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85-657: Armed Forces Tribunal is a military tribunal in India , established under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007 . In 1999, the Law Commission's 169th report stated that disciplinary and service matters required quick resolutions and proposed a special tribunal for the Indian army, navy and air force. The principal bench is located at Delhi in addition to ten other benches across the country. This military article about

170-555: A CO may delegate some powers of summary dealing to a subordinate. The superior officer of a CO, a Higher Authority, may vary a CO's powers of summary dealing. An implication is that every person subject to service law must have a CO, and a CO must have a Higher Authority. The military judicial system is headed by the Judge Advocate General who is a civilian and part of the Ministry of Justice . Administrative procedures enable

255-537: A Finland bid for membership. On 11 May 2022, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Finnish President Sauli Niinistö signed a new mutual defence agreement "to reinforce their security and fortify northern Europe's defences, in the face of renewed threats." This has helped to address concerns within Finland that the delay between application and acceptance to NATO, during which time Finland would not yet be able to invoke NATO Article 5 and may present an opportunity for

340-540: A German vessel, acting under a legal judge and only for members of the armed forces. In fact, no such laws have been enacted so far. Instead, suspects of crimes committed abroad are subject to the district attorney of the city of Potsdam . The reason is that the operational headquarters ( Einsatzführungskommando ) is located there. Nonetheless, there exist numerous acts that only concern soldiers describing their special status, their rights and duties. The military penal code ( Wehrstrafgesetz ) applies to soldiers by extending

425-497: A Russian invasion. On 12 May 2022, President Sauli Niinistö and Prime Minister Sanna Marin issued a joint statement supporting Finland's application for membership of NATO, saying "As a member of NATO, Finland would strengthen the entire defence alliance. Finland must apply for NATO membership without delay." On 17 May 2022, the Parliament of Finland voted overwhelmingly to apply for membership of NATO, with 188 votes in favour of

510-554: A conscript is, after the commission of crime, declared unfit for duty for medical or security reasons. In addition to judicial dismissal, the Defence Forces and the Border Guard have the option of administratively ending the military person's service if the person is in a paid position. This can happen even if no criminal charges are pressed. In the Defence Forces, the professional serviceman can also be administratively suspended for

595-501: A crime of treasonous nature (specifically, crimes in chapters 11 and 12 of the Penal Code, e.g. espionage, high treason and related crimes), shall be sentenced to lose their military rank also. Thus, not only active military persons but also retired personnel, reservists and persons who are too old to belong to reserve may lose their military ranks for crimes of civilian nature. Military crimes are relatively common in Finland. Partly this

680-484: A crisis. The military training of the reservists is primarily the duty of the Defence Forces, but it is assisted by the National Defence Training Association of Finland ( Finnish : Maanpuolustuskoulutusyhdistys ). This association provides reservists with personal, squad, platoon and company level military training. Most of the 2,000 instructors of the association are volunteers certified by

765-461: A lawful order. It also includes ordinary crimes, but perhaps with different standards of proof and punishment than for civilians, on the grounds that more is expected of military personnel by their oaths of office. Many of the terms used date back to the era during which the code was written. Finnish Defence Forces Universal male conscription is in place, under which all mentally and physically capable men serve for 165, 255, or 347 days, from

850-417: A military or a civilian crime for more than two years in prison and there are no special grounds for leniency. If the sentence is a life sentence, dismissal is mandatory. The court may also sentence dismissal with a shorter prison sentence if the crime shows that the person is unsuitable for state employment. If the military person is no longer in service, the summary disciplinary procedure cannot be used and

935-570: A part of the 800 million euro savings the Finnish Defence Forces had to carry out. Their duties are now carried out by regional offices ( Finnish : aluetoimisto ). The Navy consists of headquarters and four brigade-level units: Coastal Fleet ( Finnish : Rannikkolaivasto ), Coastal Brigade ( Finnish : Rannikkoprikaati ), Nyland Brigade ( Finnish : Uudenmaan Prikaati , Swedish : Nylands Brigad ), and Naval Academy ( Finnish : Merisotakoulu ). The Coastal Fleet includes all

