Jonathan Marshall (January 20, 1924 – December 13, 2008) was an American newspaper publisher and philanthropist.
62-467: Arts Magazine was a prominent American monthly magazine devoted to fine art. It was established in 1926 and last published in 1992. Launched in 1926 and originally titled The Art Digest , it was printed semi-monthly from October to May and monthly from June to September. Its stated purpose was to provide complete coverage of arts exhibitions in America, collated from all relevant news sources. Art Digest
124-507: A public company . Finally, Henry Ford II resigned from his trustee's role in a surprise move in December 1976. In his resignation letter, he cited his dissatisfaction with the foundation holding on to their old programs, large staff and what he saw as anti-capitalist undertones in the foundation's work. In February 2019, Henry Ford III was elected to the Foundation's Board of Trustees, becoming
186-473: A master's degree in journalism from the University of Oregon in 1962. Jonathan and Maxine Marshall had four children: sons Jonathan H. and Robert, and daughters Lucinda and Laura. Maxine Marshall died in 2015. She was 89. Marshall bought a bankrupt fine art magazine called Art Digest in 1953 in partnership with James N. Rosenberg . After changing the format and changing the name to ARTS , Marshall sold
248-524: A new open meeting law for Arizona in 1962. It was revised by the attorney for the Progress , Bruce Babbitt (who would go on to be Arizona attorney general and governor of Arizona, and was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior ). The revised version of the open meeting law bill was introduced by then-Arizona state senator and future United States Supreme Court Justice, Sandra Day O'Connor . The bill
310-550: A part of its covert cultural war. John J. McCloy, serving as the chairman from 1958 to 1965, knowingly employed numerous US intelligence agents and, based on the premise that a relationship with the CIA was inevitable, set up a three-person committee responsible for dealing with its requests. Writer and activist Arundhati Roy connects the foundation, along with the Rockefeller Foundation , with supporting imperialist efforts by
372-475: A portion of the Ford Foundation's endowment came after self-initiated research into the Ford Foundation's history of support of Native and Indigenous artists and communities. The results of this research indicated "the inadequacy of philanthropic support for Native arts and artists", and related feedback from an unnamed Native leader that "once big foundations put the stuff in place for an Indian program, then it
434-555: A series of individual awards for people working in adult education to support training and field study experiences. The FAE also sponsored conferences on the topic of adult education, including the Bigwin Institute on Community Leadership in 1954 and the Mountain Plains Adult Education Conference in 1957. These conferences were open to academics, community organizers, and members of the public involved in
496-544: A variety of ways involving social justice. In April 2011, the foundation announced that it will cease its funding for programs in Israel as of 2013. It has provided $ 40 million to nongovernmental organizations in Israel since 2003 exclusively through the New Israel Fund (NIF), in the areas of advancing civil and human rights, helping Arab citizens in Israel gain equality and promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace. The grants from
558-471: A widening audience. "We realized that there was a great need in this country for a serious art magazine to serve the growing public," the announcement stated. "Perhaps," he continued, "the best description of our editorial aims in the new ARTS can be found in the words interesting , unbiased , and authoritative ." Contributors to that issue included J.P. Hodin , Martica Sawin , Robert Rosenblum , Ada Louise Huxtable , and Dore Ashton , whose article "What
620-474: A year to support social justice work around the world. But last year, it also pledged to plow up to $ 1 billion of its overall $ 12.5 billion endowment over the next decade into impact investing via mission-related investments (MRIs) that generate both financial and social returns." Foundation President Darren Walker wrote in an op-ed in the New York Times that the grant-making philanthropy of institutions like
682-500: Is 'avant-garde'?" was the feature essay. Three years after Marshall and Rosenberg sold the publication in 1958, in 1961, its name was changed to Arts Magazine . Regular contributors at the time included Donald Judd , Sidney Tillim , Annette Michelson , Michael Fried , Lawrence Alloway , Jan Butterfield , and April Kingsley . The magazine's offices were in New York City and it was last published by Art Digest, Co. The magazine
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#1732881271391744-495: Is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare. Created in 1936 by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford , it was originally funded by a $ 25,000 (about $ 550,000 in 2023) gift from Edsel Ford . By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90% of the non-voting shares of the Ford Motor Company . (The Ford family retained the voting shares. ) Between 1955 and 1974,
806-446: Is not usually funded very well. It lasts as long as the program officer who had an interest and then goes away" and recommended that an independent endowment be established and that "[n]ative leadership is crucial". John J. McCloy , the architect of Office of Strategic Services that would later become Central Intelligence Agency served as the chairman of the Ford Foundation. The CIA would channel its funds through Ford Foundation as
