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68-579: The Arnaud River (formerly known as the Payne River ) is a river in Nunavik , Quebec , Canada, flowing from the low plateaux of the Ungava Peninsula through a series of glacial lakes to Ungava Bay . Its mean discharge is approximately 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi) per year, but the river flows only in the summer as it is frozen to several metres for the rest of the year. The total length of

136-812: A French identity at the expense of their existing one. Use of other languages was often suppressed. This occurred, for example, among the Alemannic -speaking inhabitants of Alsace and the Lorraine Franconian -speaking inhabitants of Lorraine after these regions were conquered by Louis XIV during the seventeenth century, to the Flemings in French Flanders , to the Occitans in Occitania , and to Basques , Bretons , Catalans , Corsicans and Niçards . Corsica passed from

204-696: A French-speaking city; that proves how well Bill 101 has worked!" The policy has been even more successful in New Brunswick , for example: the city of Edmundston went from around 89% French-speaking in 1996 to 93.4% in 2006, the city of Moncton from 30.4% in 1996 to 33% in 2006, Dalhousie (from 42.5% to 49.5%) and Dieppe (from 71.1% in 1996 to 74.2% in 2006). Some cities even passed 50% of French speakers between 1991 and 2006 like Bathurst, which passed from 44.6% of French speakers in 1996 to 50.5% in 2006, or Campbellton, from 47% in 1996 to 55% in 2006. Rates of francization may be established for any group by comparing

272-411: A bilingual city with French as the majority language and lingua franca . The language shift began in the eighteenth century and accelerated as Belgium became independent and Brussels expanded beyond its original city boundaries. From 1880 onwards, more and more Dutch-speaking people became bilingual, resulting in a rise of monolingual French speakers after 1910. Halfway through the twentieth century,

340-573: A francization certificate, which is granted if the linguistic requirements are met. If not, employers are required to adopt a francization programme, which includes having employees, especially ones in managerial positions, who do not speak French or whose grasp of French is weak attend French-language training. As part of the francization programme, the Quebec government provides free language courses for recent immigrants (from other countries or other provinces) who do not speak French or whose command of French

408-424: A great success. Although French as a mother tongue has gone from 80.6% to 77.4% in the province between 1971 and 2016, knowledge of French among the province's population went from 88.5% to 94.5% over the same period. English as a mother tongue fell from 13.1% to 8.8% of the province's population between 1971 and 2016 while knowledge of French among people with English as a mother tongue rose from 37% to 69% over

476-404: A proposal to establish a Regional Government of Nunavik. This is in part a recognition of the region's political distinctiveness, having a different language, culture, climate and voting pattern from the rest of the province of Quebec, as well as part of the overall trend towards devolution of Canada's arctic territories. While Quebec and Canada would still maintain full jurisdiction over the area,

544-578: A referendum in 2011. It is expected that negotiations will continue in the future to work to establish a more autonomous government for Nunavik in the future. The government will be based on territory, not ethnicity, so that all people residing in Nunavik can be full participants. Existing government structures, such as the Kativik Regional Government, Kativik School Board, and Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, will be folded into

612-504: A unifying and modernizing language, simultaneously denigrating the status of minority languages as bulwarks of feudalism, Church control of the state, and backwardness in general. In less than a year after coming to power (1792), the Committee for Public Instruction mandated that the newly-expanded public education be fortified by sending French-speaking teachers to areas that spoke other languages. This programme achieved many of its aims during

680-603: Is Kuujjuaq , on the southern shore of Ungava Bay; the other villages are Inukjuak (where the film Nanook of the North was shot), Salluit , Puvirnituq , Ivujivik , Kangiqsujuaq , Kangiqsualujjuaq , Kangirsuk , Tasiujaq , Aupaluk , Akulivik , Quaqtaq , Kuujjuarapik and Umiujaq . The village population (census 2011) ranges from 2,375 (Kuujjuaq) to 195 (Aupaluk). There are five meteorite craters in Nunavik: Pingualuit crater , Couture crater , La Moinerie crater and

