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100-519: He began to play the clarinet at the age of 11 but had taken up the saxophone by the time he left school and then turned professional. In 1949 he performed at the Paris Jazz Festival and with Charlie Parker when Parker was on tour in Sweden in 1950. A few years later he recorded with Clifford Brown , Art Farmer , and James Moody . From the middle 1950s to the middle 1960s he was a featured soloist in

200-446: A bleeding ulcer , but Parker also had advanced cirrhosis and had suffered a heart attack and a seizure. The coroner who performed his autopsy mistakenly estimated Parker's 34-year-old body to be between 50 and 60 years of age. The details surrounding Parker's death were controversial. Doris Parker claimed that she, Parker's mother, and Art Blakey were aware of Parker's death before March 14, when Pannonica claimed she first revealed

300-534: A "combination of the Midwestern beat and the fast New York tempos." Parker began writing compositions thanks to his growing friendship with Gillespie, who began notating Parker's solos as melodies. Among these early Parker compositions were "Koko", " Anthropology ", and " Confirmation ". Parker left Hines' band and formed a small group with Gillespie, pianist Al Haig , bassist Curley Russell , and drummer Stan Levey . The group stood out from its contemporaries, as it

400-481: A Catholic school and sang in its choir, but his parents separated in 1930 due to his father's alcoholism and the effects of the Great Depression . By the time he was in high school, Parker, his older half-brother John, and his mother Addie were living near 15th Street and Olive Street and she was working as a cleaner in order to afford housing. Parker began playing the saxophone at age 11, and at age 14 he joined

500-614: A big band). Since 1950, Parker had been living in New York City with his common-law wife , Chan Berg , the mother of his son, Baird (1952–2014), and his daughter, Pree (who died at age 3). He considered Chan his wife, although he never married her; nor did he divorce his previous wife, Doris, whom he had married in 1948. The death of Parker's daughter Pree from pneumonia in 1954 devastated him and, after being fired from Birdland in September of that year, he attempted to commit suicide. He

600-408: A builder of large, cast-in-place smokestacks, silos and chimneys. Wheelabrator-Frye retained both Pullman and Kellogg as direct subsidiaries. Later in 1982 Signal acquired Wheelabrator-Frye. In 1990, the entire Wheelabrator-Frye group was sold to Waste Management, Inc. The Pullman-Kellogg interests were spun off by Waste Management as Pullman Power Products Corporation, and by late 2004 that company

700-480: A car accident and Parker broke three ribs and fractured his spine. Despite his near-death experience on the way to the Ozarks in 1936, Parker returned to the area in the summer of 1937, where he spent a great deal of time woodshedding and developing his sound. Working with two musicians on chordal instruments, a pianist and guitarist respectively, he was able to practice improvising over chord changes and began to develop

800-762: A company town and factory. Pullman's plan included an expectation that rent collected on the houses in the town would produce a 6% return on investment (ROI), but the ROI never exceeded 4– 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 %. The company built Pullman, Illinois on 4,000 acres (1,600 ha), 14 mi (23 km) south of Chicago, contracting Solon Spencer Beman for design and Nathan F. Barrett for landscaping. Both were considered experts in their respective fields. Beman interned under architect Richard Upjohn. Barrett landscaped areas in Staten Island and Tuxedo, New York, as well as Long Branch, New Jersey. George Pullman 's governing concept placed

900-563: A controlling interest in the Standard Steel Car Company . The vast majority were built for U.S. cities, with only 24 being supplied to Canadian cities and a total of 136 built for cities in South America. The last trolleybuses built were an order of 30 for Valparaíso, Chile , in late 1952. That city's Pullman trolley buses have far outlasted any others, and as of 2015 about a dozen were still in regular service there, four from

1000-460: A day. Parker proposed to Rebecca Ruffin, his girlfriend four years his senior, and the two were married on July 25, 1936. They had two children together before divorcing in 1939, in large part due to his growing drug addiction. In late 1936, Parker and a Kansas City band traveled to the Ozarks for the opening of Musser's Resort south of Eldon, Missouri . Along the way, the caravan of musicians had

1100-473: A hamlet known as Blue Summit , located close to I-435 and East Truman Road. Some amount of controversy continued after Parker's burial in the Kansas City area. His tomb was engraved with the image of a tenor saxophone, though Parker is primarily associated with the alto saxophone. Later, some people wanted to move Parker's remains to reinforce redevelopment of the historic 18th and Vine area. Parker acquired

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1200-457: A large freight car leasing operation under the parent company's control. Pullman, Inc., remained separate until a merger with Wheelabrator, then headed by CEO Michael D. Dingman , in late 1980, which led to the separation of Pullman interests in early and mid-1981. Operations of the Pullman Company sleeper cars ceased and all leases were terminated on December 31, 1968. On January 1, 1969,

1300-496: A mental hospital. Parker's style of composition involved interpolation of original melodies over existing jazz forms and standards, a practice known as contrafact and still common in jazz today. Examples include " Ornithology " (which borrows the chord progression of jazz standard " How High the Moon " and is said to be co-written with trumpet player Little Benny Harris), and " Moose The Mooche " (one of many Parker compositions based on