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1020-622: A part of the Army and did not become a fully independent fighting force until 1928. The White Guard ( Suojeluskunta ) played a key role in interwar Finnish defence policy, as they essentially served as local/territorial militia forces, and some had higher readiness and training for quick mobilization. The new government instituted conscription after the Civil War and also introduced a mobilization system and compulsory refresher courses for reservists. An academy providing basic officer training ( Kadettikoulu )

1105-454: A period of one to six months. Similarly to state military servants, persons serving in a deployed force on an international mission may be administratively dismissed by the commander of the Finnish contingent. A conscript or a reservist cannot be dismissed but their service can be suspended by the brigade commander if they are suspected of having committed a crime which shows that they may endanger

1190-606: A position as superior and behaviour unsuitable for military person ( Finnish : sotilaan sopimaton käyttäytyminen , Swedish : olämpligt uppträdande av krigsman ). Other crimes are subject to usual civilian law. The military has a jurisdiction to investigate all military crimes proper, and also a number of other crimes that have been specifically listed as belonging to the military jurisdiction. These include e.g. various types of murder, assault, theft, fraud, forgery, computer hacking and illegal divulging of classified information. However, they are only under military jurisdiction if

1275-403: A public letter of reprimand or a fine. If the superior does not feel that his powers allow him to give sufficient punishment, he will transfer the matter to the next higher superior. When the brigade commander determines that he cannot give sufficient punishment, he will transfer the matter to the public prosecutor who will commence prosecution in a civilian court. If the serviceman feels that

1360-488: A sentence of disciplinary punishment or up to one year in prison. During wartime, it carries a mandatory prison sentence of not more than four years, and, if the crime caused a particularly immediate danger to the unit, a mandatory minimum of one year, with a maximum sentence of ten years. When the military has jurisdiction over an ordinary crime, and the crime carries fine as a punishment, a disciplinary punishment may be given instead of fine both in summary proceedings and in

1445-404: A service man or woman to be discharged for unsatisfactory behaviour in a process similar to that in the private sector. They also allow a superior of any rank to award up to three extra duties or similar to a subordinate for minor infractions. Since being introduced this has significantly reduced the number of cases dealt with summarily. The United States Constitution authorized the creation of

1530-586: A system of military justice. Article I, Section 8 permits the U.S. Congress to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ." Congress issued these rules first in 1806 as the Articles of War . Military justice during the American Civil War was governed by the 1863 Lieber Code . The Articles of War were superseded in 1951 by the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The UCMJ

1615-415: Is a strictly regulated environment and legal officers are a crucial part of the planning that goes into operational decisions. The Military Law Centre on the grounds of Royal Military College of Canada , staffed with military lawyers, oversees the education of officers and troops in legal matters, trains military lawyers and advises Ottawa on matters of policy and doctrine . Legal education is integrated into

1700-465: Is an officer and the other a warrant officer, an NCO or a private. The court of appeals, that acts as the first instance for the prosecution of officers with at least major's rank, will have a military member who has at least a major's rank. The Supreme Court of Finland has two officers with at least colonel's rank as members when handling military crimes. These members are not named for a specific case but serve for two-year terms. The military members of

1785-418: Is due to the fact that the bar of criminality has been set consciously low. The crime of absence without leave is committed by a soldier who is even a minute late, and a slightest wilful or negligent disregard for a standing order or a regulation fulfils the indicia of the "service crime". The legislator has purposefully given the military superiors the legal tools by which to maintain discipline by punishing even

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1870-736: Is federal law, found in Title 10 United States Code Chapter 47, and implemented by the Manual for Courts-Martial , an executive order issued by the President of the United States in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces . Court-martial convictions in the United States may be appealed through military courts of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for