748-495: Is able to exist as a separate riding under an exception to the laws on population distribution by riding. Francization Francization (in American English , Canadian English , and Oxford English ) or Francisation (in other British English ), also known as Frenchification , is the expansion of French language use—either through willful adoption or coercion—by more and more social groups who had not before used

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816-777: Is exceptionally cold for a sea-level settlement more than 1/3 of the way from the North Pole to the Equator. Annual temperatures are up to 15 °C (27 °F) colder than marine areas of Northern Europe on similar parallels. Areas less affected by summertime marine moderation have somewhat warmer temperatures and unlike the west coast, feature marginal taiga due to summers being warmer than 10 °C (50 °F) in mean temperatures. Climate change studies in Nunavik have employed community-based research methods, synthesizing traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and quantitative data, and provide new insights into observable changes occurring in

884-434: Is one of the largest mines in the region. It is linked by all-weather roads to an airstrip at Kattiniq/Donaldson Airport and to the concentrate, storage and ship-loading facilities at Deception Bay. Production began at the mine in 1997. The current mine life is estimated at more than 30 years. Because the site is situated in the subarctic permafrost region, it requires special construction and mining techniques to protect

952-582: Is separated from the territory of Nunavut by Hudson Bay to the west and Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay to the north. Nunavik shares a border with the Côte-Nord region of Quebec and the Labrador region of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador . The Ungava Peninsula forms the northern two-thirds of the region. There are no road links between Nunavik and southern Quebec, although the Trans-Taiga Road of

1020-520: Is the Hammer of Thor archaeological site. Most of the basin is almost totally barren owing to the harsh climate - the mean temperature is only about 7 °C (45 °F) even at the height of summer and continuous permafrost extends deep from only half a metre below the surface. The only vegetation is low shrubs at the lower levels, for no trees grow within the Arnaud basin even in the most sheltered sites, and

1088-451: Is underestimated because it only counts people who can write, understand and speak French fluently, thus excluding a majority of African French-speaking people, who do not know how to write. French has the world's fastest-growing relative share of speakers. In 2014, a study from the French bank Natixis claimed French will become the world's most-spoken language by 2050. However, critics of

1156-463: Is weak. The government also provides financial assistance for those who are unable to find employment because they are unable to speak French. Another aspect of francization in Quebec regards the quality of the French used in Quebec. The Quebec Office of the French language has, since its formation, undertaken to discourage anglicisms and to promote high standards of French-language education in schools. The francization programs have been considered

1224-593: The Jamésie region ends near the 55th parallel on the Caniapiscau Reservoir , several hundred kilometres south of Kuujjuaq. There is a year-round air link to all villages and seasonal shipping in the summer and autumn. Parts of the interior of southern Nunavik can be reached using several trails which head north from Schefferville . Nunavik has fourteen villages, the vast majority of whose residents are Inuit. The principal village and administrative centre in Nunavik

1292-828: The OIF : The French language currently plays an important role in Africa, serving more and more as a common language or mother tongue (in Gabon, Ivory Coast, Congo, Cameroon and Benin in particular). The African Academy of Languages was established in 2001 to manage the linguistic heritage. Francophone African countries counted 370 million inhabitants in 2014. This number is expected to reach between 700 and 750 million by 2050. There are already more francophones in Africa than in Europe . Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos were once part of French Indochina , part of

1360-670: The Republic of Genoa to France in 1769 after the Treaty of Versailles . Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Francization occurred in Corsica, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. Shortly after the fall of the Ancien Régime , the new revolutionary government adopted a policy of promotion of French as

1428-574: The 14 northern villages, both Inuit and non-Inuit, vote in regional elections. The Kativik Regional Government is financed by the Government of Quebec (50%), the Government of Canada (25%), and local revenues (25%). The Agreement also led to the creation of the Kativik Regional Police Force , which has been providing police services in the Kativik region since 1996. The KRPF was renamed as