868-481: Is one of the primary foundations offering grants that support and maintain diversity in higher education with fellowships for pre-doctoral, dissertation, and post-doctoral scholarship to increase diverse representation among Native Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and other under-represented Asian and Latino sub-groups throughout the U.S. academic labor market. The outcomes of scholarship by its grantees from
930-425: The 2001 World Conference Against Racism . Under pressure by several members of Congress, chief among them Rep. Jerrold Nadler , the foundation apologized and then prohibited the promotion of "violence, terrorism, bigotry or the destruction of any state" among its grantees. This move itself sparked protest among university provosts and various non-profit groups on free speech issues. The foundation's partnership with
992-502: The New Israel Fund (NIF), which began in 2003, was criticized regarding its choice of mostly progressive grantees and causes. This criticism peaked after the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, where some nongovernmental organizations funded by the foundation backed resolutions equating Israeli policies with apartheid . In response, the Ford Foundation tightened its criteria for funding. In 2011, right wing Israeli politicians and organizations such as NGO Monitor and Im Tirtzu claimed
1054-692: The Society of Professional Journalists National First Amendment Award. He served as president of the Arizona Newspaper Association and chairman of the National Newspaper Association 's Freedom of Information Committee." Marshall was inducted into the Arizona Newspapers Association Hall of Fame in 1996, the same year as Don Bolles and Charles E. Thornton . Induction was previously a posthumous honor; Marshall
1116-652: The United Federation of Teachers . In 1976, the foundation helped launch the Grameen Bank , which offers small loans to the rural poor of Bangladesh. The Grameen Bank and its founder Muhammad Yunus were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for pioneering microcredit . Between 1969 and 1978, the foundation was the biggest funder for research into in vitro fertilisation in the United Kingdom, which led to
1178-674: The FAE, and educational television advocate C. Scott Fletcher served as its president. The foundation underwrote the Fund for the Republic in the 1950s. Throughout the 1950s, the foundation provided arts and humanities fellowships that supported the work of figures like Josef Albers , James Baldwin , Saul Bellow , Herbert Blau , E. E. Cummings , Anthony Hecht , Flannery O'Connor , Jacob Lawrence , Maurice Valency , Robert Lowell , and Margaret Mead . In 1961, Kofi Annan received an educational grant from
1240-593: The Fighting Group undertook a range of missions in the East Zone, ranging from intelligence gathering to sabotage. It was funded and controlled by the CIA. In 1950, the U.S. government decided that the Fighting Group needed to bolster its legitimacy as a credible independent organization, so the International Rescue Committee was recruited to act as its advocate. One component of this project was convincing
1302-447: The Ford Foundation "must not only be generosity, but justice." The Ford Foundation seeks to address "the underlying causes that perpetuate human suffering" to grapple with and intervene in " how and why " inequality persists. In 2007, the Ford Foundation co-founded the independent Native Arts and Cultures Foundation by providing a portion of the new foundation's endowment out of the Ford Foundation's own. This decision to repatriate
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#17328812713911364-491: The Ford Foundation shifted its focus from Michigan philanthropic support to five areas of action. In the 1950 Report of the Study of the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program , the trustees set forth five "areas of action," according to Richard Magat (2012): economic improvements, education, freedom and democracy, human behavior, and world peace. These areas of action were identified in a 1949 report by Horace Rowan Gaither . Since
1426-458: The Ford Foundation to issue a grant to the Fighting Group. With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, the Ford Foundation was persuaded to give the Fighting Group a grant of $ 150,000. A press release announcing the grant pointed to the assistance given by the Fighting Group to "carefully screened" defectors to come to the West. The National Committee for a Free Europe , a CIA proprietary, actually administered
1488-571: The NIF and other recipients of Ford Foundation grants supported the delegitimization of Israel. The Ford Foundation announced in October 2023 that it would no longer provide grants to Alliance for Global Justice, a charity in Arizona claimed by journalist Gabe Kaminsky in a Washington Examiner investigation to share Palestinian terrorism ties. "Ford has no plans to support any Alliance for Global Justice projects in
1550-632: The Revolution to the Modern Era ", alleges that Sommers "persistently misrepresents scholarly debate, [and] ignores evidence that contradicts her assertions" about a gender war against boys and men. Spanish judge Francisco Serrano Castro made similar claims to Sommers in his 2012 book The Dictatorship of Gender . In 2003, the foundation was critiqued by US news service Jewish Telegraphic Agency , among others, for supporting Palestinian nongovernmental organizations that were accused of promoting antisemitism at