1955-522: Is formed by the disciplinary arrest, which may be sentenced for up to 30 days and is served in the detention facilities of the convict's garrison. When the military person holds a permanent or temporary paid position as a state military servant ( Finnish : sotilasvirkamies , Swedish : militärtjänsteman ), as all officers and NCOs in regular active service do, they will be sentenced to dismissal ( Finnish : viraltapano , Swedish : avsättning ) in addition to other punishments, if they are convicted of

2040-552: Is often declared in times of emergency , war , or civil unrest . Most countries restrict when and in what manner martial law may be declared and enforced. All Commands of the Canadian Forces (CF) (that is, Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command) are primarily governed by the National Defence Act (NDA). Section 12 of

2125-559: Is vanishingly small. In year 2014, courts of appeals handled only a total of 5 military criminal cases. Members of any branch of the Bundeswehr , the German armed forces, are subject to the ordinary civil jurisdiction and unless otherwise stated all civil laws apply to soldiers as well. The German constitution allows the federal government in art. 96 II to create military courts under special circumstances: in times of war, outside Germany or on

2210-590: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Finnish government officials began voicing increasingly strong support for joining NATO, buttressed by polls showing a rapid increase in Finnish citizens' willingness to join NATO. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg voiced his support in April 2022 for the inclusion of Finland into the Euro-Atlantic defence alliance and stated that NATO member countries would likely enthusiastically support

2295-673: The Canadian Forces Administrative Orders and Defence Administrative Orders and Directives; they are used as direction for authorities within the CF to administer the day-to-day considerations of the Forces. For example, officer cadets attending military college are organized and subject to regulations more appropriate for their academic success than the enforcement of discipline, as might be expected of fully trained members. Volume IV, Appendix 6.1 of The Queen's Regulations and Orders for

2380-728: The Civic Guards were proclaimed the troops of the government on 25 January 1918 and then Lieutenant General of the Russian Imperial Army Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of these forces the next day. Fighting between the White Guards (as the Civic Guards were commonly known) and the Red Guards had already broken out about a week before around Viipuri , in what became known as

2465-714: The Court Martial , the Service Civilian Court , custody and appeals. The Act also creates the post of the Director of Service Prosecutions . Summary dealing by a Commanding Officer (CO) is the central feature, this is acceptable within the ECHR because an accused always has the right to elect trial by the Court Martial. Most cases are dealt with summarily. Typically a CO is a Lieutenant Colonel or equivalent (NATO grade OF-4), but

2550-649: The Finnish Civil War . In the war, the Whites were victorious in large part thanks to the leadership of General Mannerheim and the lead by example offensive mindedness of 1,800 German-trained Finnish Jägers , who brought with them German tactical doctrine and military culture. The post-war years were characterized by the Volunteer Campaigns that came to an end in 1920 with the signing of the Treaty of Tartu , which ended

2635-625: The Finnish Navy ( Finnish : Merivoimat , Swedish : Marinen ) and the Finnish Air Force ( Finnish : Ilmavoimat , Swedish : Flygvapnet ). The Border Guard ( Finnish : Rajavartiolaitos , Swedish : Gränsbevakningsväsendet ) (including the coast guard ) is under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior , but can be incorporated fully or in part into the defence forces when required by defence readiness. All logistical duties of

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2720-582: The Indian Armed Forces is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Military tribunal Military justice (or military law ) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces . Many nation-states have separate and distinct bodies of law that govern the conduct of members of their armed forces. Some states use special judicial and other arrangements to enforce those laws, while others use civilian judicial systems . Legal issues unique to military justice include

2805-620: The Moscow Peace Treaty . During the war, the Finns lost 25,904 men, while the Soviet losses were 167,976 dead. Finland fought in the Continuation War alongside Germany from 1941 to 1944. Thanks to Nazi-German aid, the army was much better equipped, and the period of conscription was increased to two years, making possible the formation of sixteen infantry divisions. Having initially deployed on