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1496-620: The 1960s. In the 1960s, René Lévesque played a major role in expansion of hydroelectric power in the province. The region was named "Nouveau-Québec", many place names were francized , and the teaching of French was spread in schools in the region. This cultural encroachment paired with the James Bay Project resulted in the first political organizing of Inuit in Canada in the Northern Quebec Inuit Association which fought for

1564-694: The 19th century: by the 1860s, nearly 80% of the national population could speak French. After the Treaty of Turin was signed in 1860 between the Victor Emmanuel II and Napoleon III as a consequence of the Plombières Agreement , the County of Nice was ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria , which saw Lombardy united with Piedmont-Sardinia . The Italian language

1632-465: The 2000s. The seat of government would be Kuujjuaq . Negotiations on better empowering Inuit political rights in their land are still ongoing. A flag for Nunavik was proposed by Nunavik artist and graphic designer Thomassie Mangiok during an April 2013 Plan Nunavik consultation in Ivujivik. Concern about Canada's claims to sovereignty in the high Arctic resulted in the high Arctic relocation , where

1700-479: The Arctic. Indigenous communities have reported shorter, warmer winters in recent years, and have observed resulting changes in various environmental factors – including vegetation growth, precipitation , sea ice and permafrost , water levels and quality, as well as the presence of lead in the environment. Vegetation growth is limited in Nunavik, mostly consisting of shrubs, grasses, and mosses. Although tree growth in

1768-593: The French National Assembly to allow for immersive education in minority languages in state-run schools. The Assembly's decision was immediately contested by the French Constitutional Council , which struck out the parliament's vote. The Council also deemed unconstitutional the use of diacritical marks not used in French, such as the tilde in "ñ". In the last two centuries, Brussels transformed from an exclusively Dutch -speaking city to

1836-461: The French Empire. French culture, in aspects of architecture, culinary and linguistics, has been integrated into the local ones, although the latter remained highly distinct. French used to be the official language and was considerably popular and influential in these colonies, but after they were decolonised and gained independence, the new governments generally removed its influence, by implementing

1904-601: The French language in England. Old English became the language of the poor population and French the language of the court and wealthy population. It is said that during this period, people in England spoke more French than those in France. Today, it is estimated that 50% to 60% of the English language comes from French or Latin. Cookery gives a good example of this tendency: the names of many farm animals have Anglo-Saxon roots. However,

1972-555: The Inuit learned the local beluga whale migration routes and were able to survive in the area, hunting over a range of 18,000 km (6,900 sq mi) each year. In 1993, the Canadian government held hearings to investigate the relocation program. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued a report the following year entitled The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation . The government paid $ 10 million CAD to

2040-482: The Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont"). By 1900, French had become the mother tongue of the majority of adults in France. Jules Ferry introduced free, compulsory education during the French Third Republic , and openly tried to strengthen the centralised state by instilling a French national identity in the population. French

2108-646: The Middle East, the exact count for the Maghreb countries alone is not possible. In this larger region (Maghreb and Middle East), an increase from 10.47 million to 18 million people learning French was observed between 1992 and 2002. Consideration should be given to the number of French speakers in each country to get an idea of the importance the French language holds in African as a second language. Many African countries without French as an official language have recently joined

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2176-608: The Nunavik Police Service (NPS) in mid-2021. The Makivik Corporation , headquartered in Kuujjuaq, represents the Inuit of Northern Quebec in their relations with the governments of Quebec and Canada. They are seeking greater political autonomy for the region and have recently negotiated an agreement defining their traditional rights to use the resources of the offshore islands of Nunavik, all of which are part of Nunavut. The Cree village of Whapmagoostui, which forms an enclave on

2244-410: The Nunavik government will have an elected parliamentary-style council and cabinet, and a public service funded by the province and responsible for delivering certain social services such as education and health. The regional government would have also had rights to the region's natural resources, including royalties from the various mines in the region. This proposal was rejected by about 66% of voters in

