banned neo-Nazi party, who is known for publishing far-right books. Rosenkranz says she cannot detect anything "dishonourable" in her husband's activities. The Armenian-Aryan Racialist Political Movement
8763-400: The Jews were created by the Demiurge and were concerned only with coarse materialism . Serrano claimed that a new Golden Age can be attained if the Hyperboreans repurify their blood (supposedly the light of the Black Sun) and restore their " blood-memory ." As with Savitri Devi before him, Serrano's works became a key point of reference in neo-Nazism. With the fall of the Berlin Wall and
8890-411: The National Front's Rock Against Communism project which was meant to counter the SWP 's Rock Against Racism . The most significant music group involved in this project was Skrewdriver , led by Ian Stuart Donaldson . Together with ex-BM member Nicky Crane , Donaldson founded the international Blood & Honour network in 1987. By 1992 this network, with input from Harold Covington , had developed
9017-432: The Second World War, and sometimes adopted pan-European or "universal" characteristics, beyond the parameters of German nationalism . The two main tendencies, with differing styles and even worldviews, were the followers of the American Francis Parker Yockey , who was fundamentally anti-American and advocated for a pan-European nationalism , and those of George Lincoln Rockwell , an American conservative . Yockey,
9144-839: The Third Reich but were not technically German-style National Socialists, revivalist and nostalgic movements have emerged in the post-war period which, as neo-Nazism has done in Germany, seek to rehabilitate their various loosely associated ideologies. These movements include neo-fascists and post-fascists in Italy; Vichyites, Pétainists and "national Europeans" in France; Ustaše sympathisers in Croatia ; neo- Chetniks in Serbia; Iron Guard revivalists in Romania ; Hungarists and Horthyists in Hungary and others. The most significant case on an international level
9271-725: The West, where they found sanctuary and continued their political and terrorist activities (which were tolerated due to Cold War hostilities). In 1999, Zagreb's Square of the Victims of Fascism was renamed Croatian Nobles Square , provoking widespread criticism of Croatia's attitude towards the Holocaust . In 2000, the Zagreb City Council again renamed the square into Square of the Victims of Fascism . Many streets in Croatia were renamed after
9398-490: The Youth Justice Committees (YJCs) help in the administering of the Act by devolving power to the community. YJCs facilitate interaction between the victim and offender, and recommend appropriate programs/services to treat their situation. Each committee is a group of trained volunteers from the local community. Their main activities include the following: a. for the youth charged with an offence: b. Reporting to
9525-420: The above rights, the charges may be dismissed by a judge or any statements made to the police may be ruled inadmissible by the judge in court. Presumptive offences were found to be unconstitutional and are no longer included in the Act . A presumptive offence is an offence committed or alleged to have been committed by a young person who has attained the age of fourteen years. An adult sentence can be imposed on
9652-495: The aesthetic elements of the NSDAP, to "own" the intended insult. In 1959, Rockwell founded the American Nazi Party and instructed his members to dress in imitation SA -style brown shirts, while flying the flag of the Third Reich. In contrast to Yockey, he was pro-American and cooperated with FBI requests, despite the party being targeted by COINTELPRO due to the mistaken belief that they were agents of Nasser's Egypt during
9779-430: The age of 18 must have their rights explained by the officer in a language appropriate to their age and level of understanding. Therefore, the officer must assess the accused youth's ability to understand their rights before attaining a statement from the youth. It is imperative that the officer states the rights to the youth in a manner that he or she fully understands due to the fact that the courts will not assess whether
9906-460: The assault on March 13, 2009; he was released in April 2009 having been in jail since October 2008. On the morning of November 21, 2009, two homemade bombs were left on the doorstep of WEB (Western European Bloodline) member Tyler Sturrup. The devices were found and removed to a nearby parking lot moments before detonating. Hours after Aryan Guard member John Marleau was questioned by police in connection to
10033-455: The basic principle that the YCJA attempts to address underlying behaviour, such as pre-existing conditions or circumstances that would lead to an offending behaviour. It also seeks to, above all, reintegrate young persons who commit offences into society through means of rehabilitation. Paragraph (b) incorporates a recognition that young people need to be held accountable for their crimes, and have
10160-429: The bombing, due to information provided by John Marleau's ex-girlfriend, warrants for attempted murder and other charges were issued for Aryan Guard founder Kyle McKee and a 17-year-old accomplice who cannot be named under provisions of Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act . The accomplice was later found not guilty and released after serving seven months in jail. After the bomb attempt, the Aryan Guard's website indicated