1400-499: A mixed group of jazz and chamber orchestra musicians. Six master takes from this session became the album Charlie Parker with Strings : " Just Friends ", " Everything Happens to Me ", " April in Paris ", " Summertime ", " I Didn't Know What Time It Was ", and " If I Should Lose You ". In 1950, Parker and Gillespie recorded Bird and Diz , an album that proved to be among the few times Parker worked with bebop pianist Thelonious Monk ;

1500-410: A new improvisational vocabulary which later came to be known as " bebop ". Playing " Cherokee " in a practice session with guitarist William "Biddy" Fleet, he realized that the 12 semitones of the chromatic scale can lead melodically to any key, breaking some of the confines of simpler jazz soloing. Parker recalled: "I'd been getting bored with the stereotyped changes that were being used all the time at

1600-427: A present-day airliner's overhead luggage compartment. At night, the upper berth folded down and the 2 facing seats below it folded over to provide a relatively comfortable lower berth. Although this was a somewhat spartan accommodation by today's standards, it was a great improvement on the previous layout. Curtains provided privacy, and there were washrooms at each end of the car for men and women. The first Pullman coach

1700-594: A quieter and smoother ride than conventional cast iron wheels from 1867 to 1915. Once a household name due to their large market share, the Pullman Company is also known for the bitter Pullman Strike staged by their workers and union leaders in 1894. During an economic downturn , Pullman reduced hours and wages but not rents, precipitating the strike. Workers joined the American Railway Union , led by Eugene V. Debs . After George Pullman's death in 1897, Robert Todd Lincoln , son of Abraham Lincoln , became

1800-614: A record date for Savoy Records , marketed as the "greatest Jazz session ever". Recording as Charlie Parker's Reboppers, Parker enlisted sidemen Gillespie and Miles Davis on trumpet, Curley Russell on bass and Max Roach on drums. The tracks recorded during this session include " Ko-Ko ", " Billie's Bounce ", and " Now's the Time ". In December 1945, the Parker band traveled to an unsuccessful engagement at Billy Berg's club in Los Angeles . Most of

1900-463: A separate company called Pullman Technology, Inc., in 1982. Using the Transit America trade name, Pullman Technology continued to market its Comet car design (first built for New Jersey Department of Transportation in 1970) for commuter operations until 1987, when Bombardier purchased Pullman Technology to gain control of its designs and patents. As of late 2004, Pullman Technology, Inc., remained

2000-419: A steep decline in the company's fortunes. It collapsed in 1968, with a successor company continuing operations until 1981. After spending the night sleeping in his seat on a train trip from Buffalo to Westfield, New York , George Pullman was inspired to design an improved passenger railcar which contained sleeper berths for all its passengers. During the day, the upper berth was folded up overhead similar to

2100-573: A subsidiary of Bombardier. Pullman, Inc., spun off its large fleet of leased freight rail cars in April 1981 as Pullman Leasing Company, which later became part of ITEL Leasing , retaining the original PLCX reporting mark . ITEL Rail Leasing (including the PLCX reporting mark) was later divested to GE Rail Services . In mid-1981, Pullman, Inc., spun off its freight car manufacturing interests as Pullman Transportation Company. Several plants were closed and in 1984,

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2200-573: A threat to their existing style of jazz. It was not until 1945, after the AFM's recording ban was lifted, that Parker's collaborations with Dizzy Gillespie , Max Roach and others had a substantial effect on the jazz world. One of their first small-group performances together was rediscovered in 2004 and released in 2005: a concert in New York's Town Hall on June 22, 1945. Bebop soon gained wider appeal among musicians and fans. On November 26, 1945, Parker led

2300-409: A unique version of the 12-bar blues for tunes such as " Blues for Alice ", "Laird Baird", and "Si Si." These unique chords are known popularly as " Bird Changes ". Like his solos, some of his compositions are characterized by long, complex melodic lines and a minimum of repetition, although he did employ the use of repetition in some tunes, most notably "Now's The Time". Parker contributed greatly to

2400-401: Is featured throughout, "The Midnight Sun Never Sets", composed and arranged by Jones and recorded under Jones' direction by Harry Arnold 's orchestra in 1958. Domnérus' playing in his early career was typical of the cool, sophisticated, technically accomplished and lyrical style of Swedish modern jazz during the 1950s. Domnérus' health declined in his last years, and he retired from playing. He

2500-497: Is unclear which came first, his addiction to opiates began at the age of 16, when he was injured in a car crash and a doctor prescribed morphine for the pain. The addiction that stemmed from this incident led him to miss performances, and to be considered unreliable. In the jazz scene, heroin use was prevalent and the substance could be acquired with little difficulty. Although he produced many brilliant recordings during this period, Parker's behavior became increasingly erratic. Heroin