2890-734: The President of the Republic in matters related to the military command. Decisions concerning military orders are made by the President of the Republic in consultation with the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence . Apart from the Defence Command ( Finnish : Pääesikunta , Swedish : Huvudstaben ), the military branches are the Finnish Army ( Finnish : Maavoimat , Swedish : Armén ),

2975-689: The Armed Forces (CAAF), a federal appellate court consisting of five civilian judges appointed by the President of the United States. CAAF decisions are subject to direct review by the Supreme Court of the United States . The offenses covered by the UCMJ include those encompassed by " high crimes and misdemeanors " which covers officials generally, and includes perjury of oath, abuse of authority , bribery, intimidation, misuse of assets, failure to supervise, dereliction of duty, conduct unbecoming, and refusal to obey

3060-500: The Army Act. The military courts in India are coming under extreme stress with the establishment of Armed Forces Tribunal in 2007. There is increasing voice in the country for the reform on the lines other liberal democracies are seeing in their military justice system. The United Kingdom's arrangements for justice in the armed forces dates back many centuries to the Articles of War . In

3145-521: The Army is planning to complement the modernized Patria Pasi armoured vehicles with the Finnish Patria 6×6 . The standard issue assault rifle RK 62 is also being upgraded to a new variant. A new high altitude air defence missile system was selected in April 2023, Rafael's David's Sling system. The Finnish Defence Forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence , who is directly subordinate to

3230-499: The Border Guard. When the investigation is ready, the case is brought to the company commander or sergeant major or for his superior for consideration. After hearing the suspect, the disposing superior either frees the suspect from suspicion or gives an appropriate punishment within the range allowed to him. The range is During peacetime, professional soldiers (with the exception of certain soldiers deployed to international missions) cannot be given other disciplinary punishment than

3315-692: The Canadian Military Colleges (QR Canmilcols) applies. A judge advocate general (JAG) has headed the Canadian military legal branch since before the First World War . The branch interprets the Canadian Forces ' own internal rules and in the Code of Service Discipline , and also international and humanitarian laws and codes of war, such as the Geneva Conventions . In Canadian practice, armed combat

3400-603: The Defence Forces are carried out by the Defence Forces Logistics Command ( Finnish : Puolustusvoimien logistiikkalaitos ), which includes three logistics regiments. The Army is divided into eight brigade-level units ( Finnish : joukko-osasto ). Under the brigades, there were 12 military districts, which were responsible for carrying out the draft, training and crisis-time activation of reservists and for planning and executing territorial defence of their areas. The military districts were disbanded in 2014, as

3485-454: The Defence Forces, but when Defence Forces materiel is used, the training always takes place under the supervision of career military personnel. Annually, the Defence Forces requests the Association to run specialized exercises for some 8,500 personnel placed in reserve units, and an additional 16,500 reservists participate in military courses where the participants are not directly selected by

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3570-1259: The Defence Forces. The legislation concerning the association will require that the chairman and the majority of the members of its board are chosen by the Finnish Government . The other board members are chosen by NGOs active in the national defence. Chief of Defence General Janne Jaakkola Chief of Defence Command Finland Lieutenant General Vesa Virtanen Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics and Armaments Lieutenant General Mikko Heiskanen Deputy Chief of Staff, Strategy Major General Sami Nurmi Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations Major General Kari Nisula Deputy Chief of Staff, Personnel Major General Rami Saari Chief of Planning Brigadier General Tero Ylitalo Assistant Chief of Staff Operations Commodore Janne Huusko Defence Command Chief of C5 Brigadier General Jarmo Vähätiitto Chief of Personnel (J1) Commodore Tuomas Tiilikainen Chief of Logistics Brigadier General Timo Saarinen Assistant Chief of Staff, Training (J7) Brigadier General Manu Tuominen Defence Command Chief of Intelligence Brigadier General Pekka Turunen Chief Surgeon Commodore Medical Juha-Petri Ruohola Field Bishop Jukka Pekka Asikainen Commander of

