Sir Arthur Norman Galsworthy KCMG (1 July 1916 – 7 October 1986) was a British soldier and diplomat. He was educated at Emanuel School and the University of Cambridge . In 1967, he was established a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG).
28-722: In 1970, he was appointed by the British government to serve as the Governor of Pitcairn Islands and High Commissioner to New Zealand . In 1973, he was established the Ambassador to the Republic of Ireland , where he served from 1973 to 1976. Galsworthy is the father of the diplomat, Sir Anthony Galsworthy . His brother, Sir John Galsworthy KCVO, CMG was the British Ambassador to Mexico 1972–1977. This British diplomat-related article
56-486: A felony charge. The term public defender in the United States is often used to describe a lawyer who is appointed by a court to represent a defendant who cannot afford to hire an attorney. More correctly, a public defender is a lawyer who works for a public defender's office, a government-funded agency that provides legal representation to indigent defendants. The court appoints the public defender's office to represent
84-590: A department of the Legal Aid Agency , an Executive Agency of the Ministry of Justice (UK) . It has four offices across England and Wales. The majority of state funded criminal defence work, however, is provided by private duty solicitors contracted to the Legal Aid Agency and paid by the case under the legal aid scheme . In Scotland a wider network of Public Defender Solicitor Office (PDSO) lawyers employed by
112-411: A private lawyer is appointed, one for each defendant, and conflict of interest between contradicting suspects is avoided, e.g. the same lawyer may not represent two accused whose evidence is mutually contradictory. If convicted, although in principle the defendant is liable for the fee, it is rarely pursued. In India, free legal aid is provided by National Legal Services Authority. It is available at all
140-400: A public defenders' office ( Defensoria Pública ) at both state and federal levels. Public defense is a right to poor people, who must declare, formally, that they cannot afford regular legal aid, to benefit from public defenders' services. Public defenders, like prosecutors and judges, are admitted to their positions through civil service examination . The public defender's office assists
168-442: A state will stipulate a maximum income threshold above which a defendant is not considered to be indigent, and thus does not qualify for a public defender. This threshold may vary depending on the severity of the crime with which a defendant is charged. For example, a defendant's income may be too high to entitle him or her to a public defender in misdemeanor proceedings, but sufficiently low to qualify them as indigent when faced with
196-534: A trial . Several countries provide people with public defenders, including the UK, Belgium, Hungary and Singapore, and some states of Australia. Brazil is the only country in which an office of government-paid lawyers with the specific purpose of providing full legal assistance and representation to the needy free of charge is established in the constitution . The Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution , as interpreted by
224-652: Is Belinda Rigg, Senior Counsel , who was the first female public defender in NSW upon her appointment in 2019. In Victoria, the Chief Public Defender is Tim Marsh. In Queensland , the Legal Aid Office (Queensland) was merged with the Public Defender's Office in 1991, in an expanded service providing clients to access family, civil and all criminal law services. The Constitution of Brazil uniquely provides for
252-603: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Politics of the Pitcairn Islands The Pitcairn Islands are a British Overseas Territory in the South Pacific Ocean , with a population of about 50. The politics of the islands takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic dependency , whereby the Mayor is the head of government . The territory's constitution
280-618: Is appointed by the Governor. The Chairman of the Internal Committee is an elected official. Until 30 October 2004, the mayor was Steve Christian ; after his rape conviction on 24 October 2004, Christian was dismissed (after refusing to resign). His sister Brenda Christian was selected by the Island Council to be mayor for November and December 2004, until an election was held. Jay Warren was elected on 15 December 2004. The island Mayor
308-804: Is elected by popular vote for a three-year term. The first elected female mayor was Charlene Warren-Peu in 2020. The Attorney General of the Pitcairn Islands is appointed under Section 35 of the Pitcairn Islands Constitution and serves as the principal legal adviser to the government of Pitcairn for a set term. Initially, the Attorney General was referred to as the Legal Adviser. The Attorney General's powers and responsibilities include handling criminal matters, drafting Pitcairn ordinances, and revising and publishing any laws that pertain to
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#1732872754844336-585: Is the Local Government Ordinance of 1964 . In terms of population, the Pitcairn Islands is the smallest democracy in the world. The government's administrative offices are in Auckland , New Zealand . The King is represented by the Governor of the Pitcairn Islands, who is the British High Commissioner to New Zealand . A non-resident Commissioner, appointed by the Governor, serves as
364-574: The Ministry of Law 's Legal Aid Bureau (LAB). Assistance from the LAB is not free, and most clients are required to contribute towards the costs of the work done, but the amount a client is charged depends on a number of factors, among them the client's financial means. The Pro Bono Services Office of the Law Society runs the Criminal Legal Aid Scheme, which provides criminal legal assistance to
392-803: The Scottish Legal Aid Board (SLAB) are available to represent those accused of crimes in addition to private lawyers ( duty solicitors ) paid under the legal aid scheme. The PDSO is a not-for-profit organisation funded through SLAB. The 1963 US Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright held that the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel provision requires the government to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants in criminal cases. Different jurisdictions, however, use different approaches in providing legal counsel for criminal defendants who can't afford private attorneys. Exactly which defendants qualify as "indigent" also varies by jurisdiction: Often