2600-505: The Count Basie Orchestra , he lost track of the chord changes while improvising. This prompted Jo Jones to contemptuously remove a cymbal from his drum kit and throw it at his feet as a signal to leave the stage. Rather than becoming discouraged, Parker vowed to practice harder. He mastered improvisation and, according to his comments in an interview with Paul Desmond , spent the next three to four years practicing up to 15 hours

2700-765: The Lincoln High School band where he studied under bandmaster Alonzo Lewis. His mother purchased a new alto saxophone around the same time. Parker's biggest influence in his early teens was a young trombone player named Robert Simpson, who taught him the basics of improvisation. Parker withdrew from high school in December 1935, joined the local musicians' union, and decided to pursue his musical career full-time. Upon leaving high school, Parker began to play with local bands in jazz clubs around Kansas City and often ambitiously took part in jam sessions with more experienced musicians. In early 1936, at one such jam session with

2800-557: The Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company . Pullman-Standard remained in the rail car manufacturing business until 1982. Standard Steel Car Co., had been organized on January 2, 1902, to operate a railroad car manufacturing facility at Butler, Pennsylvania , and, after 1906, a facility at Hammond, Indiana , was reorganized as a subsidiary of Pullman, Inc., on March 1, 1930. In 1940, just as orders for lightweight cars were increasing and sleeping car traffic

2900-594: The U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent commemorative postage stamp in Parker's honor. In 2002, the Library of Congress honored his recording " Ko-Ko " (1945) by adding it to the National Recording Registry . From 1950 to 1954, Parker lived with Chan Berg on the ground floor of the townhouse at 151 Avenue B, across from Tompkins Square Park in Manhattan's East Village . The Gothic Revival building, which

3000-487: The modern jazz solo, one in which triplets and pick-up notes were used in unorthodox ways to lead into chord tones, affording the soloist more freedom to use passing tones , which soloists previously avoided. His recordings were used for a book of solo transcriptions, the posthumously published Charlie Parker Omnibook . Other well-known Parker compositions include " Ah-Leu-Cha ", "Anthropology" (co-written with Gillespie), "Confirmation" , "Constellation" , " Moose

3100-572: The 1955 Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama, using Rosa Parks ' arrest as a catalyst and rallying cry to help organize it. Nixon, whose duties as a porter often saw him out of town for various lengths of time, had to enlist the help of a young, energetic black minister new to Montgomery to run the boycott in his absence: the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Pullman's streetcar building period lasted from 1891 until 1951. The company one

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3200-551: The Florence Hotel was the only place within the town limits where alcohol could be served and consumed. In the residential section, 150 acres (61 ha) were dedicated to tenements, flats and single-family homes with rents from $ 0.50 to $ 0.75 per month ($ 16 to $ 24 in 2023 adjusted for inflation). The residences featured modern conveniences such as gas, running water, indoor sewage plumbing and regular garbage removal. By 1884, there were more than 1,400 tenements and flats. By July of

3300-721: The Mooche ", " Scrapple from the Apple " and " Yardbird Suite ", the vocal version of which is called "What Price Love", with lyrics by Parker. Miles Davis once said, "You can tell the history of jazz in four words: Louis Armstrong . Charlie Parker". Grammy Award Grammy Hall of Fame Recordings of Charlie Parker were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance". Inductions In 1995,

3400-565: The Philharmonic promoter Norman Granz as his producer. The partnership enabled Parker to work with musicians from other genres, such as Latin jazz percussionist and bandleader Machito , and to appear in concerts at Carnegie Hall as part of the Jazz at the Philharmonic series. Further, Granz was able to fulfil a longstanding desire of Parker's to perform with a string section . He was a keen student of classical music, and contemporaries reported he

3500-527: The Pullman Co. reduced wages and laid off employees. Though wages were reduced, residential utility rates and rents remained unchanged. On May 11, 1894, the employees of the Pullman Co. walked off the job initiating the Pullman Strike . Thirty people were killed as a result of the strikes and sabotage. The loss of pride after the strike stayed with the town long afterward. In February 1904, the Pullman Company

3600-688: The Pullman Company was dissolved and all assets were liquidated. (The most visible result on many railroads, including Union Pacific, was that the Pullman name was removed from the letterboard of all Pullman-owned cars.) An auction of all Pullman remaining assets was held at the Pullman plant in Chicago in early 1970. The Pullman, Inc., company remained in place until 1981 or 1982 to close out all remaining liabilities and claims, operating from an office in Denver . The passenger car designs of Pullman-Standard were spun off into

3700-556: The Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company (manufacturing). After three years of negotiations, the Pullman Company was sold to a consortium of 57 railroads for approximately US$ 40 million. In 1943, Pullman Standard established a shipbuilding division and entered wartime small ship design and construction. The yard was located near Lake Calumet in Chicago , on the north side of 130th Street. Pullman built

3800-565: The Rust Division of what is today Washington Group International , a specialty contracting firm that competes directly with Halliburton worldwide. Washington Group International is the successor to the Morrison Knudsen civil engineering and contracting corporation, and is also the owner of Montana Rail Link . After the last of the Kellogg interests of Pullman-Kellogg were spun off, and after