3655-544: The FDF chose to maintain this model while its Nordic neighbors jumped on the expeditionary bandwagon is not hard to see. Sharing a 1340km border with Russia, the need for large ground forces is self-explanatory. Furthermore, memories of World War II – in which over 2 percent of the population perished in two brutal wars with the Soviet Union – are very much alive in Finland". This same aspect has been highlighted even more strongly after

3740-526: The Manual of Service Law. One motivating factor behind the changes in the legislation combining discipline acts across the armed forces is the trend towards tri-service operations and defence organisations. It deals with military offences , civil offences committed in some circumstances, offences by civilians associated with the armed forces or with the armed forces overseas (including family members), authority of Commanding Officer to deal with offences summarily ,

3825-609: The NDA§ authorizes the governor in council's creation of the Queen's Regulations and Orders (QR&Os). The QR&Os are subordinate legislation having the force of law. Since the principle of delegatus non-potest delegare has not achieved rigid standing in Canada, the QR&;Os authorize other military officials to generate orders having similar, but not equal, status. These instruments can be found in

3910-658: The Russian invasion of Ukraine and Finland's decision to join NATO. With quotes like; "After World War II, having thwarted the advance of the mighty Red Army in the Winter War of 1939-40 and then seeking to recapture the territory the Soviets eventually claimed, Finland had to settle for neutrality imposed by Moscow. But to almost everyone's surprise, it succeeded in this degrading task, too, building up armed forces that were highly capable and were energetically supported by civil society—while at

3995-668: The annual NATO summit in Madrid as guest nations. Finland became a full NATO member on 4 April 2023. The Defence Forces are currently undergoing key procurement programmes for all the three branches. The Navy is scheduled to get its largest vessels since the WW2-era Väinämöinen class with the new Pohjanmaa class . The Air Force has made the decision to acquire the Lockheed Martin F-35A to replace all McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet fighter jets for €10 billion. Meanwhile,

4080-594: The civil penal code ( Strafgesetzbuch ) to crimes that can be only committed on military duty: General offenses (such as desertion, illegal use of weapons and more) and offenses that interfere with the military hierarchy (such as mutiny or abuse). Law enforcing inside any branch is done by the military police , the Feldjäger . When investigating, working for the attorney is equivalent to any German police in civil issues. In cases of both groups involved (on German terrain), regular and military police cooperate. In emergencies,

4165-528: The conditions of the peace treaty did not include prohibitions on reserves or mobilization made it possible to contemplate an adequate defense establishment within the prescribed limits. The reorganization resulted in the adoption of the brigade -in place of the division- as the standard formation. For the first two decades after the Second World War, the Finnish Defence Forces relied largely on obsolete wartime material. Defence spending remained minimal until

4250-447: The courts of law. When the crime falls under military jurisdiction, it is usually investigated by the serviceman's own unit. During such investigation, the serviceman's superior and the company commander have the power to detain the suspect. The battalion commander and military police officers have also the right to arrest the suspect and to conduct searches inside a military area. When the company commander or his superior feels that

4335-403: The crime has been committed against another military person or against the Defence Forces. Unlike other crimes, the military crimes have separate sentence ranges for peace and wartime. During wartime, the crimes carry considerably larger sentence ranges and, if the crime causes the danger to the military unit, the sentence range is even harsher. For example, desertion carries, in the peacetime,

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4420-562: The crime is non-trivial and requires professional investigation, they may submit the issue to the Defence Command for investigation. The Defence Command has, in addition to the power of arrest, the power to use almost all other measures that are available to the Finnish police . If the Defence Command requires the use of the most invasive investigative measures (e.g. wiretaps, use of deep cover agents or computer intrusion) they may either request

