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27-510: Arthrophyllum is mostly a genus of shrubs and small to medium trees , but it contains a few large trees, and in New Caledonia , a few lianas , as well. They are noted for their large and apparently leafy inflorescences , up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across. The fruit is 1- seeded and the ovary is unilocular . The genus is indigenous to Indomalesia and islands of the southwestern Pacific . The most widespread and variable of

54-560: A flora of New Guinea. His treatment of Arthrophyllum was largely followed in a checklist and nomenclator for Araliaceae that was compiled by Frodin and Govaerts in 2003. Frodin and Govaerts recognized 30 species in Arthrophyllum . They were not able to determine what Philipson had intended by the name Arthrophyllum maingayi , one of the 17 species that he described for Flora Malesiana . No known specimens , living or preserved, are known to match Philipson's description . In 2010,

81-599: A molecular phylogenetic study of the pinnate Araliaceae showed that they could not be divided into genera that could easily be distinguished morphologically . Uncertainties remain about the taxonomy of this group because of a large number of unpublished species and species of uncertain affinities that have never been sampled for DNA. For these reasons, all of the pinnate Araliaceae were assigned to Polyscias , thereby subsuming six genera ( Arthrophyllum , Cuphocarpus , Gastonia , Reynoldsia , Munroidendron , and Tetraplasandra ) into Polyscias and increasing

108-466: A " stool ", removes everything but vital parts of the plant, resulting in long new stems known as "canes". Other shrubs respond better to selective pruning to dead or unhealthy, or otherwise unattractive parts to reveal their structure and character. Shrubs in common garden practice are generally considered broad-leaved plants , though some smaller conifers such as mountain pine and common juniper are also shrubby in structure. Species that grow into

135-456: A reasonable length beforehand. Many trees can grow in multiple stemmed forms also while being tall enough to be trees, such as oak or ash . An area of cultivated shrubs in a park or a garden is known as a shrubbery . When clipped as topiary , suitable species or varieties of shrubs develop dense foliage and many small leafy branches growing close together. Many shrubs respond well to renewal pruning , in which hard cutting back to

162-821: A separate species. Philipson (1979) had included P. royenii, P. schultzei and P. zippeliana in his Polyscias section Kissodendron, but covered only the Malesian species. Six species names in Arthrophyllum could not be transferred to Polyscias with the same specific epithet because those epithets were already occupied in Polyscias by the following species: Polyscias balansae (subgenus Tieghemopanax), Polyscias borneensis (subgenus Tetraplasandra), Polyscias crassa (subgenus Indokingia), Polyscias ferruginea (= Polyscias fulva ) (subgenus Sciadopanax), Polyscias grandifolia (= Polyscias macgillivrayi ) (subgenus Polyscias), and Polyscias javanica (subgenus Polyscias). Because of

189-586: A shrub as less than 6 m (20 ft) and a tree as over 6 m. Others use 10 m (33 ft) as the cutoff point for classification. Many trees do not reach this mature height because of hostile, less than ideal growing conditions, and resemble shrub-sized plants. Others in such species have the potential to grow taller in ideal conditions. For longevity, most shrubs are classified between perennials and trees. Some only last about five years in good conditions. Others, usually larger and more woody, live beyond 70. On average, they die after eight years. Shrubland

216-512: A shrubby habit may be either deciduous or evergreen . In botany and ecology , a shrub is more specifically used to describe the particular physical canopy structure or plant life-form of woody plants which are less than 8 metres (26 ft) high and usually multiple stems arising at or near the surface of the ground. For example, a descriptive system widely adopted in Australia is based on structural characteristics based on life-form, plus

243-399: A small number of shrubs have culinary usage. Apart from the several berry -bearing species (using the culinary rather than botanical definition), few are eaten directly, and they are generally too small for much timber use unlike trees. Those that are used include several perfumed species such as lavender and rose , and a wide range of plants with medicinal uses. Tea and coffee are on