3900-719: The Swedish Radio Big Band. He wrote for film and television and recorded with Lars Gullin and Bengt Hallberg . With Bengt-Arne Wallin , Rolf Ericson , and Åke Persson (the latter two were former members of Duke Ellington 's Orchestra), he participated in the Jazz Workshops organised for the Ruhrfest in Recklinghausen by Hans Gertberg from the Hamburg radio station. He recorded several times with Quincy Jones in Sweden and

4000-574: The U.S. market for PCC cars, with the balance of around 25% being supplied by Pullman. In addition to rail vehicles, Pullman-Standard also manufactured trolley buses – or trolley coaches , as they were more commonly known at the time – starting in 1931 and concluding in late 1952. A total of 2,007 trolley buses were built by the company. Production took place at a former Osgood Bradley Car Company plant in Worcester, Massachusetts, which had come under Pullman control as part of its 1929/30 acquisition of

4100-528: The United States. The legacy of Pullman porters goes beyond the railway. A. Philip Randolph took the lessons learned and experience gained in organizing the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters to help organize the nascent black civil rights movement . Likewise, E.D. Nixon , a Pullman porter and leader of a local chapter of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, worked with one of his employees to help start

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4200-491: The ability to solo fluently across chords and scales. In 1938, Parker joined pianist Jay McShann 's territory band . His first gig with the band was during the summer or early fall at the Continental Club in Kansas City, where Parker worked as a substitute alto saxophonist for Edward "Popeye" Hale. In December, he joined Harlan Leonard 's Rockets; the band played at dances including a Christmas dance for which Parker

4300-590: The after-hours sessions were an opportunity "to challenge the practice of downtown musicians coming uptown and 'stealing' the music." Parker left McShann's band in 1942 and played for one year with Hines, whose band also included Gillespie. However, this band's performances and therefore Parker's role in them are virtually undocumented due to the strike of 1942–1944 by the American Federation of Musicians , during which time few professional recordings were made. In fact, much of bebop's critical early development

4400-723: The album Jazz at Massey Hall . At this concert, Parker played a plastic Grafton saxophone . Other live, and often bootleg , recordings of Parker were made in the early 1950s, frequently with groups other than his usual quintet. Among the most notable of these recordings, particularly from the perspective of critics, were Charlie Parker in Sweden (recorded during his 1950 Sweden tour), Bird at St. Nick's (with Red Rodney), Inglewood Jam (recorded in 1952 with Chet Baker ), Live at Rockland Palace (recorded live with his quintet and string accompaniment), Charlie Parker at Storyville (with Herb Pomeroy and Red Garland ), and The Washington Concerts (recorded unrehearsed in 1953 with

4500-502: The article offered praise for creating an elevated environment for its workers, it criticized the all-encompassing influence of the company ultimately concluding that "Pullman is un-American" and "benevolent, well-wishing feudalism." During the Panic of 1893, Pullman closed his manufacturing plant in Detroit to move all manufacturing to Pullman. Due to the soft economic conditions of this period,

4600-730: The boats in 40-ton blocks which were assembled in a fabrication shop on 111th Street and moved to the yard on gondola cars. In two years, the company built 34 Corvette Patrol Craft, Escorts (PCEs), which were 180 feet long and weighed 640 tons, and 44 Landing Ship, Medium (LSMs), which were 203 feet long and weighed 520 tons. Pullman ranked 56th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. Pullman-Standard built its last sleeping car in 1956 and its last lightweight passenger cars in 1965, an order of ten coaches for Kansas City Southern . The company continued to market and build cars for commuter rail and subway service and Superliners for Amtrak as late as

4700-470: The bounds of McShann's group, Parker joined a group of young musicians who played in after-hours clubs in Harlem venues including Clark Monroe's Uptown House . Fellow musicians at the venues included developing beboppers Gillespie, pianist Thelonious Monk , guitarist Charlie Christian , and drummer Kenny Clarke . A pianist and one of the pioneers of bebop, Mary Lou Williams , offered a further explanation that

4800-606: The chord progression of " I Got Rhythm "). The practice was not uncommon prior to bebop, but it became a signature of the movement as artists began to move away from arranging popular standards and toward composing their own material. Perhaps Parker's most well-known contrafact is "Koko", which is based on the chord changes of the popular bebop tune "Cherokee", written by Ray Noble. While tunes such as "Now's The Time", " Billie's Bounce ", " Au Privave ", "Barbados" , "Relaxin' at Camarillo", " Bloomdido ", and "Cool Blues" were based on conventional 12-bar blues changes, Parker also created

4900-479: The company was ordered to divest itself of one of its two lines of sleeping car businesses after having acquired all of its competitors. After the 1944 breakup, Pullman, Inc., remained in place as the parent company, with the following subsidiaries: The Pullman Company for passenger car operations (but not passenger car ownership, which was passed to member railroads), and Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Co., for passenger car and freight car manufacturing; along with