10287-430: The child fully understood the rights inform to them by the officer but whether or not the officer explained their rights at a level appropriate to their age and understanding. Officers employ such techniques as having the youth repeat or summarize in their own words the rights that were transmitted to them to avoid having any testimonies made by the accused youth waived by the courts. The fundamental paradigm shift from
10414-586: The claim that six million Jews were not deliberately and systematically exterminated as an official policy of the Third Reich and Adolf Hitler, became a more prominent feature of neo-Nazism in the 1970s. Before this time, Holocaust denial had long existed as a sentiment among neo-Nazis, but it had not yet been systematically articulated as a theory with a bibliographical canon. Few of the major theorists of Holocaust denial (who call themselves " revisionists ") can be uncontroversially classified as outright neo-Nazis (though some works such as those of David Irving forward
10541-489: The demonstration wound down, members of the Aryan Guard were escorted to a waiting school bus by police and evacuated from the scene. An unknown number of anti-racism protesters, who had been under video surveillance during the demonstration, were detained as they left and forced to have their identification recorded by police. On March 21, 2009, the Aryan Guard held another white pride rally in downtown Calgary where they confronted anti-racist, counter-protestors which led to
10668-612: The distant past, far higher beings than their current state, having suffered from "involution" due to mixing with the "Telluric" peoples; supposed creations of the Demiurge . Within this theory, if the "Aryans" are to return to the Golden Age of the distant past, they need to awaken the memory of the blood. An extraterrestrial origin of the Hyperboreans is often claimed. These theories draw influence from Gnosticism and Tantrism , building on
10795-456: The early days of neo-Nazism, he had been in contact with key figures across Europe and beyond. Despite this, he was able to work as an ambassador to numerous countries until the rise of Salvador Allende . In 1984 he published his book Adolf Hitler: The Ultimate Avatar . Serrano claimed that the Aryans were extragalactic beings who founded Hyperborea and lived the heroic life of Bodhisattvas , while
10922-601: The expression of pro-Nazi, racist, antisemitic, or homophobic views. Nazi-related symbols are banned in many European countries (especially Germany ) in an effort to curtail neo-Nazism. The term neo-Nazism describes any post- World War II militant, social or political movements seeking to revive the ideology of Nazism in whole or in part. The term 'neo-Nazism' can also refer to the ideology of these movements, which may borrow elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultranationalism , anti-communism , racism, ableism , xenophobia , homophobia , antisemitism , up to initiating
11049-648: The extremists of the radical right have always had as its aim to "infiltrate the state mechanisms," including the army in the 1970s and the 1980s, through Westland New Post and the Front de la Jeunesse . A police operation, which mobilized 150 agents, searched five military barracks (in Leopoldsburg near the Dutch border, Kleine-Brogel, Peer , Brussels (Royal military school) and Zedelgem ) as well as 18 private addresses in Flanders . They found weapons, munitions, explosives and
11176-406: The fact that section 25(7) does not specify specific requirements for the ideal suitable adult, this tends to be assessed on a case-by-case basis to the specific needs of the young person. The Statement of Right to Counsel requires that the young person be provided with a written statement that reminds them that they do have the right to request and be represented by legal counsel at any time during
11303-401: The federal and provincial governments on whether protective measures of the act are followed c. Advising the federal and provincial governments on policies and procedures related to the youth criminal justice system d. Informing the public in respect of the YCJA and the youth criminal justice system; e. Setting up conferences f. Any other task assigned by The Attorney General of Canada or
11430-464: The following information: (a) the name of the young person (b) the charge against the young person and (c) a statement that the young person has the right to be represented by counsel. In addition, if summons, appearance of notice or promise to appear is issued in respect of a young person, the parent must be given notice in writing in person or via mail under section 26(2). Both sections 26(1) and 26(2) are subject to subsection 26(4), which states that if
11557-486: The formal justice system. The Act in Section 25(1) gives a youth the right to retain and instruct counsel without delay, which was amended by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . This means that young persons who are arrested or detained for any reason must be told of their right to obtain a lawyer before any lawful procedures are conducted. The youth must also be given the opportunity to obtain this counsel. If