2312-523: The Ungava Peninsula) were relocated after being promised homes and game to hunt, but the relocated people discovered no buildings and very little familiar wildlife. They were told that they would be returned home to Nunavik after a year if they wished, but this offer was later withdrawn as it would damage Canada's claims to sovereignty in the High Arctic area and the Inuit were forced to stay. Eventually,

2380-590: The aurora is often visible, and outdoors activities are abundant in this region. Nunavik, along with the Quebec portion of the James Bay region (or Jamésie in French), is part of the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec. The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement of 1978 led to greater political autonomy for most of the Nunavik region with the founding of the Kativik Regional Government . All inhabitants of

2448-522: The decrease was caused by the fact that 93% of new immigrants to Quebec choose to settle in Montreal, with a corresponding rise in languages other than English and French. The government of Quebec estimates that, over the next 20 years, the Francophone proportion of Montreal will go back up. But those estimations seem to underestimate the francization of Montreal for some experts, because statistics show that

2516-700: The eastern shore of Hudson Bay near the northern village of Kuujjuarapik, is part of the Cree Regional Authority, which itself has been incorporated into the Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee) . The Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, of the Côte-Nord region to the south of Nunavik, owns an exclusive hunting and trapping area in southern Nunavik and is represented in the Kativik Regional Government. The governments of Quebec and Canada and Nunavik had negotiated

2584-419: The effects of Quebec francophone out-migration. Interprovincial migration , especially to Ontario, results in a net loss of population in Quebec. The number of French-speaking Quebecers leaving the province tends to be similar to the number entering, while immigrants to Quebec tend to leave. None of the Quebec statistics are adjusted to compensate for the percentage—approximately 20%—of Anglophones who departed

2652-521: The eventual James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement . This agreement laid the initial legal groundwork for the creation of Nunavik within Quebec. Nunavik is a vast territory located in the northernmost part of Quebec. It lies in both the Arctic and subarctic climate zones . All together, about 12,000 people live in Nunavik's communities, and this number has been growing in line with the tendency for high population growth in indigenous communities. Nunavik

2720-579: The extreme temperature of the Canadian Arctic. Geographically isolated populations often develop unique genetic traits that result from their successful adaptation to specific environments. Their closest relatives are the Paleo-Eskimos , a people that inhabited the Arctic before the Inuit. The following table does not include Canada's official languages of French and English. Nunavik is rich in mineral deposits where Raglan Mine , situated near Salluit,

2788-476: The federal government of Canada forced several Inuit families to leave Nunavik in the 1950s. They were transported much further north, to barren hamlets at Grise Fiord and Resolute in what is now Nunavut in an effort to demonstrate Canada's legal occupation of these territories and thereby assert sovereignty in the high Arctic by increasing its population during the Cold War . Eight Inuit families from Inukjuak (on

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2856-598: The fragile permafrost and to address other environmental issues. The average annual temperature is −10 °C (14 °F) with an average ambient temperature underground of −15 °C (5 °F). There are plans to increase production at a new mine in Raglan South. The villages of Nunavik are populated predominately by Inuit. Much like their Nunavummiut neighbours to the North, the Nunavimmiut carve sculptures from soapstone and eat primarily caribou and fish. On clear nights,

2924-453: The language as a common means of expression in daily life. As a linguistic concept, known usually as gallicization , it is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce, or understand in French. According to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the figure of 220 million Francophones (French-language speakers)

2992-456: The most spoken language in Africa after Arabic and Swahili in 2010. The number of speakers changed very rapidly between 1992 and 2002, with the number of French learners in sub-Saharan Africa increasing by 60.37%, from 22.33 million to 34.56 million people. A similar trend in the Maghreb region is occurring. However, as figures provided by the OIF for the Maghreb region were combined with those of

3060-490: The most widely spoken language in Africa in 2015. However, Nigeria, the most populous country on the continent, is predominantly English speaking. The Francophone zone of Africa is two times the size of the United States of America (including Alaska). French was introduced in Africa by France and Belgium during the colonial period. The process of francization continued after the colonial period. French became