4505-558: The defensive, the Finns took advantage of the weakened Soviet positions as a consequence of Operation Barbarossa , swiftly recovering their lost territories and invading Soviet territory in Karelia, after settling into defensive positions in December 1941. The Soviet offensive of June 1944 undid these Finnish gains and, while failing in its objective of destroying the Finnish army and forcing Finland's unconditional surrender, forced Finland out of

4590-1001: The direction of Defence Forces are under military jurisdiction. Enemy prisoners of war fall under Finnish military jurisdiction during their imprisonment. As in Germany, persons under military jurisdiction are under the usual civilian criminal law. The military criminal law, the 45th Chapter of the penal code, encompasses only the crimes which only military persons can commit. The most important of these are various types of "service crime" ( Finnish : palvelusrikos , Swedish : tjänstgöringsbrott ) which encompasses all voluntary and negligent disobedience of orders and regulations, "guard crime" ( Finnish : vartiorikos , Swedish : vakttjänstbrott ), encompassing any misdeed during guarding duty, absence without leave ( Finnish : luvaton poissaolo , Swedish : olovlig frånvaro ), desertion ( Finnish : sotakarkuruus , Swedish : överlöpning ), diverse forms of disobedience against superiors, misuses of

4675-624: The district court are selected by the court of appeals on the motion of the Commander of the Finnish Army . The military members of the Courts of Appeals are selected by the Ministry of Justice on motion of the Ministry of Defence. The military members of the Supreme Court are selected by the President of Finland . The sentences of the courts for military crimes are served in civilian prisons. An exception

4760-407: The early 1960s. During the peak of the Cold War , the Finnish government made a conscious effort to increase defence capability. This resulted in the commissioning of several new weapons systems and the strengthening of the defence of Finnish Lapland by the establishment of new garrisons in the area. From 1968 onwards, the Finnish government adopted the doctrine of territorial defence, which requires

4845-463: The events of 2022 all this has received attention internationally as well. The demobilization and regrouping of the Finnish Defence Forces were carried out in late 1944 under the supervision of the Soviet-dominated Allied Control Commission . Following the Treaty of Paris in 1947, which imposed restrictions on the size and equipment of the armed forces and required disbandment of the Civic Guard, Finland reorganized its defense forces. The fact that

4930-434: The government of Czechoslovakia in 1968. In an all-out confrontation between the two major blocs, Finnish objective would have been to prevent any military incursions to Finnish territory and thereby keep Finland outside the war. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 did not eliminate the military threat perceived by the government, but the nature of the threat had changed. While the concept of total, territorial defence

5015-512: The largest artillery capability in western Europe. Homeland defence willingness against a superior enemy is at 83%, one of the highest rates in Europe. The air force has 62 F/A-18 combat aircraft from 1995, to be replaced with 64 F-35 aircraft in 2026 by the HX Fighter Program . The Finnish Defence Forces cooperate closely with the Finnish Border Guard. The Finnish Border Guard has its own yearly and long-term investment budget. After Finland's declaration of independence on 6 December 1917,

5100-419: The late 19th Century this was added to the annual Army Act and embodied in the Naval Discipline Act . The Air Force Act was added in 1918. In 1966 a process of harmonisation started with the introduction of a quinquennial Armed Forces Act. The Armed Forces Act 2006 replaces the three separate service discipline acts and earlier Armed Forces Acts as the system of law under which the Armed Forces operate. In

5185-454: The military badly equipped to resist an attack by the Soviet Union, the only security threat in Finnish eyes. When the Soviets invaded in November 1939 , the Finns, led by Marshal Mannerheim , defeated the Red Army on numerous occasions, including at the crucial Battle of Suomussalmi . These successes were in large part thanks to the application of motti tactics . Finland successfully defended its independence but ceded 9% of its territory per

