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53-503: The district was established on August 20, 1930. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Arkhangelsky District is one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan . The district is divided into twelve selsoviets , comprising seventy-one rural localities . As a municipal division , the district is incorporated as Arkhangelsky Municipal District . Its twelve selsoviets are incorporated as twelve rural settlements within

106-618: A basis of the treaty and agreements" (art. 9). Both Ukrainian law on autonomy status and the 1992 Constitution of Crimea were amended later that year, putting the Republic's status in between what was proposed in the initial revision of the 1992 Constitution and what was proposed in April 1992 Ukrainian law on the status of the Republic. On 21 May 1992 the Supreme Soviet of Russia declared 1954 transfer of Crimea as having "no legal force", because it

159-748: A book that in regard to Ukraine, Russia pursued a modernized version of the Brezhnev Doctrine on "limited sovereignty", which dictates that the sovereignty of Ukraine cannot be larger than that of the Warsaw Pact prior to the demise of the Soviet sphere of influence . This claim is based on statements of Russian leaders that possible integration of Ukraine into NATO would jeopardize Russia's national security. The issue resurfaced in late 2000s over Ukraine asserting its sovereignty and Russia's concern over its western orientation. In 2008, Russia used Sevastopol and

212-619: A country shortly before concluding the aforementioned treaty of accession, which was approved by the Constitutional Court of Russia . Russia claimed the Republic of Crimea (country) as a federal district, the Crimean Federal District , on the grounds of historical control of the area and the local population's right to self-determination reflected in the annexation vote. On 28 July 2016 the Crimean Federal District

265-424: A part of municipal formations are known as inter-settlement territories  [ ru ] , a concept introduced in 2019. The Federal Law was amended on 27 May 2014 to include new types of municipal divisions: In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions. Federal legislation introduced on May 1, 2019, added an additional territorial unit: All

318-530: A planned Association Agreement with EU, it would face consequences. Sergey Glazyev , adviser to President Vladimir Putin, said that, "Ukrainian authorities make a huge mistake if they think that the Russian reaction will become neutral in a few years from now. This will not happen." Glazyev allowed for the possibility of separatist movements springing up in the Russian-speaking east and south of Ukraine. After

371-542: A pro-Ukrainian stance, varying from sanctions against Russia to giving support to Ukraine to voting for Ukraine's claim on the territory: The following non UN-member states have also voiced support for Ukraine's claim on the territory: In addition to most states listed above, the following states voted for resolution A/73/L.47 , affirming the General Assembly's commitment to the territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders and condemning

424-576: Is a government ministry in Ukraine that was officially established on 20 April 2016 to manage occupied parts of Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea regions affected by Russian invasion of 2014 . The following members of the United Nations have taken pro-Russian stances on Crimea. The following non UN-member states have recognized the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia: Former: Unclear: The following member states have taken

477-490: Is a Ukrainian government ministry officially established on 20 April 2016 to manage occupied parts of Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea regions affected by Russian military intervention of 2014. In 2021, Ukraine launched the Crimea Platform , a diplomatic initiative aimed at protecting the rights of Crimean inhabitants and ultimately reversing the annexation of Crimea. Russia recognized the short-lived Republic of Crimea as

530-605: The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception). On 18 March 2014, as a part of the annexation of Crimea and following the establishment of the Republic of Crimea (an independent entity that was recognized only by Russia), a treaty was signed between Russia and the Republic of Crimea incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol as constituent members of the Russian Federation. According to

583-638: The Constitution of Russia , adopted on 12 December 1993, did not list Sevastopol as a federal subject. Three years later, the State Duma declared that Russia has a right to exercise sovereignty over Sevastopol, but this resolution went without any actual effect. An agreement was concluded in 1997 by the Russian and Ukrainian governments, allowing the Black Sea Fleet to stay in Sevastopol until 2017. Later this

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636-635: The Crimean question ( Russian : Крымский вопрос ; Ukrainian : питання Криму , romanized :  pytannia Krymu ) is a dispute over the status of Crimea between Ukraine and Russia . The dispute began during the dissolution of the Soviet Union , but did not escalate into a conflict until the 2014 Ukrainian revolution , when Russian special forces were deployed to occupy Crimea and took over its government buildings. The official results of an internationally unrecognized referendum held during

689-529: The Crimean referendum of 1991 , which asked whether Crimea should be elevated to a signatory of the New Union Treaty (that is, became a union republic on its own), the Ukrainian SSR restored Crimea's autonomous status ( Crimean Autonomous SSR ), but confirmed that autonomy restored as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. The Crimean Oblast council became Supreme Council of Crimea and, on 4 September 1991, passed

742-765: The Donetsk People's Republic , the Kherson Oblast , the Lugansk People's Republic , the federal city of Sevastopol , and the Zaporozhye Oblast —are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine . All federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council ( upper house of the Federal Assembly ). They do, however, differ in

795-565: The Russian constitution of the same year didn't list Sevastopol as such. In 1993, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation issued a resolution , which "confirms Russian federal status of Sevastopol" and requested a parliamentary commission to prepare and present to Congress of People's Deputies of Russia corresponding constitutional amendments, but 1993 Russian constitutional crisis prevented that from happening and initial revisions of

848-586: The Supreme Council of Crimea and Presidency for its member, Yuri Meshkov ). Following a referendum, held in the same year , the Supreme Council of Crimea restored the 1992 Constitution to its original revision. A year later, the 1992 Crimean constitution, along with the presidency and regional citizenship, was declared null and void by the Ukrainian Parliament, which by that time, had renamed

