68-800: The Armagh Street Bridge is a historic bridge on Armagh Street in Christchurch Central City . It sits between the Convention Centre Precinct and the Magistrate's Court at the south-west corner of Victoria Square . Its initial importance was it making a connection to the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings just beyond the Magistrate's Court. The original wooden bridge crossing the Avon River at Armagh Street
136-475: A 53-room dwelling built in 1900 for 78-year-old bachelor Allan McLean , is currently threatened with demolition. The central city prior to the 2010–2011 earthquakes had an increasing residential population. The last four New Zealand censuses had the usual resident population on 30 June recorded as follows: The Christchurch City Council alongside Ōtākaro Limited is trying to revitalise the central city. The Council aspires to have 30,000 residents living within
204-616: A central city redevelopment study. The project was publicly notified in the 1968 District Scheme, and again in the 1979 review. In 1981, the Christchurch City Council, in collaboration with the Cashel and High Street Businessmen's Associations, adopted a design and authorised implementation. The streets were closed to traffic on 11 January 1982 and the Mall was opened by the former Mayor, Sir Hamish Hay , on 7 August 1982. On 17 December 2009,
272-477: A cordon on the day of the earthquake and denied access. The day after the earthquake, the New Zealand Government declared a state of national emergency , which stayed in force until 30 April 2011. Post-Christchurch had a confusing colour-coding applied, with the same colour meaning different things in different areas. The Central City Red Zone is not to be confused with the residential red zone . In
340-537: A pedestrian precinct on 25 April 1977 (Anzac Day) by Captain Charles Upham , i.e. this stretch became a pedestrian precinct some five years before the establishment of City Mall. Another pedestrianised street is New Regent Street , which has building façades in the Spanish Mission style. It became a pedestrian mall as part of the heritage tram loop in 1995. The street survived the earthquake with little damage, and
408-720: A population density of 1,317 people per km . Christchurch Central City had a population of 5,925 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 1,020 people (20.8%) since the 2013 census , and a decrease of 1,725 people (−22.5%) since the 2006 census . There were 2,820 households, comprising 3,162 males and 2,769 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.14 males per female, with 444 people (7.5%) aged under 15 years, 2,295 (38.7%) aged 15 to 29, 2,559 (43.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 627 (10.6%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 72.4% European/ Pākehā , 6.9% Māori , 2.6% Pasifika , 20.2% Asian , and 5.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
476-538: A revamped City Mall was opened by mayor Bob Parker , incorporating the tourist tram through the mall. The Bridge of Remembrance was opened on Armistice Day, 11 November 1924 by the Governor-General, Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Jellicoe, who had previously laid the foundation stone on Anzac Day, 25 April 1923. The road through the bridge was removed and the short stretch between Oxford Terrace and Cambridge Terrace opened as
544-485: A span of 40 feet (12 m), the bridge was initially much wider than the river, but the Minister of Lands in late 1883 declined permission to widen the river from 26 feet (7.9 m). The river was ultimately widened to fill the full span of the bridge when Market Place was landscaped to become Victoria Square. Today the bridge carries normal vehicle traffic, as well as tram tracks on the northern lane that were installed in
612-779: A very active night life. These areas complement The Strip , a part of Oxford Terrace that started to support outdoor dining during the day and night time entertainment in the 1990s. The Arts Centre , the Canterbury Museum , the Christchurch Art Gallery and the Centre of Contemporary Art (CoCA) are located in the Cultural Precinct. The majority of the activities are free. Central Christchurch has two enclosed malls. South City Shopping Centre opened in 1990 and covers an area of 2,700 m . It has 550 carparks and 32 stores, and
680-504: Is anchored by a Chemist Warehouse and JB Hi-Fi . The Crossing shopping centre opened in 2017. It covers 1,400 m with 630 carparks. The mall has 40 stores, including H&M and FreshChoice . The central city has a large number of registered heritage buildings that are either listed with Heritage New Zealand or are noted in the Christchurch City Plan. A large number of these buildings have been significantly damaged by
748-405: Is in large areas of residential nature, so the initial cordon saw many residents within the restricted area. At the last census in 2006, some 7,600 people lived within the three census zones (Avon Loop, Cathedral Square, and Hagley Park ) that make up the central city. A triangular area defined by Antigua Street, Hagley Avenue, and Moorhouse Avenue in the south-west of the central city was outside of