5000-438: The company's peak in the early 20th century, its cars accommodated 26 million people a year, and it in effect operated "the largest hotel in the world". Its production workers initially lived in a planned worker community, known as a company town , named Pullman, Chicago . Pullman developed the sleeping car , which carried his name into the 1980s. Pullman did not just manufacture the cars, it also operated them on most of

5100-517: The company's president. In 1922, Haskell & Barker Car Manufacturing was acquired and in 1924 was merged with the other car manufacturing units of Pullman, and a new company was formed, Pullman Car & Manufacturing Company. In 1927, Pullman Company was created as a separate company and Pullman Incorporated was established as a holding company. In 1930, Pullman purchased the Standard Steel Car Company conglomerate which included Osgood Bradley , Standard Motor Truck, and Siems-Stembel. In 1934, it

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5200-519: The first half of the 20th century, during the boom of railroads in the United States . Through rapid late-19th century development of mass production and takeover of rivals, the company developed a virtual monopoly on production and ownership of sleeping cars . During a severe economic downturn, the 1894 Pullman Strike by company workers proved to be a transformative moment in American labor history. At

5300-409: The following year, the population exceeded 8,600. In charge of the company town was the town agent who was responsible for all services and businesses including street and building maintenance, gas and water works, fire protection, the hotel, sewage farm, and the nursery and greenhouse. Reporting to the town agent were nine department heads and approximately 300 men. There were no elections except for

5400-560: The funeral arrangements, which included a Harlem procession officiated by Congressman and Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Jr. at the Abyssinian Baptist Church and a memorial concert. Parker's body was flown back to Missouri, in accordance with his mother's wishes. Chan criticized Doris and Parker's family for giving him a Christian funeral even though they knew he was an atheist . Parker was buried at Lincoln Cemetery in Missouri, in

5500-541: The funeral of his father, Charles Sr. The younger Parker then spent the summer in McShann's band playing at Fairyland Park for all-white audiences; trumpet player Bernard Anderson introduced him to Dizzy Gillespie . The band also toured nightclubs and other venues of the southwest, as well as Chicago and New York City , and Parker made his professional recording debut with McShann's band that year. When in New York, to experiment with his new musical ideas that went beyond

5600-541: The group returned to New York, but Parker remained in California, cashing in his return ticket to buy heroin. However, after Parker dedicated one of his compositions to local drug dealer " Moose the Mooche " at a studio session in the spring, the dealer was arrested; and without access to heroin, Parker turned to an alcohol addiction. He suffered a physical and mental breakdown after a studio session in July 1946 for Dial Records , and

5700-588: The late 1970s and early 1980s. Beginning in 1975, Pullman started delivery of the massive 754 75 ft (23 m) stainless steel subway cars to the New York City Transit Authority . Designated R46 by their procurement contract, these cars, along with the R44 subway car built by St. Louis Car Company , were designed for 70 mph (110 km/h) speeds in the Second Avenue Subway . After it

5800-576: The mental hospital, at one of two successful recording sessions. The first of these sessions took place with a septet while the second paired Parker with pianist Erroll Garner 's trio and vocalist Earl Coleman . Upon returning to New York in 1947, however, Parker resumed his heroin usage. He recorded dozens of sides for the Savoy and Dial labels, which remain some of the high points of his recorded output. Many of these were with his new quintet, including Davis and Roach. Parker and Davis disagreed on who should be

5900-459: The music was released in 1952. Meanwhile, Parker's regular group maintained popular success with a European tour in 1950 and live gigs at New York nightclubs continued, leading to live albums One Night in Birdland (with Fats Navarro and Powell) and Summit Meeting at Birdland (with Gillespie and Powell). However, Parker became frustrated and disillusioned that, due to racial discrimination, he

6000-487: The news on a phone call to Chan. Pannonica, however, visited a nightclub on March 13, the day after Parker died at her apartment but before she informed Chan of Parker's death. Further, newspapers incorrectly reported Parker's age as 53 when he died, and Parker's tombstone incorrectly claimed that he died on March 23. Parker's marital status complicated the settling of Parker's estate and ultimately frustrated his wish to be interred in New York City. Dizzy Gillespie paid for

6100-477: The nickname "Yardbird" early in his career while on the road with Jay McShann . This, and the shortened form "Bird", were used as nicknames for Parker for the rest of his life and inspired the titles of a number of Parker's compositions, such as " Yardbird Suite ", " Ornithology ", "Bird Gets the Worm", and "Bird of Paradise". Parker's life was riddled with mental health problems and an addiction to heroin . Although it

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6200-503: The passengers and the Pullman company itself, the porters organized and became the first African-American labor union. Founded by A. Philip Randolph the porters formed the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), which after years of effort, fought for and won a collective bargaining agreement in 1937. At its height the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters had a membership of over 18,000 passenger railway workers across Canada, Mexico, and

6300-440: The perfect servants. This led the company to hire black men (many, if not all, of whom were newly freed chattel slaves) almost exclusively for the porter positions. This decision by Pullman wasn't one of altruism but one primarily driven by economics: Pullman paid the black porters a pittance, forcing them to rely on tips from their white clientele for most of their earnings. This allowed the company to increase profits by minimizing

