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60-914: Born in Mendoza , he entered the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , and graduated in 1949 with a degree in Education Sciences ( Profesor de Enseñanza Secundaria, Normal y Especial en Filosofía ). Roig continued his studies at the Sorbonne . He returned to Argentina, and in 1955 he began teaching philosophy at the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, with a special interest in local philosophers. This interest subsequently expanded to national and Latin American philosophers. Roig also studied German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause , and authored his first book on

120-457: A historic house museum , is an 1890 mansion once home to artist Fernando Fader in nearby Mayor Drummond, 14 kilometres (9 miles) south of Mendoza. The mansion is home to many of the artist's paintings. The Fiesta Nacional de la Vendimia (The National Grape Harvest Festival) occurs in early March each year. Part of the festivities include a beauty pageant , where 17 beauty queens from each department of Mendoza Province compete, and one winner

180-464: A few months later its cabildo (municipal council) appointed him governor and Captain General of New Extremadura on June 11, 1541. Other cities founded during Valdivia's administration were Concepción in 1550, La Imperial in 1551, Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica and Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia in 1552, and the following year Los Confines and Santiago del Estero on the eastern side of

240-709: A gold exporter with potential for expanding to the Strait of Magellan to being one of the Spanish Empire's most problematic and poor in natural resources. The Spanish Empire had to divert silver from Potosí to finance a standing army in Chile to fight in the Arauco War . Since the raids of Francis Drake in Chilean waters more seaborne assaults followed in the 17th century, mostly from Dutch corsairs . The Spanish Empire's attempts to block

300-452: A green marble base, a rococo frieze , the provincial escutcheon in bas-relief , and a balustrade above. The design for the interiors was based on those prevailing in Italian opera houses, and the formal vestibule is overlooked by grand marble steps leading to the concert hall. The auditorium itself includes four tiers of balconies, and its seating capacity is 730. The theatre serves as

360-606: A lot of snow there. In the following April they returned back to the coast of Chile Another Dutch document, published in Amsterdam in three languages in 1622, says that at 64°S there are "very high and mountainous, snow cover, like the country of Norway, all white, land It seemed to extend to the Solomon Islands" This confirms a previous sighting of the lands would be the South Shetland Islands . Other historians attribute

420-603: A number of Spanish governors over its long history and several kings . The Captaincy General of Chile was incorporated to the Crown of Castile as were all the other Spanish possessions in the New World . The Captaincy General of Chile was first known as New Extremadura (a name subsequently given to a part of Mexico) and then as Indian Flanders . Benjamin Vicuna Mackena noted that Chile has always been officially and unofficially

480-706: A republic. The administrative apparatus of the Captaincy General of Chile was subordinate to the Council of the Indies and the Laws of the Indies , like the other Spanish colonial possessions. The day-to-day work was handled mostly by viceroys and governors, who represented the king in the overseas territories. The areas of the Americas , which had been the site of complex civilizations or became rich societies were usually referred to by

540-536: A small group, but with time grew to become a majority in Chilean society becoming more numerous than native indigenous peoples. Mestizos were not a homogeneous group and were judged more by appearance and education than by actual ancestry. Native peoples experienced the most discrimination among societal groups in colonial Chile; many of them were used as cheap labor in encomienda, causing their numbers to decrease over time due to disease . Pehuenches , Huilliches and Mapuches living south of La Frontera were not part of

600-522: A source of irrigation in 1788 agricultural production increased. The extra revenues generated from this, and the ensuing additional trade with Buenos Aires , Viceroyalty on which it depended since its creation and transfer from the Captaincy General of Chile in 1776 , no doubt led to the creation of the state of Cuyo in 1813 with José de San Martín as governor. It was from Mendoza that San Martín and other Argentinian and Chilean patriots organized

660-491: Is a 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) metre gauge line, with sections of Abt rack , whilst the railways it links with are both 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge . A journey from Buenos Aires to Chile involved two breaks-of-gauge , and therefore two changes of train, one at Mendoza, and the other at Santa Rosa de Los Andes. Argentina's Malbec wines originate from Mendoza's high-altitude wine regions of Lujan de Cuyo and

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720-498: Is a popular place to learn Spanish, and there are a number of Spanish language schools, including Intercultural, Green Fields and SIMA. Mendoza is 1,037 km (644 mi) from Buenos Aires (14 hours by bus) and 380 km (236 mi) from Santiago, Chile (6–7 hours by bus). Gov. Francisco Gabrielli International Airport serves Mendoza, with flights to/from Buenos Aires taking less than 2 hours and less than 1 hour to/from Santiago. The public transport system includes buses,