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#1733085919309816-590: Is located in the central city, further adds to the colour confusion. Until 13 March 2011, the Avon Loop was in the orange zone of the Central City Red Zone. When the residential land zoning was first announced in June 2011, the Avon Loop was zoned orange. Much of the Avon Loop was eventually zoned red, and this is the only land in the central city that was initially in the Central City Red Zone which later became part of
884-678: Is now functioning with several shops, and appearances by the Wizard of New Zealand. Prior to the earthquakes, the Christchurch City Council was considering turning a section of Oxford Terrace (the section between Cashel Street and Hereford Street, then known as The Strip ) into a part-time pedestrian mall (nightly from 11 pm to 5 am). Since around 2005, two precincts have developed in small central city lanes, known as Poplar Lane and South of Lichfield or SOL Square . A large number of bars are accommodated in these two areas, with
952-785: Is undecided, including the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament and the Anglican ChristChurch Cathedral . A replacement Anglican cathedral, the Cardboard Cathedral , opened in August 2013 on the site of the former St John the Baptist Church. The Central City offered well over 450 unique retail businesses and over 130 cafes, restaurants, bars and clubs. It had the largest selection of fashion, food, café and entertainment in
1020-464: The 2010 Canterbury earthquake and was devastated in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . Following this second earthquake, the Central City Red Zone was set up and, with a gradually shrinking area, remained inaccessible except to authorised contractors until June 2013. However, proposals to relocate the city centre elsewhere, to avoid future damage, were considered both uneconomical (as much of
1088-490: The 2010 Canterbury earthquake . Many building façades collapsed into the streets and authorities cordoned off large areas of the central city following the event. Manchester Courts , the tallest commercial building in Christchurch when it was built in 1905–06 and a Category I heritage building suffered serious structural damage and was the first major building that was demolished, with the demolition finishing just days before
1156-460: The 2011 Christchurch earthquake . Nearly six months later on Tuesday 22 February 2011, a second earthquake measuring magnitude 6.3 struck the city at 12:51 pm. It was located closer to the city, and although lower on the moment magnitude scale than the previous earthquake, the intensity and violence of the ground shaking was measured to be IX ( Violent ) on the Mercalli intensity scale , and
1224-542: The Art Gallery , the temporary headquarters of Civil Defence, about lack of access to critical business property (e.g. computer servers , merchandise, cash) as well as a lack of communication, with some buildings having been demolished without any prior communication. They demanded to speak to the National Controller of Civil Defence, John Hamilton . When Hamilton would not see them, some of the business owners breached
1292-644: The CBD Red Zone , was a public exclusion zone in the Christchurch Central City implemented after the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake . After February 2013, it was officially renamed the CBD Rebuild Zone by government agencies, but remained known as the Red Zone. It gradually shrank in size and the last cordons were removed on 30 June 2013, 859 days after the earthquake. The February 2011 earthquake caused widespread damage across Christchurch , especially in
1360-581: The Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA). Residents living in the inner red zone did not have access to their buildings and had to find accommodation elsewhere. A vehicle recovery programme was initiated by Police around 10 March 2011. Cars and bicycles were transferred to a secured compound within Hagley Park, from where vehicle owners could retrieve their vehicles. On 21 March 2011, about 100 business owners protested at
1428-542: The South Island . The central city has a number of residential areas, including Inner City East, Inner City West, Avon Loop, Moa Neighbourhood and Victoria. South of Tuam Street, commercial usage and some light industries are present. With over 6,000 full-time equivalent students, the Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology is the major education provider in the city centre. Cathedral Square
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#17330859193091496-439: The city's high rise buildings , including Hotel Grand Chancellor , PricewaterhouseCoopers , Clarendon Tower , and Radio Network House have been demolished. Many churches have been demolished following the earthquakes, including Durham Street Methodist Church , Oxford Terrace Baptist Church , St Luke's Church, Christchurch , St Paul's Church , and St John the Baptist Church . Other churches are badly damaged and their fate