1612-708: The U.S. government during the Cold War . Roy links the Ford Foundation's establishment of an economics course at the Indonesian University with aligning students with the 1965 coup that installed Suharto as president. At the height of the Cold War, the Ford Foundation was involved in several sensitive covert operations. One of these involved the Fighting Group Against Inhumanity. Based in West Berlin,
1674-736: The United States for graduate study around the world. Fellows came from 22 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Russia and the Palestinian Territories and studied a wide variety of fields. After IFP's early success with identifying candidates and selecting and placing Fellows, and the success of Fellows in completing their degrees, the foundation contributed an additional $ 75 million to IFP in 2006. IFP concluded operations in late 2013 when more than 80 percent of fellows had completed their studies. Fellows have been serving their home communities in
1736-546: The advancement of human welfare and "urged the foundation to focus on solving humankind's most pressing problems, whatever they might be, rather than work in any particular field...." The report was endorsed by the foundation's board of trustees, and they subsequently voted to move the foundation to New York City in 1953. The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974. This divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become
1798-494: The air in 1952. These grants continued, and in 1969 the foundation gave $ 1 million to the Children's Television Workshop to help create and launch Sesame Street . Active from 1951 to 1961, this subsidiary of the Ford Foundation supported initiatives in the field of adult education , including educational television and public broadcasting . During its existence, the FAE spent over $ 47 million. Among its funding programs were
1860-653: The field of adult education. In addition to grantmaking to organizations and projects, the FAE established its own programs, including the Test Cities Project and the Experimental Discussion Project. The Experimental Discussion Project produced media that was distributed to local organizations to conduct viewing or listening and discussion sessions. Topics covered included international affairs , world cultures, and United States history. Educational theorist Robert Maynard Hutchins helped to found
1922-462: The fields of creative arts performance. In 2022, another 20 Disability Futures Fellows received awards. Ranked No. 24 on the Forbes 2018 World's Most Innovative Companies list, the Ford Foundation utilized its endowment to invest in innovative and sustainable change leadership shifting the model of grant-making in the 21st century. According to Forbes, "Ford spends between $ 500 million and $ 550 million
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1984-663: The firm of Roche-Dinkeloo , the Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice in New York City (originally the Ford Foundation Building) was the first large-scale architectural building in the country to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its atrium was designed with the notion of having urban greenspace accessible to all and is an example of the application in architecture of environmental psychology . The building, 321 E. 42nd St.,
2046-534: The first Ford family member to serve on the board since his grandfather resigned in 1976. For many years, the foundation topped annual lists compiled by the Foundation Center of US foundations with the most assets and the highest annual giving. The foundation has fallen a few places in those lists in recent years, especially with the establishment of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000. As of May 4, 2013,
2108-466: The first baby, Louise Brown born from the technique. The Ford Foundation provided $ 1,170,194 towards the research. The foundation began awarding postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 to increase the diversity of the nation's academic faculties. In 1986, the foundation added predoctoral and dissertation fellowships to the program. The foundation awards 130 to 140 fellowships annually, and there are 4,132 living fellows. The University of California, Berkeley
2170-593: The foundation are roughly a third of NIF's donor-advised giving, which totals about $ 15 million a year. In June 2020, Ford Foundation decided to raise $ 1 billion through a combination of 30 and 50- year bonds. The main aim was to help nonprofits hit by the pandemic. In October 2020, Ford Foundation partnered with the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to establish the Disability Future Fellowship, awarding $ 50,000 annually to disabled writers, actors, and directors in
2232-488: The foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings and now plays no role in the automobile company. In 1949, Henry Ford II created § Ford Philanthropy , a separate corporate foundation that to this day serves as the philanthropic arm of the Ford Motor Company and is not associated with the foundation. The Ford Foundation makes grants through its headquarters and ten international field offices. For many years,
2294-558: The foundation to finish his studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. Under its "Program for Playwrights", the foundation helped to support writers in professional regional theaters such as San Francisco's Actor's Workshop and offered similar help to Houston's Alley Theatre and Washington's Arena Stage . In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation gave money to government and non-government contraceptive initiatives to support population control , peaking at an estimated $ 169 million in