6400-429: The quintet's pianist, with Parker originally hiring Bud Powell for a May 1947 recording session but later favoring Gillespie's arranger, John Lewis ; Davis preferred Duke Jordan . Ultimately the quintet used both pianists as Parker wanted to balance leadership of the group with mentoring younger musicians such as Davis. Following the establishment of a regular quintet, Parker signed for Mercury Records with Jazz at

6500-460: The railcar manufacturing plants were sold, and with the formal dissolution of the old Pullman Company (the operating company from the 1944 split), the remaining portions of the Pullman interests were spun off in May 1985 by Signal into a new Pullman Company. In November 1985, Pullman bought Peabody International and the new company took the new name of Pullman Peabody. In April 1987 (after Pullman Technology

6600-549: The railroads in the United States, paying railroad companies to couple the cars to trains. In return, by the mid-20th century, these railroads would own Pullman outright. A labor union associated with the company, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters , founded and organized by A. Philip Randolph , was one of the most powerful African-American political entities of the 20th century. The company also built thousands of streetcars and trolley buses for use in cities. Post- WWII changes in automobile and airplane transport led to

6700-552: The remaining railcar manufacturing plants and the Pullman-Standard freight car designs and patents were sold to Trinity Industries . After separating itself from its rail car manufacturing interests, Pullman, Inc., continued as a diversified corporation, with later mergers and acquisitions, including a merger in late 1980 with Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc., in which Pullman became a subsidiary of Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc. In January 1982, Wheelabrator-Frye merged with M. W. Kellogg Company ,

6800-610: The school board, as all officials were selected by Pullman. After its completion, the Pullman company town attracted national attention. Many critics praised Pullman's concept and planning. One newspaper article titled "The Arcadian City: Pullman, the Ideal City of the World" praised the town as "the youngest and most perfect city in the world, Pullman; beautiful in every belonging." In February 1885, Harper's Monthly published and article by Richard T. Ely entitled "Pullman: A Social Study". Though

6900-409: The thoroughfare it is located on: Pullman Avenue. Another site was Pullman Car & Manufacturing Corp. of Bessemer , Alabama , incorporated on January 15, 1929. The Pullman Company was also noted for its porters . The porters served first-class passengers traveling in the luxurious Pullman sleeping cars. When George Pullman began hiring porters in 1868, he sought people who had been trained to be

7000-441: The time, and I kept thinking there's bound to be something else. I could hear it sometimes but I couldn't play it ... Well, that night I was working over 'Cherokee' and, as I did, I found that by using the higher intervals of a chord as a melody line and backing them with appropriately related changes, I could play the thing I'd been hearing. I came alive." In 1940, he returned to Kansas City to perform with Jay McShann and to attend

7100-450: The town not within the city limits of Chicago but in the adjoining town of Hyde Park . On April 24, 1880, groundwork began. Throughout construction, Pullman sought to minimize costs and maximize efficiency adopting techniques of mass production whenever possible. Some of the earliest departments and shops created included painting, iron, and woodworking. These could then be employed to contribute to continuing construction. By January 1, 1881,

7200-498: The town was ready for its first resident. A foreman from the Pullman Company's Detroit shop, Lee Benson, moved his wife, child, and sister into the town. Building exteriors were red brick with limestone trim. Interiors featured high ceilings and large windows. Interior walls were purposefully painted in light colors to provide a cheerful environment. When completed, the town included a library, theater, hotel, church, market, sewage farm, park, and many residential buildings. The bar in

7300-417: The track "Max Making Wax". When he finally did come in, he swayed wildly and once spun all the way around, away from his microphone. On the next tune, " Lover Man ", producer Ross Russell physically supported Parker. On "Bebop" (the final track Parker recorded that evening), he begins a solo with a solid first eight bars; on his second eight bars, however, he begins to struggle, and a desperate Howard McGhee ,

7400-558: The trumpeter on this session, shouts, "Blow!" at him. Charles Mingus considered this version of "Lover Man" to be among Parker's greatest recordings, despite its flaws. Nevertheless, Parker hated the recording and never forgave Ross Russell for releasing it. He re-recorded the tune in 1951 for Verve . Parker's life took a turn for the worse in March 1954 when his three-year-old daughter Pree died of cystic fibrosis and pneumonia . He attempted suicide twice in 1954, which once again landed him in

7500-509: The wages paid to one of its most important, and numerous, positions. Being a Pullman Porter was seen as safe, steady work and allowed tens of thousands of African-Americans access to middle-class life . This had little to do with the wages being paid to them by Pullman, and more to do with the reliable income stream. Former slaves working in a servile position were treated harshly, and were frequently subject to verbal and physical abuse. In 1925, after decades of discrimination and mistreatment by

7600-612: Was deferred in 1975, the Transit Authority assigned the cars to other subway services. Pullman also built subway cars for the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority , which assigned them to the Red Line. Pullman-Standard was spun off from Pullman, Inc., as Pullman Technology, Inc., in 1981, and was sold to Bombardier in 1987. In United States v. Pullman Co. , 50 F. Supp. 123, 126, 137 (E.D. Pa. 1943),