1564-614: The 16th, Sir George Seymour on the 17th, and Cressy on the 27th, having set sail from England in September 1850. The settlers on these First Four Ships were dubbed the Canterbury Pilgrims by the British press. A further 24 shiploads of Canterbury Association settlers, making a total of approximately 3,500, arrived over the next two and a half years. The central city was among the most heavily damaged areas of Christchurch following
1632-507: The 1990s as part of the Christchurch tramway system . In 2004 the bridge was registered by Heritage New Zealand as a category-II historic place due to its significance to Victorian era Christchurch and its neo-Gothic design. The bridge experienced major damage during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake and was repaired and reinforced in 2016 for less than NZ$ 1,000,000. Like many of the other 19th century bridges in central Christchurch,
1700-641: The 2010 and 2011 earthquakes. Some heritage buildings collapsed during the February earthquake (e.g. the Stone Chamber of the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings ), many have been demolished already (e.g. St Elmo Courts , The Press Building or St Luke's Church ), and for many heritage buildings, the fate is as yet unclear (e.g. the Peterborough Centre . ) McLean's Mansion in Manchester Street,
1768-500: The Armagh Street bridge features ornate cast-iron balustrades . It is an arch bridge with a span of 12.2 metres (40 ft), made of six layers of clay bricks, with a stone façade quarried from Hoon Hay. It features eight ornamental stone pillars on either side of the concrete abutments , both at the beginning of the span and the points where the abutments end. The four inner pillars are topped with lamp posts . The architecture of
1836-511: The Avon River / Ōtākaro ran eccentrically across the site. Two diagonal streets (High Street/Ferry Road leading to Ferrymead , Heathcote and Sumner and Victoria Street/Papanui Road leading to the Papanui Bush) also broke the regularity of the grid. At the very centre of the city was a 'Square' (which is actually cross-shaped) intended as a grand centre for the city and the site of the proposed cathedral and grammar school. East and north-west of
1904-579: The Canterbury Association in March 1850. The Christchurch Botanic Gardens are botanical gardens founded in 1863, when on 9 July an English oak was planted to commemorate the solemnisation of marriage between Prince Albert and Princess Alexandra of Denmark . The Gardens cover an area of 21 hectares, and lie adjacent to the loop of the Avon River / Ōtākaro next to Hagley Park. Central City Red Zone The Central City Red Zone , also known as
1972-537: The Canterbury Association's requirements, he relocated Christchurch to where he had previously placed a town called 'Stratford' at a point on the Avon where those coming up the river first encountered slightly higher, drier ground. Back then, the Avon River / Ōtākaro was navigable as far as 'The Bricks' just upstream of the Barbadoes Street bridge. The site is these days marked by a riverbank cairn. The site got its name when
2040-460: The Christchurch City Council released "A City For People Action Plan", a program of work through to 2022 to improve public spaces within the central city to entice more inner city residents and visitors. A primary action is to reduce the impact of motorised private vehicles and increase the comfort of pedestrians and cyclists. The plan is based on a report prepared for the council by renowned Danish design firm Gehl Architects. The central city includes
2108-496: The Deans Brothers in the 1840s had shipped bricks for their Riccarton homestead, located further up the river, which they unloaded in this location. Christchurch is one of a group of only four cities in the world that have been carefully planned following the same layout of a central city square, four complementing city squares surrounding it and a parklands area that embrace the city centre. The first city built with this pattern
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2176-590: The Four Avenues by 2026. When the historic census population (for 1996, 2001 and 2006) is plotted and extrapolated to 2026, and compared to the required growth to reach a projected population of 30,000 residents by 2026, it becomes clear that this is an ambitious goal. Entire city blocks have been earmarked for residential development, as well as private developments, aiming toward this goal. Christchurch City Centre covers 6.34 km (2.45 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 8,350 as of June 2024, with
2244-520: The Government's buyout of their homes, the Government cautioned that remaining in place would entail a lack of insurance, infrastructure, and city services. In the Port Hills , red zoning refers to land where it is not economic to protect buildings that are at risk from rockfall, or land that is unstable due to its proximity to cliffs, with The Crown offering to buy the land. 510 properties are zoned red in