780-458: Is of much interest to the wine world because with increased altitude, the intensity of the sunlight increases. The role of this increased light intensity is currently being investigated by Catena Zapata's research and development department headed up by Laura Catena, Alejandro Vigil and Fernando Buscema. Seven Years in Tibet , directed by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud and starring Brad Pitt ,

840-744: Is selected by a panel of about 50 judges. The queen of Mendoza city's department does not compete and acts as host for the other queens. In 2008, National Geographic listed Mendoza as one of the top 10 historic destinations in the world. The city is centred around Plaza Independencia (Independence Plaza) with Avenida Sarmiento running through its centre east–west, with the east side pedestrianized (peatonal). Other major streets, running perpendicular to Sarmiento, include Bartolomé Mitre, San Martín, and 9 de Julio ( 9 July ), those running parallel include Colón , and Las Heras. Four smaller plazas, San Martín, Chile, Italia, and España, are located 2 blocks off each corner of Independence Plaza. Unique to Mendoza are

900-502: Is still evident today in the wide trenches ( acequias ), which run along all city streets, watering the approximately 100,000 trees that line every street in Mendoza. It is estimated that fewer than 80 Spanish settlers lived in the area before 1600, but later prosperity increased due to the use of indigenous and slave labor, and the Jesuit presence in the region. When nearby rivers were tapped as

960-625: Is the Teatro Independencia ("Independence Theatre"), the premier performing arts venue in Mendoza. Supervised by the nation's Ministry of Public Works, the project was commissioned to architect Alfredo Israel, and its plans were approved in October 1923. The theatre was, as were many public works of this type in Argentina at the time, designed in a French Academy style. Its façade included a Neoclassical frontis featuring four Corinthian columns on

1020-597: The Andes . In 1553 Valdivia also founded a series of forts for protection of the settled areas: San Felipe de Araucan , San Juan Bautista de Purén and San Diego de Tucapel . After Valdivia's death that same year, these last forts, Villarica and Concepcion were lost. they were recovered following the war with Lautaro and Caupolicán . Following the defeat of the Mapuche by García Hurtado de Mendoza , settlements continued to grow and more cities were founded: Cañete de la Frontera on

1080-638: The Argentina Wine Route . On 2 March 1561, Pedro del Castillo founded the city and named it Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja after the governor of Chile , Don García Hurtado de Mendoza . Before the 1560s the area was populated by tribes known as the Huarpes and Puelches . The Huarpes devised a system of irrigation that was later developed by the Spanish. This allowed for an increase in population that might not have otherwise occurred. The system

1140-507: The Biobío River with the exception of Castro were destroyed. The river became La Frontera the de facto border between Spanish and Native areas for the next century. ( See Arauco War .) Chile lost an important part of its territory with the Bourbon reforms of Charles III , the territories of the city of Mendoza and San Juan from the province of Cuyo were transferred to the domain of

1200-498: The City of Mendoza ( Spanish : Ciudad de Mendoza ), is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina . It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern side of the Andes . As of the 2010 census [ INDEC ] , Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679, making Greater Mendoza

1260-526: The Malvinas Argentinas Stadium . In 1982, Mendoza was one of the hosts of the 1982 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship . It was also the host of the 1994 Padel World Championship . The city boasts multiple significant football clubs— Independiente Rivadavia currently plays in the Primera División , the top flight of Argentine football, while Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza plays in

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1320-512: The Mendoza trolleybus system , and taxis. The trolleybuses are more comfortable than the diesel buses, but are slower, not as numerous nor is the system as extensive. In 2008, TransLink of Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada, sold most of its old trolleybus fleet to Mendoza. A heritage railway , El Tren del Vino (The Wine Train), is being planned which will also provide local transportation; it will run through wine-producing districts of Mendoza. A 17-kilometre (11 mi) light rail line,

1380-721: The Metrotranvía Mendoza , opened for regular service in October 2012. It serves the areas of Las Heras , Godoy Cruz and Maipú in the Greater Mendoza conurbation, as well as the central area of Mendoza itself. The line runs from Avellaneda station in the Panquehua neighborhood of Las Heras to Gutiérrez in Maipú, stopping also at the Mendoza Railway Station at the site of the former intercity passenger train station, near

1440-588: The South Pole . The Treaty of Tordesillas , signed on June 7 of 1494, set the areas of influence of Spain and Portugal , west and east, respectively, of a line running from pole to pole that was never demarcated (at 46° 37 'W in the Spanish classical interpretation, and further west, according to the Portuguese interpretation), so the Antarctic areas claimed by Chile today, while still unknown at that time, fell within