11684-574: The government and the two main political parties (the conservative CDU/CSU and the Nazis' one-time archenemies, the Social Democratic Party ) Many bureaucrats who served under the Third Reich continued to serve in German administration after the war. According to the Simon Wiesenthal Center , many of the more than 90,000 Nazi war criminals recorded in German files were serving in positions of prominence under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer . Not until
11811-432: The group had disbanded. Neo-Nazism Final solution Parties Neo-Nazism comprises the post- World War II militant, social, and political movements that seek to revive and reinstate Nazi ideology . Neo-Nazis employ their ideology to promote hatred and racial supremacy (often white supremacy ), to attack racial and ethnic minorities (often antisemitism and Islamophobia ), and in some cases to create
11938-537: The individual understands the justice process. According to the Act section 25 (4): If the young individual is unable to obtain legal assistance or no legal aid program is available, the young offender is able to request counsel. The counsel to represent the young individual is to be appointed by the Attorney General according to the section 25(5) of the Youth Justice Act. For example, if the young individual
12065-502: The interests of society. The sentencing judge will also endeavour to impose a sentence that encourages the youth to take responsibility for the consequences of their actions.[s.3, s.38 YCJA] Canadian appellate courts and the Supreme Court of Canada have repeatedly affirmed the principle that young persons convicted of crimes must be sentenced differently from adults. A notable example is the Ontario decision of R v D.T . '2006 OJ 112' (Citation
12192-492: The judicial process. Included at various stages of the judicial process, the Statement, ensures that the young person remains alert to their rights, to the continued availability of counsel and to their options for counsel (i.e., Legal Aid). The Statement must be included with appearance notices or summons, arrest warrants, promises to appear, in all notifications of sentence review and also with all undertakings or recognisance that
12319-525: The nazi ideology in Denmark. The party did not gain any political influence, and were regarded as a failed political project by neo nazi expert Frede Farmand. Long time party leader Johnni Hansen was replaced by Esben Rohde Kristensen in 2010, which resulted in a large amount of party members leaving the party. While the party never has been formally dissolved, there has been very little activity from its core member since 2010. Former neo nazi Daniel Carlsen formed
12446-459: The offence. Disclosure ("the communication of information other than by way of publication" of youth information is banned under the Act . Communicating information about youth offenders through disclosure is a criminal offence Under the Act , prior to conviction, detention is prohibited and deemed unnecessary. One of the new provisions of the Act is to limit the use of pre-trial detention and to promote alternatives to incarceration. Under
12573-702: The onset of the Cold War , the SRP favoured the Soviet Union over the United States. In Austria , national independence had been restored, and the Verbotsgesetz 1947 explicitly criminalised the NSDAP and any attempt at restoration. West Germany adopted a similar law to target parties it defined as anti-constitutional; Article 21 Paragraph 2 in the Basic Law , banning the SRP in 1952 for being opposed to liberal democracy . As
12700-399: The outside world. Many youth in custody prior to their sentencing were also found guilty more often than youths not in custody. The inconsistent use of pre-trial detention and negative connotations were cause enough for revision. The fundamental purpose in the sentencing of young persons pursuant to the Act is to strike the best possible balance between the interests of the young person and
12827-577: The past charged under Section 319 of the Canadian Criminal Code for "wilful promotion of hatred". The Aryan Guard's website is registered in Noble's name. At a human rights panel discussion at the Glenbow Museum on August 14, 2007, the topic of the Aryan Guard was discussed. Although the flyers were deemed "racially charged" and "disturbing", Inspector Bob Couture of the Calgary Police Service ,
12954-520: The polar ice caps. With the onset of the Cold War , the allied forces had lost interest in prosecuting anyone as part of the denazification. In the mid-1950s this new political environment allowed Otto Strasser , an NS activist on the left of the NSDAP, who had founded the Black Front to return from exile. In 1956, Strasser founded the German Social Union as a Black Front successor, promoting
13081-416: The pre-established rates. If a young offender is ineligible he is represented by a private lawyer at a cost agreed upon by the youth and/or his parents and the lawyer. Under the Act , in case of the arrest or detention of a young person, the officer in charge must give notice to a parent either orally or in writing as soon as they possibly can under section 26(1). The notice must include under section 26(6)