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5270-435: The military has no longer any law enforcement power over the issue. In such cases, the former service member is investigated by the civilian police but the case is handled by a court with military members. In sentencing, disciplinary punishments cannot be used. Instead if a disciplinary punishment, an ordinary day-fine is sentenced. Typically, this is the case when a reservist is absent from an obligatory refresher exercise or

5355-468: The military jurisdiction when activated voluntarily or involuntarily. The military jurisdiction starts from the moment when a person reports to duty or was liable to report to duty and lasts to the moment when the person has been discharged from service and, in case of conscripts and involuntarily activated reservists, has also left the military area. During wartime, also civilians serving in the Defence Forces or in civilian institutions that have been put under

5440-444: The military penal code but clearly against a military regulation. The head of the unit as immediate superior who acts as primary disciplinary master has the exclusive right to choose: non-judicial punishment (such as fines, curfews, arrests up to seven days), forwarding the decision to the next superior officer of the unit (arrest then can be extended up to 21 days) or calling the military service court ( Truppendienstgericht ) which has

5525-420: The motion and 8 against. The following morning, the Finnish ambassador to NATO, Klaus Korhonen, formally submitted Finland's application to NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg . Sweden also submitted its application at the same time. On 29 June 2022, 30 NATO countries extended a formal invitation for Finland along with Sweden to join NATO. Both nations received the status of aspiring members while attending

5610-419: The police to conduct the measure or hand over the case to the police, as agreed between the investigator and the competent policeman. If the police considers it necessary, they may always take the case over, however. In the Border Guard, the Border Guard headquarters has the same internal law enforcement authority as the Defence Command in the Defence Forces, in addition to the regular law enforcement powers of

5695-436: The power for further punishment (like degradation and shortening the salary up to five years). The judge of such a court is a civil one, two military officers are attending every case and act as consultants to the judge. In Germany, there are no federal or military prisons . If a soldier is sentenced to jail for up to six months, the punishment is executed by the soldier's barracks administration. He will remain in arrest for

5780-425: The preservation of good order and discipline, the legality of orders , and appropriate conduct for members of the military. Some states enable their military justice systems to deal with civil offenses committed by their armed forces in some circumstances. Military justice is distinct from martial law , which is the imposition of military authority on a civilian population as a substitute for civil authority, and

5865-504: The previous decade the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) had considerable impact on the administration of military justice, particularly the need for the independence of the courts martial system. Nevertheless, the underlying premise of the service justice system is that discipline is a matter for commanders. The Armed Forces Act 2006 completed the harmonisation of service law, and took full effect on 1 November 2009. Guidance about its application and related matters are provided in

5950-413: The punishment was unjust, he can appeal to the brigade commander. The brigade commander's decision can be appealed to the district court within seven days. However, the appeals will not prevent the execution of the punishment. The military crimes that go to court are handled by civilian courts that have military members. The district court has a learned civilian judge and two military members. One of them

6035-435: The regular police is authorized to maintain order until the military police has arrived. Soldiers that violate military regulations may also receive penalties in form of Non-judicial punishment or in severe cases judicial punishments by a special type of court. These procedures are defined by the military discipline code ( Wehrdisziplinarordnung , WDO). The WDO describes how to proceed on offenses that are not (yet) covered by

6120-560: The regular training that CF members undergo. The Finnish military law concerns the members of the Finnish Defence Forces and the Finnish Border Guard . The military jurisdiction encompasses all military persons: conscripts, students training for a paid military position, females serving voluntarily and paid military personnel. However, military chaplains are outside the criminal military jurisdiction. Reservists belong to

6205-417: The safety of others. Following this, the person may be declared permanently unfit for duty by the Defence Forces regional office for safety and security reasons. As an exception to the principle that the military jurisdiction concerns only military persons, the penal code provides for the loss of military rank. Any person who is sentenced to prison for at least two years or to prison for any length of time for