2312-572: The Port Hills. As explained below, the Central City Red Zone was further divided, with an outer orange zone accessible to residents. In the eastern suburbs, the orange zone was that land that had yet to be assessed and zoned (either green, blue, or red). There was no orange zone in the Port Hills, though, and land that had yet to be classified was zoned white. A white zone also applied in the central city initially, as geotechnical assessments were not carried out there for many months. The Avon Loop, which
2380-565: The Residential Red Zone. An initial cordon was established by Police and the New Zealand Army around the perimeter along the central city along Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Moorhouse Avenue, Antigua Street, Rolleston Avenue, and Park Terrace. Within days, cordon checkpoints were also manned by Australian Police (mostly New South Wales Police Force and Australian Federal Police ) and Singapore Armed Forces . The CBD fringe
2448-470: The Square were two more 'squares' ( Latimer and Cranmer Squares , which are actually rectangles) which were placed more or less regularly in relation to the diagonal line of Ōtākaro running in a north-easterly direction across the city to the west and north of the central square. The grid was laid out originally between Salisbury Street to the north and St Asaph Street to the south and between Barbadoes Street to
2516-421: The army personnel at the cordon entry points changed from simply restricting access to become guides to tourists and locals alike, with even locals not knowing their way around any longer as so many landmarks have been demolished. The first time that CERA set a target date for the removal of the red zone cordons was in September 2011, when a 1 April 2012 removal was announced. A red zone removal by 28 June 2013
2584-452: The belt between the outer one-way streets and the avenues, was developed later in a progressive fashion and does not have the regularity of the core area. Like most of the city, the centre is relatively flat. Before the earthquakes, Christchurch was home to many high rise buildings, but many of these were demolished following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Tall buildings left include Pacific Tower and Forsyth Barr Building , which dominate
2652-408: The bridge is considered neo-Gothic , much like other similar public constructions in Christchurch from this period. An architectural detail is the stone pillar with etching, " J.G. Ruddenklau Mayor 1883", which commemorates the city's Mayor when the bridge under construction. Christchurch Central City Christchurch Central City or Christchurch City Centre is the geographical centre and
2720-414: The bridge took only six months, despite some delays. The bridge was opened at noon on 11 December 1883 and was one of the last public duties carried out by George Ruddenklau , who had chosen to retire from public office and had not contested the mayoral election a fortnight earlier. Speeches at the opening were given by Mayor Ruddenklau, Mayor-elect Charles Hulbert , and senior councillor Aaron Ayers . With
2788-522: The central city and eastern suburbs, with damage exacerbated by buildings and infrastructure already being weakened by the 4 September 2010 earthquake and its aftershocks. The earthquake, which struck at lunchtime on a weekday, caused devastation in the central city, with two large office buildings having collapsed (the CTV Building and the PGC Building ), many historic building façades had collapsed into
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2856-445: The central city has traditionally been home to manufacturing, but there has been a decline in this area, with many companies either moving to commercial subdivisions, closing, or relocating overseas. Many education providers are located in the city centre. Ara Institute of Canterbury with 6000 students is the largest of these. There are several schools in the central city. Rolls are as of August 2024. Hagley Park is, at 165 ha,
2924-412: The central city, it described the area that was cordoned off after the earthquake. In the eastern suburbs, the colour red refers to land that is subject to liquefaction or the related effect of lateral spreading and that is deemed uneconomic to repair; with over 7,000 properties being purchased by The Crown under what has been called a voluntary yet coercive scheme – while residents were free to refuse
2992-452: The city. The city centre is laid out in a grid pattern , interrupted only by the curvilinear alignment of the Avon River / Ōtākaro , and the two diagonals High Street and Victoria Street. Christchurch has four pairs of one-way streets. The grid pattern within the outermost one-way streets is very regular, as this is the area that was laid out in the original survey. The surrounding area, i.e.