13208-670: The previous two years. In November 2006, the Estonian government passed a law banning the display of Nazi symbols . The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur's Report noted that community representatives and non-governmental organizations devoted to human rights had pointed out that neo-Nazi groups were active in Estonia—particularly in Tartu—and had perpetrated acts of violence against non-European minorities. The neo-Nazi terrorist organization Feuerkrieg Division
13335-513: The prominent Ustaše figure Mile Budak , which provoked outrage amongst the Serbian minority. Since 2002, there has been a reversal of this development, and streets with the name of Mile Budak or other persons connected with the Ustaše movement are few or non-existent. A plaque in Slunj with the inscription "Croatian Knight Jure Francetić " was erected to commemorate Francetić, the notorious Ustaše leader of
13462-613: The radicalisation of the Vlaamse Militanten Orde under former Hitler Youth member Bert Eriksson . They began hosting an annual conference; the "Iron Pilgrimage"; at Diksmuide , which drew kindred ideologues from across Europe and beyond. As well as this, the NSDAP/AO under Gary Lauck arose in the United States in 1972 and challenged the international influence of the Rockwellite WUNS. Lauck's organisation drew support from
13589-648: The rehabilitation of youth. Furthermore, the identity of youth victims cannot be published for the same reasons. Breaking the publication ban is a criminal offence. It is unknown whether publication of identifying information on social networking sites like Facebook is a violation of the ban, which has been the source of controversy. The ban is lifted in respect to any adult sentences the young person receives, and can be otherwise lifted only under exceptional circumstances, including: Youth criminal records cannot be viewed by anyone other than criminal justice officials (e.g. lawyers) and only within particular time frames from
13716-483: The same camp. They were united by opposition to the influence of the United States, against the liberalising legacy of Mikhail Gorbachev 's perestroika and on the Jewish question , Soviet Zionology merged with a more explicit anti-Jewish sentiment. The most significant organisation representing this was Russian National Unity under the leadership of Alexander Barkashov , where black-uniform clad Russians marched with
13843-448: The small national party Party of the Danes in 2011, which officially rejected nazism, but were none the less categorized as such by professor in politics Peter Nedergaard. It was dissolved in 2017 after its founder Daniel Stockholm announced retirement from politics. In 2006, Roman Ilin, a Jewish theatre director from St. Petersburg , Russia, was attacked by neo-Nazis when returning from
13970-399: The special considerations for criminal proceedings against young persons. It highlights four in particular. Under Part 1 of the Act , extrajudicial measures are used for responding to less serious youth crimes in a timely and effective manner. Police are the first officials to be encountered within the system and possess the power to use discretion in deciding whether to issue a warning,
14097-434: The staff lawyer system, the service is provided by lawyers that are employed directly by the legal aid plan. The proportion of Young offender legal aid is equally divided between the two. Section 25 of the Act outlines the young individual's right to counsel, which was amended from the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The aim is to protect the youth's right to counsel in all stages of the youth justice process and ensure
14224-455: The traditional sense, since it has not made anti-communism an important issue, and it does not advocate the overthrow of the democratic order or the use of violence. In his view, the FPÖ is "not quite fascist", although it is part of a tradition, similar to that of 19th-century Viennese mayor Karl Lueger , which involves nationalism , xenophobic populism, and authoritarianism. Haider, who in 2005 left
14351-478: The two are not widely regarded as interchangeable by most academics. In Austria, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) served as a shelter for ex-Nazis almost from its inception. In 1980, scandals undermined Austria's two main parties and the economy stagnated. Jörg Haider became leader of the FPÖ and offered partial justification for Nazism , calling its employment policy effective. In the 1994 Austrian election ,
14478-458: The use of the phrase Srbe na vrbe! ("[Hang] Serbs on the willow trees!"). In 2004, an Orthodox church was spray-painted with pro-Ustaše graffiti. During some protests in Croatia, supporters of Ante Gotovina and other at the time suspected war criminals (all acquitted in 2012) have carried nationalist symbols and pictures of Pavelić. On 17 May 2007, a concert in Zagreb by Thompson ,
14605-514: The victim or community, attendance and participating in counselling and treatment programs, etc. Formerly termed as alternative measures under the Young Offenders Act extrajudicial sanctions are important for they are a good alternative option to the formal court process for the young person. If they comply satisfactorily with the sanction the charge can be dismissed. However, failure to comply or unsatisfactory performance may result in