7700-436: Was an American jazz saxophonist , bandleader, and composer. Parker was a highly influential soloist and leading figure in the development of bebop , a form of jazz characterized by fast tempos, virtuosic technique, and advanced harmonies. He was a virtuoso and introduced revolutionary rhythmic and harmonic ideas into jazz, including rapid passing chords , new variants of altered chords , and chord substitutions . Parker

7800-1014: Was awarded the Illis quorum by the Swedish government in 1994 and the Litteris et Artibus in 2002. With Rune Gustafsson With Bengt Hallberg With Harry Arnold With Alice Babs With Friedrich Gulda With Lars Gullin With Rune Gustafsson With Bengt Hallberg With Jan Johansson With Radiojazzgruppen / Jan Johansson With Georg Riedel With George Russell With Lars Samuelson With Swedish Radio Jazz Group With Bengt-Arne Wallin With Monica Zetterlund With others Charlie Parker Charles Parker Jr. (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955), nicknamed " Bird " or " Yardbird ",

7900-502: Was briefly jailed after setting the bed sheets of his Los Angeles hotel room on fire and then running naked through the lobby while intoxicated, after which he was committed to the Camarillo State Mental Hospital for six months. When Parker received his discharge from the hospital, he was healthy and free from his drug habit. Before leaving California, he recorded " Relaxin' at Camarillo ," in reference to his stay in

8000-478: Was built about 1849, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 and was designated a New York City landmark in 1999. Avenue B between East 9th and East 10th Streets was given the honorary designation "Charlie Parker Place" in 1992. Pullman Company The Pullman Company , founded by George Pullman , was a manufacturer of railroad cars in the mid-to-late 19th century through

8100-459: Was built at the Chicago & Alton shops in Bloomington, Illinois in the spring of 1859 with the permission of Chicago & Alton President Joel A. Matteson . Pullman established his company in 1862 and built luxury sleeping cars which featured carpeting, draperies, upholstered chairs, libraries, card tables and an unparalleled level of customer service. Patented paper car wheels provided

8200-445: Was difficult to obtain once he moved to California, where the drug was less abundant, so he used alcohol as a substitute. A recording for the Dial label from July 29, 1946, provides evidence of his condition. Before this session, Parker drank a quart of whiskey. According to the liner notes of Charlie Parker on Dial Volume 1 , Parker missed most of the first two bars of his first chorus on

8300-630: Was doing business as Pullman Power LLC, a subsidiary of Structural Group, a specialty contractor. As a side note, other construction engineering portions of Pullman-Kellogg were spun off as a new M. W. Kellogg Corporation, and in December 1998, became part of the merger that formed Kellogg, Brown & Root , a specialty contractor which itself was later sold to Halliburton , an oil well servicing company. In an eventual competitive move, other Kellogg engineering interests were merged with Rust Engineering becoming Kellogg Rust, which itself became The Henley Group , and later Rust International before it became

8400-809: Was established as a National Monument by President Barack Obama. The Pullman Company operated several facilities in other areas of the US. One of these was the Pullman Shops in Richmond, California , which was linked to the mainline tracks of both the Southern Pacific and the Santa Fe , servicing their passenger equipment from throughout the Western US. The main building of the Richmond Pullman Shops still exists, as does

8500-595: Was formed on June 21, 1927. The best years for Pullman were the mid-1920s. In 1925, the fleet grew to 9800 cars. Twenty-eight thousand conductors and twelve thousand porters were employed by the Pullman Co. Pullman built its last standard heavyweight sleeping car in February 1931. Pullman purchased controlling interest in Standard Steel Car Company in 1929, and on December 26, 1934, Pullman Car & Manufacturing, along with several other Pullman, Inc. subsidiaries, merged with Standard Steel Car Co. and its subsidiaries to form

8600-493: Was given a court order to sell the company town but delayed compliance until 1907. Today, Pullman is a Chicago neighborhood , and a historical landmark district on the state , National Historic Landmark and National Register of Historic Places lists. In 2014, the National Park Service initially considered the concept of turning Pullman into a new, urban National Park. On February 19, 2015, Pullman's company town

8700-487: Was growing, the United States Department of Justice filed an anti-trust complaint against Pullman Incorporated in the U.S. District Court at Philadelphia (Civil Action No. 994). The federal government sought to separate the company's sleeping car operations from its manufacturing activities. In 1944, the court concurred, ordering Pullman Incorporated to divest itself of either the Pullman Company (operating) or

8800-632: Was hospitalized and made a partial recovery by early 1955 before his health declined again in March. Parker's last gig on March 4 at Birdland ended when Powell refused to play in his group and the performance spiraled into an argument among the musicians. Parker became drunk and a few days later visited the suite of Baroness Pannonica at the Stanhope Hotel in New York City in ill health. He refused to go to hospital and died on March 12, 1955 while watching The Dorsey Brothers ' Stage Show on television. The official causes of death were lobar pneumonia and