270-560: Is derived from the Greek arthron , "a joint" and phyllon , "a leaf". In 1977, William R. Philipson transferred two Australian species, Polyscias bellendenkerensis and Polyscias willmottii into Polyscias from Pentapanax . He found the distinction between Arthrophyllum and Eremopanax to be artificial , and in 1978, he united the two genera under the name Arthrophyllum . In 1979, he covered Araliaceae for Flora Malesiana . In 1995, he covered Araliaceae, except Schefflera , for

297-420: Is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae with 13 species native to New Zealand and some Pacific islands. The genus is named in honor of Johann Peter Ernst von Scheffler  [ de ] , physician and botanist of Gdańsk , and later of Warsaw , who contributed plants to Gottfried Reyger  [ de ] for Reyger's book, Tentamen Florae Gedanensis . The circumscription of

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324-523: Is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant . Unlike herbaceous plants , shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height , less than 6–10 m (20–33 ft) tall. Small shrubs, less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall are sometimes termed as subshrubs . Many botanical groups have species that are shrubs, and others that are trees and herbaceous plants instead. Some define

351-506: Is for Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum, and is taken from Lowry and Plunkett (2010). For some of the species, the delimitation or the specific epithet is different from that of Frodin and Govaerts (2003). These changes are explained below. The list in the taxobox is for the former genus Arthrophyllum and is from Frodin and Govaerts (2003). The genus Arthrophyllum was named by Carl Ludwig von Blume in 1826 in his classic es:Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië . The name

378-422: Is now Heptapleurum arboricola . The old Didymopanax Decne. & Planch., 1854 genus was resurrected in 2020 to welcome the 37 American species of Schefflera J.R. et G. Forst. . The genus has had a turbulent taxonomic history; the list of former synonyms includes: 13 species are currently accepted: Two fossil fruits of † Schefflera dorofeevii have been extracted from bore hole samples of

405-519: Is the natural landscape dominated by various shrubs; there are many distinct types around the world, including fynbos , maquis , shrub-steppe , shrub swamp and moorland . In gardens and parks, an area largely dedicated to shrubs (now somewhat less fashionable than a century ago) is called a shrubbery , shrub border or shrub garden. There are many garden cultivars of shrubs, bred for flowering, for example rhododendrons , and sometimes even leaf colour or shape. Compared to trees and herbaceous plants,

432-648: The New Caledonian members of Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum is complex. Ten valid species names and a nomen nudum have been published in Arthrophyllum for this group. Philipson recognized only three species, treating eight of the species names as synonyms for Arthrophyllum otopyrenum . Frodin and Govaerts treated five of these eight names as a fourth species, Arthrophyllum balansae . Lowry and Plunkett (2010) split Arthrophyllum balansae , transferring four of these names to Polyscias as part of Polyscias vieillardii . The fifth name, Arthrophyllum grandifolium ,

459-408: The existence of these names in Polyscias , Arthrophyllum borneense was transferred to Polyscias as Polyscias aherniana . Philipson had used the name Arthrophyllum ahernianum for this species. Arthrophyllum crassum was renamed as Polyscias revoluta . Arthrophyllum ferrugineum became Polyscias thailandica and Arthrophyllum javanicum became Polyscias elliptica . The taxonomic history of

486-785: The former genus Arthrophyllum , combined with the four species that were in Kissodendron ( Polyscias bellendenkerensis, P. bipinnata, P. australiana, and P. disperma ), and four species that Frodin and Govaerts had placed in Polyscias ( Polyscias royenii, P. schultzei, P. willmottii, and P. zippeliana ). Thus Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum comprises 38 species. The circumscription of Kissodendron and its division into species has varied considerably. Frodin and Govaerts (2003) recognized only three species: K. bellendenkeriensis, K. bipinnata, and K. australiana . Lowry and Plunkett (2010) recognized these three, but placed them in Polyscias and split P. australiana , recognizing P. disperma as