14732-404: The whereabouts of the parents of the young person are not available, notice may be given to an adult who the person giving the notice considers appropriate. If there is a failure to give notice to a parent upon the arrest of a young person all proceedings continue and are not considered invalid under this act. Youths may be arrested by the police for more serious offences. The rights expressed in
14859-491: The work of the Ahnenerbe . Within this racist theory, Jews are held up as the antithesis of nobility, purity and beauty. Neo-Nazism generally aligns itself with a blood and soil variation of environmentalism, which has themes in common with deep ecology , the organic movement and animal protectionism . This tendency, sometimes called " ecofascism ", was represented in the original German Nazism by Richard Walther Darré who
14986-399: The young person may participate in under the auspices of the officer in charge. It must also be included with other notifications of legal proceedings such as custody continuations, conditional supervision, decision reviews and all youth justice court reviews. The repetition of the document serves as a reminder not only to the young person, but also to those within the judicial system that it
15113-424: The youth does not have a lawyer present at the first court date, the judge must inform the youth of their right of counsel. Before accepting a plea, the court must The young person has right to counsel upon arrest or detention, before a voluntary statement, during consideration of extrajudicial sanctions, and at a hearing. If the youth is denied legal aid for any reason, the court can order that counsel be given to
15240-634: The youth- in order to comply with the right to counsel If at any point the parent's interests and the youth's interests are in conflict, the presiding judge may also order counsel be obtained for the youth Even though right to counsel is guaranteed by the Act , studies have shown that youth tend to not take advantage of counsel, leading many to question the validity and authenticity of Section 25(1). The delivery of legal counsel has two primary models: Judicare and Staff delivery model text to display. In judicare delivery model, lawyers in private practice are issued certificates to provide legal aid to clients. In
15367-598: Was a proponent of Esoteric Nazism . In the 1950s she wrote a number of books, such as Pilgrimage (1958), which concerns prominent Third Reich sites, and The Lightning and the Sun (1958), in which she claims that Adolf Hitler was an avatar of the God Vishnu . She was not alone in this reorientation of Nazism towards its Thulean -roots; the Artgemeinschaft , founded by former SS member Wilhelm Kusserow, attempted to promote
15494-455: Was also fond of Arab nationalism , in particular Gamal Abdel Nasser , and saw Fidel Castro 's Cuban Revolution as a positive, visiting officials there. Yockey's views impressed Otto Ernst Remer and the radical traditionalist philosopher Julius Evola . He was constantly hounded by the FBI and was eventually arrested in 1960, before committing suicide. Domestically, Yockey's biggest sympathisers were
15621-566: Was found and operates in the country, with some members of the Conservative People's Party of Estonia having been linked to the Feuerkrieg Division. Youth Criminal Justice Act The Youth Criminal Justice Act ( YCJA ; French : Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour les adolescents ) is a federal Canadian statute that covers the prosecution of youths for criminal offences . Coming into effect on April 1, 2003,
15748-509: Was officially banned in 1983 by the Minister of the Interior. During the late 1970s, a British subculture came to be associated with neo-Nazism; the skinheads . Portraying an ultra-masculine, crude and aggressive image, with working-class references, some of the skinheads joined the British Movement under Michael McLaughlin (successor of Colin Jordan ), while others became associated with
15875-713: Was the Reichsminister of Food from 1933 until 1942. Following the defeat of Nazi Germany , the political ideology of the ruling party, Nazism, was in complete disarray. The final leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) was Martin Bormann . He died on 2 May 1945 during the Battle of Berlin , but the Soviet Union did not reveal his death to the rest of the world, and his ultimate fate remained
16002-819: Was the election of Kurt Waldheim to the Presidency of Austria in 1986. It came to light that Waldheim had been a member of the National Socialist German Students' League , the SA and served as an intelligence officer during the Second World War. Following this he served as an Austrian diplomat and was the Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 until 1981. After revelations of Waldheim's past were made by an Austrian journalist, Waldheim clashed with
16129-711: Was under the age of twelve years." The preamble of the Act recognizes that youth have rights protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , the Canadian Bill of Rights and the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child . The Act includes four general principles found in section 3(1). Paragraph (a) addresses the basic principles of the Act and the Act 's intentions on dealing with young offenders and youth crime. More specifically, paragraph (a) sets
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