2356-653: The foundation was second in terms of assets and tenth in terms of annual grant giving. In 2012, the foundation declared that it was not a research library and transferred its archives from New York City to the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York . In 1951, the foundation made its first grant to support the development of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), then known as National Educational Television (NET), which went on
2418-447: The foundation's financial endowment was the largest private endowment in the world; it remains among the wealthiest . For fiscal year 2014, it reported assets of $ 12.4 billion and approved $ 507.9 million in grants. According to the OECD , the Ford Foundation provided $ 194 million for development in 2019, all of which related to its grant-making activities. After its establishment in 1936,
2480-567: The foundation. In 1974, the foundation contributed funds to the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project . In 1967 and 1968, the foundation provided financial support for decentralization and community control of public schools in New York City. Decentralization in Ocean Hill–Brownsville led to the firing of some white teachers and administrators, which provoked a citywide teachers' strike led by
2542-426: The future and it is not eligible for any other funding," Amanda Simon, a spokeswoman for the Ford Foundation, said at the time. Simon added, "We will not be funding them in the future." The allegations of terrorism links were proven false ; Alliance for Global Justice was found to be funding an organisation that attempts to secure the human rights of Palestinian prisoners held in Israel. Completed in 1968 by
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2604-542: The grant (Chester, Covert Network, pp. 89–94). American author, philosopher, and critic of feminism Christina Hoff Sommers , criticized The Ford Foundation in her book The War Against Boys (2000) as well as other institutions in education and government. Sommers alleged that the Ford Foundation funded feminist ideologies that marginalize boys and men. A Washington Post book review by E. Anthony Rotundo, author of "American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from
2666-542: The heart of Scottsdale." The East Valley Tribune's Pulitzer Prize -winning Ryan Gabrielson wrote of Marshall, "With the purchase of the Scottsdale Progress in 1963, Marshall brought a liberal editorial viewpoint that argued for open space, open public meetings and open records." Inspired by a 1 a.m. vote of the Scottsdale, Arizona city council to approve a $ 500,000 garbage collection contract, Marshall drafted
2728-474: The last 1960s. The foundation ended most support for contraception programs by the 1970s. The foundation remains supportive of access to abortion, granting funds to organizations that support reproductive rights . In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $ 12 million to persuade law schools to make "law school clinics" part of their curriculum. Clinics were intended to give practical experience in law practice while providing pro bono representation to
2790-579: The late 20th century through the 21st century have contributed to substantial data and scholarship including national surveys such as the Nelson Diversity Surveys in STEM. The foundation was established January 15, 1936, in Michigan by Edsel Ford (president of the Ford Motor Company ) and two other executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for
2852-595: The magazine in 1958 to join the Ford Foundation 's Humanities and Arts program. ARTS would later become Arts Magazine . In 1963, Marshall purchased the Scottsdale Daily Progress newspaper, and published it for 24 years. He took a brief hiatus in 1974 to run unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate against Barry Goldwater . In 2003, Ruder-Finn Press published Marshall's novel Reunion in Norway . The novel
2914-497: The middle of the 20th century, many of the Ford Foundation's programs have focused on increased under-represented or "minority" group representation in education, science and policy-making. For over eight decades their mission decisively advocates and supports the reduction of poverty and injustice among other values including the maintenance of democratic values, promoting engagement with other nations, and sustaining human progress and achievement at home and abroad. The Ford Foundation
2976-553: The official launch. Jonathan Marshall (publisher) Jonathan was the son of New York City attorney James Marshall and poet Lenore Guinzberg Marshall . His grandfather Louis Marshall was a prominent lawyer and Jewish leader. Jonathan had one sister, Ellen Marshall Scholl. Marshall was dyslexic, but earned a Bachelor of Science degree in economics and political science from the University of Colorado in 1946. Marshall married Maxine Sue Besser of St Louis in April 1955. He earned
3038-452: The poor. Conservative critic Heather Mac Donald contends that the financial involvement of the foundation instead changed the clinics' focus from giving students practical experience to engaging in leftwing advocacy. Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the 1970s, the foundation expanded into civil rights litigation, granting $ 18 million to civil rights litigation groups. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