1500-549: The Uco Valley . These districts are located in the foothills of the Andes mountains between 2,800 and 5,000 feet elevation. Vintner Nicolas Catena Zapata is considered the pioneer of high-altitude growing and was the first, in 1994, to plant a malbec vineyard at 5,000 feet above sea level in the Mendoza region. His family is also credited with making world-class wines and giving status to the wines of Argentina. The subject of elevation

1560-529: The panentheist thinker's influence in Argentina. He is famous for being one of the best developed examples of Latin American Philosophy, and for his vast amount of scientific works, for which he has received widespread recognition and awards . Argentina Cuba Ecuador Nicaragua Mendoza, Argentina Mendoza ( Latin American Spanish: [menˈdosa] ), officially

1620-418: The 17th century, the Spanish overseas territory of Chile saw a rearrangement of its population center. While in the 16th century, most of the cities founded by the Spanish were located from Bio-Bio southward, with only Santiago, La Serena and some transandine cities located north of it, in the 17th century, Spanish authority and settlements were abandoned down south of Bío-Bío Region. The kingdom went from being

1680-597: The Chilean colonial territory. Proof of this are numerous historical documents, among which include a Royal Decree of 1554: Because it was personally consulted, we will grant, to the Captain Jeronimo de Alderete the land across the Magellan Strait Later, in 1558, the Royal Decree of Brussels it prompted the Chilean colonial government to take ownership in our name from the lands and provinces that fall in

1740-607: The Kingdom of Chile. In the 16th century Pedro Marino de Lobera, “Corregidor de Valdivia”, 1575 wrote the Chronicles of the Kingdom of Chile. Other publications of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries confirm the name and/or status of what is known as the Kingdom. However, although the status of kingdom was officially used and recognised in Court the jurisdiction of the kingdom was still under Spanish control for most of its existence, later it became

1800-613: The South American territory : In 1539, a new governorate was formed south of New León called Terra Australis to Pedro Sanchez de la Hoz . In 1554, the conqueror Pedro de Valdivia , who led the Governorate of Chile, he talked to the Council of the Indies to give the rights of New León and the Terra Australis to Jeronimo de Alderete , which, after the death of Valdivia the following year, became governor of Chile and annexed

1860-525: The Spanish archives documents confirming the reached latitude and sighted land; however, the story of the Dutch sailor Laurenz Claesz (is a testimony dateless, but probably after 1607), documents the latitude and time. Claesz said: Sailed under the Admiral don Gabriel of Castile with three ships along the coasts of Chile towards Valparaiso, and from there to the strait. In March of 1603 he reached 64 degrees and they had

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1920-536: The Spanish as "kingdoms". In 1536 Diego de Almagro formed the first expedition to explore the territories to the south of the Inca Empire , which had been granted to him as the Governorship of New Toledo. After Almargo's death, Pedro de Valdivia solicited and was granted in 1539 the right to explore and conquer the area with Francisco Pizarro 's approval. Valdivia founded the city of Santiago del Nuevo Extremo and

1980-505: The area, but because the local Amerindian peoples demonstrated fierce resistance, a more autonomous, military-based governmental authority was needed. Thus, the governor was given command of the local military and the title of captain general . This arrangement was seen in many places of the Spanish Empire. The greatest setback the Spanish settlements suffered was the Disaster of Curalaba in 1598, which nearly wiped them out. All cities south of

2040-498: The army with which they won the independence of Chile and Peru . Mendoza suffered a severe earthquake in 1861 that killed at least 5,000 people. The city was rebuilt, incorporating innovative urban designs that would better tolerate such seismic activity. Mendoza was rebuilt with large squares and wider streets and sidewalks than any other city in Argentina. Avenue Bartolomé Mitre and additional small squares are examples of that design. Tourism, wine production, and more recently

2100-453: The average Catholic Spaniard, to be somewhat liberal in their approach to sexual relationships. 16th century Spaniards are known to have been pessimistic about marriage. Many of the initial conquistadores left their own families behind in Spain and started new relationships in Chile. Examples of this is Pedro de Valdivia who held Inés de Suárez as a common law wife while in Chile. Adultery

2160-598: The city centre. The bright red railcars, Siemens-Duewag U2s , were purchased from the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) in 2010. They were built in 1980. Mendoza's development was helped partly due to its position at the start of the Transandine Railway linking it to Santa Rosa de Los Andes in Chile. The only railway operable between Argentina and Chile, after many years of inactivity, it remains currently abandoned. The railway