513-635: The genus has varied greatly. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the widely used broad circumscription was polyphyletic , so most of its hundreds of species have been reassigned to other genera. Molecular analyses have recovered five polyphyletic clades of Schefflera , all of which are geographically isolated from one another yet share similar traits indicating parallel evolution . These clades have been split into separate genera, primarily along geographical lines, with Schefflera now consisting of thirteen species restricted to New Zealand and some Pacific islands. The houseplant popularly known as "Schefflera"

540-437: The height and amount of foliage cover of the tallest layer or dominant species . For shrubs that are 2–8 metres (6.6–26.2 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: For shrubs less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: Those marked with * can also develop into tree form if in ideal conditions. Schefflera Schefflera / ˈ ʃ ɛ f l ər ə /

567-695: The number of species in that genus from about 100 to 159. Lowry and Plunkett (2010) divided the expanded Polyscias (Polyscias sensu lato ) into 11 subgenera: Polyscias , Grotefendia , Maralia , Arthrophyllum , Cuphocarpus , Tetraplasandra , Eupteron , Sciadopanax , Tieghemopanax , Indokingia , and Palmervandenbroekia . All of these had been genus names at one time or another. Two of them are often misspelled as "Grotenfendia" and "Palmervandenbrockia". Spelling can be checked at International Plant Names Index , Index Nominum Genericorum , or Tropicos (See External links below). Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum consists of 30 species from

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594-543: The plant world into trees, shrubs and herbs. Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender , periwinkle and most small garden varieties of rose , are often termed as subshrubs . Most definitions characterize shrubs as possessing multiple stems with no main trunk below. This is because the stems have branched below ground level. There are exceptions to this, with some shrubs having main trunks, but these tend to be very short and divide into multiple stems close to ground level without

621-478: The species is Polyscias jackiana (formerly Arthrophyllum jackianum ). Until 2003, it was usually treated as conspecific with Polyscias diversifolia . The New Guinea species Polyscias macranthum can occasionally become quite large and is locally used for lumber . The four species from New Caledonia were once placed in a separate genus, Eremopanax , distinguished by seeds containing smooth endosperm , versus ruminate endosperm for Arthrophyllum . It

648-525: The tree-shrub boundary; they are normally harvested from shrub-sized plants, but these would be large enough to become small trees if left to grow instead. Shrubs are perennial woody plants, and therefore have persistent woody stems above ground (compare with succulent stems of herbaceous plants ). Usually, shrubs are distinguished from trees by their height and multiple stems. Some shrubs are deciduous (e.g. hawthorn ) and others evergreen (e.g. holly ). Ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus divided

675-460: Was ever designated for Arthrophyllum . When the former genus Arthrophyllum became part of Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum in 2010, Polyscias diversifolia was designated as the type for the subgenus . Polyscias subgenus Arthrophyllum consists of all of the 30 species from the former genus Arthrophyllum , all of the four species from the former genus Kissodendron , and four species already placed in Polyscias . The following species list

702-535: Was later determined that this character does not clearly distinguish the two genera, and they were united under Arthrophyllum by William Raymond Philipson in 1978, bringing the total number of species up to about 30. For Arthrophyllum in New Caledonia, the taxonomic history is complex, because the species are not clearly distinct, and their circumscription has varied greatly from one author to another. According to Index Nominum Genericorum , no type species

729-634: Was transferred to Polyscias as Polyscias mackeei . The only other change of species circumscription by Lowry and Plunkett (2010) was the splitting of Polyscias australiana . They raised one of its subspecies to the rank of species as Polyscias disperma . Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen, Porter P. Lowry II, Murray J. Henwood, Pedro Fiaschi, and Anthony D. Mitchell. accepted, undated. Araliaceae, pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); ?? (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume ??. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN ?? Shrub A shrub or bush

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