8900-794: Was listed in a local newspaper as one of the Rockets' personnel. In 1939, Parker moved to New York City to pursue his musical career but worked part-time jobs to make a living. Among the more musically significant of these jobs was as a dishwasher for nine dollars a week at Jimmie's Chicken Shack, where pianist Art Tatum performed. Struggling with poverty, Parker went to the home of fellow alto saxophone player, Buster Smith , to ask for help. Smith allowed Parker to live in his apartment for six months and gave him gigs in his band. Parker's playing at these gigs impressed several New York musicians including pianist and bandleader Earl Hines . While living in New York, Parker achieved his musical breakthrough, developing

9000-635: Was merged with Pullman Car & Manufacturing Company to be known as Pullman-Standard Car Manufacturing Company . The company closed its factory in the Pullman neighborhood of Chicago in 1955. The company ceased production after the Amtrak Superliner cars in 1982 and its remaining designs were purchased in 1987 when it was absorbed by Bombardier . The original Pullman Palace Car Co. had been organized on February 22, 1867. On January 1, 1900, after buying numerous associated and competing companies, it

9100-409: Was most interested in the music and formal innovations of Igor Stravinsky and longed to engage in a project akin to what later became known as Third Stream , a new kind of music, incorporating both jazz and classical elements as opposed to merely incorporating a string section into performance of jazz standards. On November 30, 1949, Norman Granz arranged for Parker to record an album of ballads with

9200-548: Was not captured for posterity due to the ban and the new genre gained limited radio exposure as a result. The few recordings in which Parker participated in 1943 took place in Chicago and included a jam session recording with Gillespie and bassist Oscar Pettiford , another session with Billy Eckstine playing trumpet, some informally recorded practice sessions, and a duo with pianist Hazel Scott . Parker's time with Hines' band and his traveling between New York and Chicago enabled him to model his style on, according to his own words,

9300-544: Was one of just three builders (and one of only two in the U.S.) of the PCC streetcar , a standardized type of streetcar purchased by numerous North American transit systems between 1936 and 1952 and nearly 5,000 of which were constructed. Pullman built the body of the very first all-new PCC car, a prototype called "model B", in 1934, but the first production-series Pullman PCC cars were not built until 1938 (and delivered in early 1939). The St. Louis Car Company captured about 75% of

9400-542: Was primarily a player of the alto saxophone . Parker was an icon for the hipster subculture and later the Beat Generation , personifying the jazz musician as an uncompromising artist and intellectual rather than just an entertainer. Charles Parker Jr. was born at 852 Freeman Avenue in Kansas City, Kansas , to Charles Parker Sr. and Adelaide "Addie" Bailey, who was of mixed Choctaw and African-American background. He

9500-536: Was racially integrated and it lacked a guitarist for rhythmic support. This new format enabled soloists to be freed from harmonic and rhythmic restrictions, and in late 1944 the group secured a gig at the Three Deuces club in New York. The group's name recognition spread along 52nd Street and its style was dubbed "bebop" for the first time. Musicians at other clubs came to hear bebop and reacted negatively to it because, according to bassist Charles Mingus , they saw it as

9600-496: Was raised in Kansas City, Missouri , near Westport Road. His father was often required to travel for work, but provided some musical influence because he was a pianist, dancer and singer on the Theatre Owners Booking Association (T.O.B.A.) circuit, later becoming a Pullman waiter or chef on the railways. Parker's mother worked nights at the local Western Union office during the 1920s. Parker first went to

9700-450: Was reaching the limits of what he would be able to achieve in his career. In 1953, Parker performed at Massey Hall in Toronto, joined by Gillespie, Mingus, Powell, and Roach. The concert happened at the same time as a televised heavyweight boxing match between Rocky Marciano and Jersey Joe Walcott , so the musical event was poorly attended. Mingus recorded the concert, which resulted in

9800-552: Was reorganized as The Pullman Co., characterized by its trademark phrase, "Travel and Sleep in Safety and Comfort." In 1924, the Pullman Car & Manufacturing Corporation was organized from the previous Pullman manufacturing department and recently acquired Haskell & Barker Car Company, to consolidate the car building interests of The Pullman Co. The parent company, The Pullman Co. was established as its own company and Pullman, Inc.,

9900-412: Was sold to Bombardier), the name was changed back to Pullman Company. In July 1987 the company acquired Clevite Industries . By 1996, Pullman Co., with its Clevite subsidiary, was almost solely a supplier of automotive elastomer (rubber) parts, and in July 1996 the company was sold to Tenneco . As of late 2004, Pullman Co. (now the brand name Clevite), as a manufacturer of automotive elastomer products,

10000-544: Was still under the control of Tenneco Automotive. In 1877, the United States experienced the Great Railroad Strike. Part of its legacy included more powerful unions and a tendency for employers to consider the broader well-being of their employees. Pullman's objective in building a company town was to attract a superior type of employee and further elevate these individuals by excluding baneful influences. In late April 1880, George Pullman announced his plans to build

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