2220-579: The colonial society since they were outside the de facto borders of Chile. Black slaves made up a minority of the population in colonial Chile and had a special status due to their high cost of import and maintenance. Black slaves were often used as housekeepers and other posts of confidence. Peninsulares, Spaniards born in Spain, were a rather small group in late colonial times, some of them came as government officials and some other as merchants. Their role in high government positions in Chile led to resentment among local criollos. Mixing of different groups

2280-465: The control of Spain. The treaty, backed by the papal bull Ea quae pro bono pacis in 1506 was made mandatory for all Catholic countries, was not recognized by European non-Catholic states and even by some that were, like France . For Britain , Dutch , Russia and other countries, the Antarctic areas were considered res nullius , a no man's land not subject to the occupation of any nation. In 1534, The Emperor Charles V divided in three governorates

2340-578: The demarcation of the Spanish crown in Referring to the land across the Strait , because at that time it was thought that Tierra del Fuego was an integral part of the Terra Australis . One of the most important works of Spanish literature, the epic poem La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla (1569), is also considered by Chile as favorable to their argument, as you can read in the seventh stanza of his Canto I: Is Chile North South very long, new sea coast of

2400-539: The entrance to the Pacific Ocean by fortifying the Straits of Magellan were abandoned after the discovery of Hoces Sea , focusing then on fortifying the coastal cities of Chile, a tactic that later was proven to be more affordable and effective in combating piracy while keeping the area under Spanish rule. As noted, the area had been designated a governorship ( gobernación ) during the initial exploration and settlement of

2460-426: The exploitation of commodities such as oil and uranium ensure Mendoza's status as a key regional centre. Important suburbs such as Godoy Cruz , Guaymallén , Las Heras and Luján de Cuyo have in recent decades far outpaced the city proper in population. Comprising half the metro population of 212,000 in 1947, these suburbs grew to nearly seven-eighths of the total metro area of over 1,000,000 by 2015, making Mendoza

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2520-537: The exposed stone ditches, essentially small canals, which run alongside many of the roads supplying water to the thousands of trees. Parque General San Martín ( General San Martín Park ) was designed by Carlos Thays . Its grounds include the Mendoza Zoological Park and a football stadium, and it is also the home of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo . A view of the city is available from the top of Cerro de la Gloria (Mt. Glory). One common point of interest

2580-454: The first sighting of Antarctic land to the Dutch marine Dirk Gerritsz , which would have found the islands now known as South Shetland. According to his account, his ship was diverted from course by a storm after transposing the Strait of Magellan , in the journey of a Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1599. There are doubts about the veracity of Gerritsz. At this time was already known

2640-470: The fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country. Ruta Nacional 7 , the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago , runs through Mendoza. The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua (the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering , hiking , horse riding , rafting , and other sports. In

2700-499: The home of the Provincial Philharmonic Orchestra. In addition, the theatre has received international personalities such as Erlend Øye and John Malkovich . Mendoza has a number of universities, including the major Universidad Nacional de Cuyo , as well as University of Mendoza , a branch of Universidad Congreso, Aconcagua University , UTN ( Universidad Tecnologica Nacional ) and Champagnat University. Mendoza

2760-604: The membership of the Terra Australis Antarctica as part of the Captaincy General of Chile. The Spanish navigator Gabriel de Castilla sailed from Valparaiso in March 1603 in command of three ships in an expedition entrusted by his brother cousin viceroy of Peru , Luis de Velasco y Castilla , to repress the incursions of Dutch privateers in the Southern Seas, reaching 64 degrees south latitude. There have not founded in

2820-586: The most dispersed metro area in Argentina. Mendoza has several museums, including the Museo Cornelio Moyano, a natural history museum, and the Museo del Área Fundacional (Historical Regional Foundation Museum) on Pedro del Castillo Square. The Museo Nacional del Vino (National Wine Museum), focusing on the history of winemaking in the area, is 17 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of Mendoza in Maipú . The Casa de Fader,

2880-564: The newly created Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. Chile gained two intendancies , Santiago and Concepción in 1786 and became a Bourbon-style Captaincy General in 1789. The Chilean colonial society was based on a caste system . The Criollos (American born Spaniards) enjoyed privileges like the ownership of encomiendas (Indian labor jurisdictions) and were allowed limited access to government and administrative positions such as corregidor or alférez . Mestizos made up initially