3100-516: The presidency of the foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, Henry Ford II . It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropic organization in the world. The board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundation's future. The committee, headed by California attorney H. Rowan Gaither , recommended that the foundation become an international philanthropic organization dedicated to
3162-540: The program. In 1987, the foundation began making grants to fight the AIDS epidemic and in 2010 made grant disbursements totaling $ 29,512,312. In 2001, the foundation launched the International Fellowships Program (IFP) with a 12-year, $ 280 million grant, the largest in its history. IFP identified approximately 4,300 emerging social justice leaders representing historically disadvantaged groups from outside
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#17328812713913224-543: The public welfare." It was a reaction to FDR 's 1935 tax reform introducing 70% tax on large inheritances . During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates and supported the Henry Ford Hospital and the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village , among other organizations. After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947,
3286-423: The time included Dore Ashton, Jerry Saltz , Barry Schwabsky , Bill Jones , Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe , Peter Selz , John Yau , Elizabeth Frank , and Jeanne Siegel. As of 2020, the magazine is in the process of a revival. A new team of writers from leading media publications (e.g. The New York Times ) and universities ( Vanderbilt , New York University ) has been assembled and website in developed and prepared for
3348-535: Was adopted into law. It is found in Arizona Revised Statutes §§ 38-431 through 38-431.09 , and summarized on the Arizona Ombudsman's website . Marshall said of his open meeting law efforts, "It strengthened the open meetings law and made it effective, although almost every year some government official in Arizona still tried to get around the law." Ford Foundation The Ford Foundation
3410-471: Was affiliated with 346 fellows at the time of award, the most of any institution, followed by the University of California, Los Angeles at 205, Harvard University at 191, Stanford University at 190, and Yale University at 175. The 10-campus University of California system accounts for 947 fellows, and the Ivy League is affiliated with 726. In 2022, the foundation announced that it would be sunsetting
3472-488: Was among the first journalists to be inducted during his lifetime. Marshall was one of the founders of Temple Solel reform synagogue in Paradise Valley, Arizona . After Marshall sold the Progress in 1987, he and Maxine founded The Marshall Fund of Arizona. The fund distributed over $ 5 million to cultural and charitable concerns. Marshall penned his autobiography, Dateline History , shortly before his death. it
3534-447: Was glossy and priced at $ 4.00 a copy in 1981. The April 1981 issue had a cover story called " Gertrude Greene : Constructions of the 1930s and 1940s", written by Jacqueline Moss . The last issue to reach subscribers was in March 1992, featuring Alexandra Anderson-Spivy on artist Rackstraw Downes and Annie Sprinkle on Jeff Koons . The April issue was published but never mailed. Editors at
3596-707: Was incorporated in 1967 with a $ 2.2 million grant from the foundation. In the same year, the foundation funded the establishment of the Southwest Council of La Raza, the predecessor of the National Council of La Raza . In 1972, the foundation provided a three-year $ 1.2 million grant to the Native American Rights Fund . The same year, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund opened with funding from numerous organizations, including
3658-664: Was inspired by Marshall's visit to a museum in Bergen which documented the Norwegian resistance movement against the German occupation of Norway during World War II . According to the University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication, Marshall, "...was twice nominated for a Pulitzer Prize; and was granted the Arizona Press Club's Distinguished Service Award, the Arizona Newspaper Association's Master Editor Publisher Award, and
3720-538: Was later purchased by James N. Rosenberg and Jonathan Marshall , who subsequently owned and published the Scottsdale Daily Progress newspaper. In 1954, the title was changed to Arts Digest ; then, in 1955, the title was changed to ARTS . The word "Digest" was dropped because, as Marshall explained in the September 15, 1955 issue, the magazine was introducing newer features, design modernization, and seeking
3782-833: Was published in 2009 by Acacia Publishing in Phoenix, Arizona. The Progress was one of the first newspapers in the country to oppose the Vietnam War. Marshall spoke out against the KKK, supported gun control, and was a frequent target of threats against his life. Through the Progress , Marshall supported the creation of a greenbelt instead of concrete flood-control ditch, which the United States Army Corps of Engineers had planned for Scottsdale's Indian Bend Wash. The " Indian Bend Wash Greenbelt " exists today as "...an oasis of parks, lakes, paths and golf courses traversing 11 miles through
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#17328812713913844-463: Was recognized in 1968 by the Architectural Record as "a new kind of urban space". This design concept was used by others for many of the indoor shopping malls and skyscrapers built in subsequent decades. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building a landmark in 1997. Source : History of Ford Foundation ° Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network, Progressives,
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