6290-401: The same time but continue serving in his unit on duty times unless the court has imposed further limits. Otherwise soldiers will be detained in civil state prisons. In the case of a soldier being sentenced to jail for one year or more (six months or more in case of bribery) he will be discharged from the armed forces. India has its own Army Act , Navy Act and Air Force Act. These laws define

6375-502: The same time managing to maintain dialogue with Moscow.", "Finland still has compulsory military service. Finland would be in a position to mobilize an army of 280,000 soldiers. That's quite a big army in modern Europe,", with similar views being expressed elsewhere as well, often referring to the fact that Finland has kept its conscript-based armed force or other readiness-related units, contrasting with other European countries that now have to re-arm, such as Germany as an example. During

6460-438: The slight appearances of bad conduct if they feel it necessary. On the other hand, handing out unofficial punishments is discouraged in the extreme. The number of military crimes is yearly somewhat above 4,000. An absolute majority of these are handled by summary measures, i.e. by a punishments given by the military superiors. Only some 250 military crimes in a year end up for handling in district courts. The number of appeals

6545-519: The state of war between Finland and Soviet Russia and defined the internationally recognized borders of Finland. After winning the Civil War, the Finnish peacetime army was organized as three divisions and a brigade by professional German officers. It became the basic structure for the next 20 years. The coast was guarded by former czarist coastal fortifications and ships taken as prizes of war. The Air Force had already been formed in March 1918, but remained

6630-553: The statutory provisions as applicable to men and women in uniform. All these three Acts are available on search from the official website. There are certain para military forces in India too who have laws akin to the ones applicable to defence services. This includes the Border Security Force Act, Coast Guard Act, Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act and the Assam Rifles Act. All such Acts draw their inspiration from

6715-487: The surface combatants of the Navy, while Coastal Brigade and Nyland Brigade train coastal troops. The Air Force consists of headquarters and four brigade-level units: Satakunta , Lapland and Karelian Air Wings ( Finnish : lennosto ) and Air Force Academy ( Finnish : Ilmasotakoulu ). They are responsible for securing the integrity of the Finnish airspace during peace and for conducting aerial warfare independently during

6800-413: The use of large land areas to delay and wear out a potential aggressor. The doctrine was complemented by the concept of total defence which calls for the use of all resources of society for national defence in case of a crisis. From the mid-1960s onwards the Finnish Defence Forces also began to specifically prepare to defeat a strategic strike, the kind which the Soviet Union employed successfully to topple

6885-488: The use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor, instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier. Finland's defence budget for 2022 equals approximately € 5.8 billion. The voluntary overseas service is highly popular and troops serve around the world in UN , NATO , and EU missions. With an arsenal of 700 howitzers, 700 heavy mortars and 100 multiple rocket launchers, Finland has

6970-523: The war . The Finns were able to preserve their independence with key defensive victories over the Red Army, the Battle of Tali-Ihantala being very significant. These conflicts involving Finland had a significant impact on the modern Finnish defense force. While other European militaries have reduced their forces, Finland has maintained a large conscript-based reserve army. As a Swedish report stated: "The reason why

7055-421: The year they turn 18 until the year they turn 29. Alternative non-military service for men and voluntary service for women is available. Finland's official policy states that a wartime military strength of 280,000 personnel constitutes a sufficient deterrent. The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs

7140-410: Was established in 1919, the founding of a General Staff College ( Sotakorkeakoulu ) followed in 1924, and in 1927 a tactical training school ( Taistelukoulu ) for company-grade and junior officers and NCOs was set up. The requirement of one year of compulsory service was greater than that imposed by any other Scandinavian country in the 1920s and the 1930s, but political opposition to defense spending left

7225-699: Was not dropped, military planning has moved towards the capability to prevent and frustrate a strategic attack toward the vital regions of the country. The end of the Cold War also allowed new opportunities which would have previously been seen as breaking Finland's stance of neutrality, such as participation in the War in Afghanistan and the Nordic Battlegroup . With the change in the European security environment brought by

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