2940-712: The penultimate level of the 2021 video game Hitman 3 . It contains hints of Argentine culture, such as mate , tango , and wine production . Mendoza's climate is characterised as an arid ( Köppen climate classification BWk ); with continental characteristics. Most precipitation in Mendoza falls in the summer months (November–March). Summers are hot and humid where mean temperatures exceed 25 °C (77 °F). Average temperatures for January (summer) are 32 °C (90 °F) during daytime, and 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) at night. Winters are cold and dry with mean temperatures below 8 °C (46.4 °F). Night time temperatures can occasionally fall below freezing during

3000-632: The second division. A club from the nearby city of Godoy Cruz , Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba , is also currently in the firsgst division. International rugby test matches featuring the Argentina national rugby team have also been held in Mendoza. See Category:People from Mendoza, Argentina Mendoza is twinned with: Captaincy General of Chile 33°27′00″S 70°40′00″W  /  33.45°S 70.666667°W  / -33.45; -70.666667 The General Captaincy of Chile ( Capitanía General de Chile [kapitaˈni.a xeneˈɾal de ˈtʃile] ), Governorate of Chile , or Kingdom of Chile ,

3060-486: The site of the former Fort San Diego de Tucapel and Villa de San Mateo de Osorno in 1558, San Andrés de Angol in 1560, Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja in 1561, San Luis de Loyola Nueva Medina de Rioseco and San Juan de la Frontera in 1562, and Santiago de Castro in 1567. Martín García Óñez de Loyola founded a last city south of the Bio Bio River, Santa Cruz de Coya , in 1595. A Mapuche revolt

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3120-467: The south called; will from East to West of wide one hundred miles, so wider taken, under the Antarctic Pole height twenty-seven degrees, prolonged until the sea Ocean and Chilean mix their waters within narrow. In the fourth stanza of his Canto III: This was the one who found the sections Indians of Antarctic regions. There are also stories and maps, both Chilean and Europeans, indicating

3180-493: The winter, skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes. Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine . The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in South America . As such, Mendoza is one of the eleven Great Wine Capitals, and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region's hundreds of wineries located along

3240-408: The winter. Because winters are dry with little precipitation, snowfall is uncommon, occurring once per year. July (winter) the average temperatures are 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) and 2.4 °C (36 °F), day and night respectively. Mendoza's annual rainfall is only 223.2 mm (8.8 in), so extensive farming is made possible by irrigation from major rivers. The highest temperature recorded

3300-403: Was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) on 30 January 2003, This previous record was surpassed by the new temperature record of 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) recorded on 16 December 2023, while the lowest temperature recorded was −7.8 °C (18.0 °F) on 10 July 1976. See Category:Sport in Mendoza, Argentina In 1978 Mendoza hosted six matches of the 1978 FIFA World Cup . The six were played at

3360-628: Was a territory of the Spanish Empire from 1541 to 1818 that was, initially, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru . It comprised most of modern-day Chile and southern parts of Argentina in the Patagonia region. Its capital was Santiago de Chile . In 1810 it declared itself independent, with the Spanish reconquering the territory in 1814, but in 1818 it gained independence as the Republic of Chile . It had

3420-512: Was explicitly forbidden for Catholics and the Council of Trent (1545–1563) made the climate prone for accusations of adultery. Over the course of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries marital fidelity increased in Chile. For many years, cartographers and European explorers speculated about the existence of the Terra Australis Incognita , a vast territory located in the south of the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego and reached

3480-511: Was not uncommon although marriage between members of the different groups was rare. During late colonial times new migration pulses took off leading to large numbers of Basque people settling in Chile mingling with landowning criollos, forming a new upper class . Scholar Louis Thayer Ojeda estimates that during the 17th and 18th centuries fully 45% of all immigrants in Chile were Basques. Native indigenous peoples in colonial society appeared, to

3540-653: Was shot in and around Mendoza. Several dozens of sets were built, ranging from a 220-yard (200 m) long recreation of the Tibetan capital city of Lhasa (built in the foothills of the Andes), to a 9,000-square-foot (840 m ) recreation of the Hall of Good Deeds in the Potala , the ancient palace of the Dalai Lama (built in an abandoned garlic warehouse outside the city). Mendoza appears as

3600-675: Was triggered following the news of the battle of Curalaba on the 23 of December 1598, where the vice toqui Pelantaru and his lieutenants Anganamon and Guaiquimilla with three hundred men ambushed and killed the Spanish governor Martín García Óñez de Loyola and nearly all his companions. Over the next few years the Mapuche were able to destroy or force the abandonment of seven Spanish cities in Mapuche territory: Santa Cruz de Coya (1599), Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia (1599), San Andrés de Los Infantes (1599), La Imperial (1600), Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica (1602), San Mateo de Osorno (1602), and San Felipe de Araucan (1604). In

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