3060-438: The cordon. Not much of that area is residential, though, as large areas are occupied by Christchurch Hospital , Hagley Community College , and many industrial uses. Hence, some 7,000 residents were initially affected by the red zone. The cordoned area was thus further subdivided, with an outer orange zone accessible to residents, but no access to the inner red zone other than people authorised first by Civil Defence and later by
3128-511: The east and Rolleston Avenue/Park Terrace to the west. Between Salisbury, Barbadoes and St Asaph Streets and (respectively) the North, East and South Town Belts (these days called Bealey, Fitzgerald and Moorhouse Avenues) were 'town reserves', i.e. land with-held from immediate sale, which was sold off by the Provincial Government later in the 1850s to overcome cash flow problems. The streets of
3196-635: The heart of Christchurch , New Zealand. It is defined as the area within the Four Avenues (Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Moorhouse Avenue and Deans Avenue ) and thus includes the densely built up central city, some less dense surrounding areas of residential, educational and industrial usage, and green space including Hagley Park , the Christchurch Botanic Gardens and the Barbadoes Street Cemetery . It suffered heavy damage in
3264-478: The infrastructure was still mainly intact) and unnecessary, as the rebuilt city centre would be to modern building standards so as to be able to withstand similar quakes and liquefaction in the future. At the centre of the city is Cathedral Square , surrounding the Anglican cathedral, Christ Church . The area around this square and within the four avenues of Christchurch is considered the central business district of
3332-424: The inner cordon in protest by simply walking past soldiers manning the entrances, but within minutes, Police started arresting the protesters and pushed protesters back outside the inner cordon. The next day, the New Zealand Government issued a press release, with Civil Defence Minister John Carter stating that it was "foolish to breach the cordon around the red zone. People died behind that cordon." The cordon
3400-432: The largest urban open space in Christchurch. The park was created in 1855 by the Provincial Government. According to the government's decree at that time, Hagley Park is "reserved forever as a public park, and shall be open for the recreation and enjoyment of the public." Hagley Park is characterised by its trees and broad open spaces. Hagley Park was named after the country estate of Lord Lyttelton , who became chairman of
3468-446: The next best and Christchurch being the youngest had to be content with chiefly Irish and Colonial bishoprics as names for its streets. This accounts for, what to anyone not knowing the circumstances, appears strange, viz: that many of the best English Bishoprics are not represented while Irish and Colonial ones are. Sumner in fact died too late for the names there used to be again employed in Christchurch. The original plan from 1850 shows
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#17330859193093536-504: The north-west corner of the 'town reserves' (surrounded by the Avon River / Ōtākaro, Fitzgerald and Bealey Avenues and Barbadoes Street, with an additional small rectangular area to the west of Barbadoes Street) as the cemetery for the settlement. Individual town sections were shown on the survey plan, the Black Map, and numbered by the surveyors in a logical order, in contrast to the rural sections surrounding Christchurch, which were numbered at
3604-539: The original grid were mostly projected out to the Town Belts, but the street system is less systematic in the former 'town reserves'. The names chosen for the streets of the inner city almost all commemorate the English colonial origins of the settlement. The names chosen later for the town belts commemorate important personalities of early Christchurch. Jollie explains in his diary how the streets got their names: The names of
3672-523: The pedestrianised Cashel and High Streets, known as City Mall . At one end of the mall stands the Bridge of Remembrance ; at the intersection of Cashel and High Streets is the old location of the amphitheatre known as the Hack Circle ; and the portion of High Street up to the junction of Colombo and Hereford Streets forms the remaining part of the mall. The concept of a pedestrian mall originated in 1965 as part of
3740-629: The preparations for the settlement (surveying, roads, accommodation, etc.) undertaken by Captain Joseph Thomas' team. These preparations were advanced, but incomplete when the first ships of settlers arrived on 16 December 1850, having been halted by Godley shortly after his arrival in April due to the mounting debts of the Association. The Charlotte-Jane and Randolph arrived in Lyttelton Harbour on
3808-545: The skyline and can be seen throughout the city. The Māori were the first settlers in the area occupying modern-day Christchurch, the area was a mixture of wetlands with patches of grasslands , there were two kāinga in Central Christchurch. Puāri near Victoria Square , an important food-gathering place for local Māori. And Tautahi Pā located further east of the Puāri kāinga. The European settlement of Christchurch