3128-529: The names of their meat (once exclusive to the wealthy) have Old French origins: "Francization" is also used to mean any of many cultural assimilation policies implemented by French authorities since the French Revolution . These aimed to impose or maintain the dominance of the French language and French culture. Before the Revolution, French was still a minority language in France by number of speakers, but

3196-563: The native language as the only official language in the newly independent states. Currently, the presence of the French language in these countries is minor than before. England, and therefore the English language , was deeply francized during the Middle Ages . This was a result of the conquest of England by William the Conqueror from Normandy in 1066, a king who spoke exclusively French and imposed

3264-502: The new regional government. The Quebec government has also expressed a desire to add an additional seat to the National Assembly to represent Nunavik, despite the region's small population. Currently, Nunavik is part of the riding of Ungava , its residents making up just under half of the riding's population. As a riding, Nunavik would be the second least populous in Quebec, slightly more populous than Îles-de-la-Madeleine , which

3332-404: The number of French speakers in Africa alone will reach 400 million in 2025, 715 million (readjusted in 2010) by 2050 and reach 1 billion and 222 million in 2060 (readjusted in 2013). The worldwide French-speaking population is expected to quadruple, whereas the world population is predicted to grow by half. Africa has 32 French-speaking countries, more than half its total (53); French was also

3400-654: The number of monolingual French-speakers carried the day over the (mostly) bilingual Flemish inhabitants. Only since the 1960s, after the fixation of the Belgian language border and the socio-economic development of Flanders was in full effect, could Dutch stem the tide of increasing French use. The francization of the Flemish periphery around Brussels still continues because of the continued immigration of French speakers coming from Wallonia and Brussels. The Government of Quebec has francization policies intended to establish French as

3468-470: The primary language of business and commerce. All businesses are required to provide written communications and schedules in French, and may not make knowledge of a language other than French a condition of hiring unless this is justified by the nature of the duties. Businesses with more than fifty employees are required to register with the Quebec Office of the French language in order to become eligible for

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3536-468: The proportion has already risen from 55.6% (1996) to 56.4% (2001). The success of francization of Quebec can also be seen over the borders of its territory: in Ontario, the proportion of English speakers dropped from 70.5% in 2001 to 68% in 2006, while the proportion of French speakers went up from 4.06% (488 815) in 2006 to 4.80% (580 000) in 2009. However, this statistic must be examined in conjunction with

3604-520: The province by the mid-1980s as a consequence of linguistic nationalism. By 2001, over 60% of the 1971 population of Quebec Anglophones had left the province. The Charter of the French Language has been a complete success, according to Hervé Lavenir de Buffon (general secretary of the « Comité international pour le français, langue européenne »), who said in 2006: "Before Bill 101, Montreal looked like an American city. Now Montreal looks like

3672-538: The river freezes for too long to make hydroelectric development feasible. Nunavik Nunavik means "great land" in the local dialect of Inuktitut and the Inuit inhabitants of the region call themselves Nunavimmiut . Until 1912, the region was part of the District of Ungava of the Northwest Territories . Negotiations for regional autonomy and resolution of outstanding land claims took place in

3740-480: The river is about 377 kilometres (234 mi), but there are several main channels in the upper reaches of the river, most of them unnamed and hardly sighted even by the native Inuit . The Inuit village of Kangirsuk lies near the mouth of the Arnaud River on the north shore of Payne Bay, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) inland from the western coast of Ungava Bay. About 22 kilometres (14 mi) upstream from Kangirsuk

3808-484: The same period. In 1971, only 14.6% of allophone students were studying in a french school. In 2012, that number had reached 87.5% Montreal is a particular interesting case because, unlike the rest of Quebec, the French-speaking proportion of the population diminished. However, this does not mean that the francization programmes failed, as the share of English speakers diminished as well; it seems more likely that