420-577: The Supreme Court , requires the US government to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants in criminal cases . Public defenders in the United States are lawyers employed by or under contract with county, state or federal governments. In civil law countries, following the model from the French Napoleonic Code of criminal procedure, the courts typically appoint private attorneys at the expense of
448-579: The Council and the Governor. Except for the Mayor, who has a three-year term, and the Island Secretary, whose term is indefinite, members serve one-year terms. Elections are held every two years for councillors and deputy mayor and every three years for the mayor. Before a change in the Constitution, elections were held every year on 24 December. There are no political parties on the islands. The members of
476-464: The Crown Solicitor at Auckland) and Public Defender – Paul Dacre – were also appointed. According to a 2012 report, there are no lawyers in the Pitcairn Islands. There has been a Public Defender serving the islands since 2003. Public Defender A public defender is a lawyer appointed to represent people who otherwise cannot reasonably afford to hire a lawyer to defend themselves in
504-472: The Governor's Representative to the territory. The Commissioner is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the island as well as for its economic regeneration, and also serves as the liaison between the Governor and the Island Council. As both the Governor and the Commissioner do not live on the island, its daily affairs have since 1999 been taken care of by the mayor of Pitcairn . The Island Magistrate
532-642: The Pitcairn judiciary are all New Zealanders – as are almost all of the lawyers admitted to the Pitcairn Bar – and are all either current or former members of the judiciary or legal profession (in the case of the magistrates) in that country. Currently, the members of the judiciary are: Additionally, several magistrates have been appointed from amongst the ranks of the senior members of the legal profession in New Zealand. The Pitcairn Public Prosecutor – Simon Moore (also
560-513: The country. The Pitcairn Islands have a unicameral Island Council (10 seats: the Mayor and the Chairman of the Island Council both hold membership ex officio ; 4 elected by popular vote; 1 co-opted by the Chairman and the 4 other elected members; 2 appointed by the Governor including the Island Secretary (ex officio) ; the tenth seat is reserved for a Commissioner (non-resident) who liaises between
588-474: The defendant has the right to legal counsel. Although there is a right to legal defense, there is no organized public defender system. Instead, any lawyer can be appointed to provide counsel to a specific defendant, and the defendant can select a specific lawyer. Questions of payment are deferred until the end of a trial, and the court will decide the cost of the case to the losing party. The defendant will not be charged for legal services if acquitted. If convicted,
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#1732872754844616-476: The defendant will be required to pay the lawyer's expenses unless the court finds that the defendant is indigent . In Hungary, the police, the public prosecutor or the court (depending on what individual cases require) appoints a criminal defender at the state's cost to defend those who can not afford a chosen lawyer. The defence counsel's participation is required by the Criminal Procedure Act. Usually
644-487: The defendant, and the office assigns a lawyer to the defendant's case. In the federal criminal court system and some states and counties, representation is through a publicly funded public defender office. The state of Oregon is the only state in which indigent defense is exclusively provided by non-profit firms which are contracted and funded by the state. Other courts may appoint private lawyers who have agreed to represent indigent defendants, with appointment being either on
672-417: The entire country, but without the same effectiveness that is derived from the current, 1988 Constitution. Germany provides legal representation, legal advice , and help in covering court costs in civil cases to those who cannot raise the necessary funds to hire an attorney, but only when there is a reasonable chance of success. In criminal cases where the defendant faces at least one year of imprisonment,
700-632: The levels of court. Legal assistance in Singapore is provided by the State and the Pro Bono Services Office of the Law Society. The State provides legal assistance in criminal cases where the accused faces the death penalty . The government also provides legal representation and advice in civil cases such as for divorce, child custody, adoption, wrongful dismissal, letters of administration/probate, tenancy disputes, claims in contract and tort, through
728-481: The poor and lower middle-class in both civil and criminal matters, although the poorest states in the country are still struggling to set up a state public defenders office. Public defense in Brazil dates back to 1897, when a decree mandated government-funded legal assistance in the state of Rio de Janeiro , then called Legal Assistance ( Assistência Jurídica ). The Constitution of 1937 extended Assistência Jurídica to
756-499: The poor and needy who are unable to afford a lawyer, and are facing charges in a Singapore court for non death-penalty offences under statutes covered by CLAS. There are a small number of Public Defender Service offices in England and Wales with lawyers employed directly by the Legal Aid Agency to provide advice in police stations and representation in magistrates and crown courts . The Public Defender Service has existed since 2001,
784-567: The state. The Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales both have dedicated Public Defenders chambers. These chambers retain barristers who are employed by the state government to represent legally-aided clients who are charged with serious indictable offences . In New South Wales, Public Defenders only appear in criminal matters, both at trial and appellate level, while in Victoria, Public Defenders also undertake some family law and civil work. The New South Wales Senior Public Defender
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