3876-447: The streets of the three towns I surveyed were taken from Bishoprics and the way it was done was this; as soon as I completed the map I took it to Thomas who putting on his gold spectacles and opening his would read out a Bishop's name to hear if it sounded well. If I agreed with him that it did, I put the name to one of the streets requiring baptism. Lyttelton being the first born town got the best names for its streets, Sumner being next had
3944-677: The streets, two buses were crushed by falling façades in Colombo Street , and many people in City Mall were trapped by fallen masonry. A total of 185 people died in the February earthquake, 169 died in the central zone alone: 115 in the CTV building, 18 at the PGC Building, 8 on buses in Colombo Street and 28 others in various CBD locations. Authorities cleared the central city of people, established
4012-479: The time of and in the order of their purchase. The following streets were those laid out in the 1850 survey (listed east to west, then north to south, then diagonals). Where a street name is one of the original names as devised by surveyors Joseph Thomas and Edward Jollie, this is marked as such. The prime movers of the Canterbury Association were Edward Gibbon Wakefield and John Robert Godley. Godley, with his family, went out to New Zealand in early 1850 to oversee
4080-484: Was Philadelphia , later came Savannah and Adelaide . The fourth city using this pattern was Christchurch. As such Christchurch holds an important legacy and a strong platform for future development. Thomas' plan for Christchurch (laid out by the surveyor Edward Jollie by March 1850) was the 'standard' rectangular grid of colonial settlement (adopted for ease of survey and to facilitate land sales). Thomas did not allow Jollie to include crescents to provide variety, but
4148-562: Was 41.8, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.6% had no religion, 31.4% were Christian , 0.8% had Māori religious beliefs , 3.7% were Hindu , 1.9% were Muslim , 1.7% were Buddhist and 4.3% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 2,097 (38.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 432 (7.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 957 people (17.5%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
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#17330859193094216-466: Was a popular destination and hosts attractions such as the speakers' corner made famous by the Wizard of New Zealand , Ian Brackenbury Channell, and evangelist Ray Comfort . A central city heritage tram system has been operated since 1995. In 2010, the system was extended to the south to form a figure of eight. The tram system does not fulfil a transport function and is aimed at the tourism market. In 2010
4284-422: Was among the strongest ever recorded globally in an urban area and in total 185 people were killed with nationals from more than 20 countries among the victims. ChristChurch Cathedral lost its spire and widespread damage was caused to city buildings already weakened by 4 September 2010 earthquake and its aftershocks. A large number of heritage buildings have been demolished since the earthquake, and most of
4352-401: Was built in 1873, and by early 1883 heavy traffic had contributed to the planking and cross-bearers wearing out. At the recommendation of the city surveyor, Charles Walkden, the Christchurch City Council commissioned a new bridge with an estimated cost of £ 1,700. The bridge was constructed in 1883 by builders William Greig and John Hunter using stone quarried from Hoon Hay . Construction of
4420-600: Was first announced in March 2013; the ultimate removal date was 30 June. CERA ran weekend red zone bus tours from November to December 2011. Due to passengers not being allowed to exit the vehicles whilst they were inside the red zone, security and Red Cross personnel came on the buses. Passengers were also warned about the possibility of being trapped or crushed by a collapsing building. Red Bus started operating bus tours in July 2012, and three companies were selected in March 2013 to give tours. From November to December 2011,
4488-641: Was officially renamed to the Rebuild Zone in February 2013. The employment of the New Zealand Army finished on 28 June 2013, after the army having served for 858 days. The cordon was removed two days later on 30 June 2013. Many individual buildings are still fenced off, as they are deemed unstable by the authorities; this includes the Anglican Cathedral in Cathedral Square . Over time, the role of
4556-399: Was that 3,279 (59.8%) people were employed full-time, 669 (12.2%) were part-time, and 225 (4.1%) were unemployed. The central city is an important employment area supporting 26,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) employees, and with much of the floor area taken up by office space. One of the biggest employers is Christchurch City Council with 800 FTE at the civic offices. The southern part of
4624-583: Was undertaken by the Canterbury Association , which was founded in London in 1848. That year, the Canterbury Association sent out Captain Joseph Thomas , accompanied by surveyors, to select and prepare a site for settlement. Thomas originally placed the principal town of the proposed settlement at the head of Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō , but when he realised there was insufficient flat land there to meet
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