3876-454: The sea ice begins breaking up, as well as in fall during the Caribou migration period. Environmental levels of lead have also been changing in the Arctic with climatic shifts, presenting concerns for lead poisoning in northern communities. In Nunavik, Lead concentrations in maternal blood were the highest in Canada (50 μg/L). Increasing levels of lead in the environment are also associated with

3944-575: The state to act if the rights enshrined in the charter are recognised. Initiatives to encourage the use of minority languages are limited by the refusal of the French Government to recognize them, on the basis of the French Constitution, which states that "The language of the Republic of France is French". This view was upheld in 2021, when Deputy Paul Molac unexpectedly won a majority vote in

4012-447: The study state that French coexists with other languages in many countries and the study's estimates are prone to exaggeration. The number of Francophones in the world has been rising substantially since the 1980s. In 1985, there were 106 million Francophones around the world. That number quickly rose to 173.2 million in 1997, 200 million in 2005, 220 million in 2010 (+10% from 2007). and reached 274 million in 2014. Forecasts expect that

4080-419: The survivors and their families, and finally apologized in 2010. The whole story is told in Melanie McGrath 's The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic . Nunavik and other parts of northern Quebec were part of Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1912. In 1912, the area was transferred to Quebec; however, the province did little in the area until after the Quiet Revolution in

4148-440: The tundra is scarce, some tree species such as the Arctic Willow and Balsam Poplar are found in this region. Nunavik is also home to a variety of berry plants, including Cloudberry , Blueberry , Blackberry (Crowberry), and Cranberry (Redberry). Tree and shrub growth has been observed to be increasing in Nunavik in past years due to warming temperatures. Furthermore, sea ice is thinning and decreasing in longevity through

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4216-540: The two craters that together form the Clearwater Lakes . Nunavik is dominated by tundra , which is characterized by its limited vegetation and low temperatures. Nunavik's climate features long and cold winters as the seas to the west, east and north freeze over, eliminating maritime moderation. Since this moderation exists in summer when the surrounding sea thaws, even those temperatures are subdued. Inukjuak for example has summer highs averaging just 13 °C (55 °F) with January highs of −21 °C (−6 °F). This

4284-483: The use of the lead shot in hunting, which was banned in 1999 (although lead shots continue to be shipped to northern communities). In 2019, a scientific study by researchers from the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital of the McGill University found that the Nunavik Inuit are genetically distinct from any other known population. They possess distinct genetic signatures in pathways linked to lipid metabolism, allowing them to adjust to higher-fat diets and

4352-532: The winters. This creates more risky areas for transportation over the ice. There have also been lowering fresh water levels reported due to decreasing annual precipitation in the Arctic. These changes are presenting potential threats to the health of communities and people that use water from natural sources. Lowering water quality in Nunavik can be associated with Gastrointestinal diseases , for example Giardia . Cases of Gastrointestinal diseases associated with natural sources were reported to increase in March when

4420-404: Was declared constitutionally to be the language of the French Republic. In 1998, France became a signatory of the European Charter on Minority Languages ; however, it has yet to ratify it, with general agreement among the political class that supportive measures are neither popular enough to attract wide support nor banal enough to be uncontroversial, with concerns specifically about courts forcing

4488-403: Was presented as the language of modernity, as opposed to regional languages such as Breton or Basque , labelled as barbaric or tribal. Pupils caught speaking these languages were punished by making them display tokens of shame. In Occitan-speaking areas that school policy was called the vergonha . Historically, no official language was recognized by the French Constitution. In 1994, French

4556-465: Was the official language of the County of Nice, used by the Church, at the town hall, taught in schools, used in theaters and at the Opera, was immediately abolished and replaced by French. The French government implemented a policy of Francization of society, language and culture of the County of Nice. The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County have been francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice, as well as certain surnames (for example

4624-470: Was the prestige language. The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts under King Francis I of France prescribed the official use of the French language, the langue d'oïl dialect spoken at the time in the Île-de-France , in all documents. Other languages, such as Occitan, began to disappear as written languages. With the decline of Latin, French became increasingly important for writing. Often, people were encouraged or compelled to adopt French, thereby developing

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