901-685: The Verkhovna Rada formally dissolved the Crimean parliament. The referendum was held on 16 March despite the opposition from the Ukrainian government, with 97% of voters choosing to leave Ukraine and join Russia, according to Crimean government results. For this purpose, the Autonomous Republic and Sevastopol joined together as a single united nation under the name of Republic of Crimea . This peninsula then

954-577: The invasion of Ukraine that began in late February, which were organized by Russian occupation authorities in territories where hostilities were ongoing and much of the population had fled. It occurred seven months after the start of the invasion and less than a month after the start of the Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive . The signing ceremony was held in the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow in

1007-544: The 1992 Constitution of Crimea provisions (original May revision) in the new Ukrainian Constitution. Ultimately, the new Constitution of Ukraine adopted neither extreme and reiterated the autonomous status of the republic, while downgrading some of its powers (such as the regional Supreme Council's powers to enact legislation in form of laws ("zakoni")). The Republic was declared to be the "Autonomous Republic of Crimea", but also an "inseparable constituent part of Ukraine". A new Crimean constitution, complying with provisions of

1060-685: The Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of military units, their training, and other operational activities, the federal subjects are grouped into five military districts. Each military district operates under the command of the district headquarters , headed by the district commander , and is subordinated to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation . Political status of Crimea The Crimean problem ( Russian : Проблема Крыма ; Ukrainian : Кримська проблема , romanized :  Krymska problema ) or

1113-587: The Black Sea Fleet in the Russo-Georgian War and ignored Ukraine regulations, leading to Ukrainian President Yushchenko 's declaration that the lease deal would not be extended and that the fleet would have to leave Sevastopol by 2017. However, in 2010 president Yanukovych signed the Kharkiv Pact amidst Russia–Ukraine gas disputes . In September 2013, Russia warned Ukraine that if it went ahead with

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1166-524: The Constitution and laws of Ukraine" (art. 1). The Regional Supreme Council, on the contrary, insisted that "Republic of Crimea is a legal democratic state ", which "has supremacy in respect to natural, material, cultural and spiritual heritage" and "exercises its sovereign rights and full power " on its territory (art. 1 of the May 1992 Constitution), but also a "part of Ukraine and establishes relations in it on

1219-560: The Declaration of state sovereignty of Crimea. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the ASSR renamed itself the Republic of Crimea . The Ukrainian government initially accepted its name, but not its claims to be a state . According to Ukrainian law "On status of the autonomous Republic of Crimea", passed on 29 April 1992, "Republic of Crimea is an autonomous part of Ukraine and independently decides on matters, of its application of

1272-691: The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 August 1982 "On the Procedures of Dealing with the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the RSFSR". The 1993 Constitution, however, did not identify the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions as the responsibility of the federal government nor as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the subjects. This

1325-498: The Russian Black Sea Fleet, especially in Sevastopol. Between 1992–1995, the dispute over the future of the fleet exacerbated internal frictions, with statements by Russian politicians encouraging separatist sentiments. Despite being an independent country since 1991, the former Soviet republic Ukraine has been perceived by Russia as being part of its sphere of influence . Iulian Chifu and his co-authors claimed in

1378-455: The Russian media was fiction, and a majority of the law enforcement, administration and army were opposed to it. Girkin stated that under his command, the rebels "collected" deputies into the chambers, and had to "forcibly drive the deputies to vote [to join Russia]". On 14 March, the Crimean status referendum was deemed unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine , and a day later,

1431-656: The Soviet regime and the peninsula was resettled with other peoples, mainly Russians and Ukrainians. Modern experts say that the deportation was part of the Soviet plan to gain access to the Dardanelles and acquire territory in Turkey , where the Tatars had Turkic ethnic kin, or to remove minorities from the Soviet Union's border regions. Nearly 8,000 Crimean Tatars died during the deportation, and tens of thousands perished subsequently due to

1484-547: The Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a federal subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries . Similarly, Russia also annexed four Ukrainian oblasts of Donetsk , Kherson , Luhansk , and Zaporozhzhia on 30 September 2022 after internationally-unrecognized referendums held days prior, during

1537-883: The Ukrainian one, was adopted in 1998. Before the 1954 transfer of Crimea , Sevastopol was elevated into a "city of republican subordination" of the Russian SFSR – a predecessor of the modern status of "city of federal importance" . Nevertheless, in practice it was still governed as a part of the Crimean Oblast; for example, inhabitants of Sevastopol elected deputies into the Crimean Oblast Council, and all its structures, such as local militsiya departments, etc., were subordinated to oblast structures, and therefore de facto transferred, too. The Ukrainian Constitution of 1978 listed Sevastopol as one of its "cities of republican subordination" (along with Kyiv), whilst

1590-584: The area from "Republic of Crimea" to Autonomous Republic of Crimea . Another Constitution was passed by Crimean parliament in 1995, but many parts of it were rejected by the Ukrainian parliament; among them were the republic's name (which was to remain "Republic of Crimea") and citizenship. Meanwhile, during drafting of the new Ukrainian Constitution, the question of autonomy was much debated: some legislators proposed abolishing it altogether (downgrading back to oblast status or to autonomy but not autonomous republic ), while other legislators proposed legalising

1643-458: The degree of autonomy they enjoy. De jure, excluding the occupied Ukrainian territories, there are 6 types of federal subjects—21 republics , 9 krais , 46 oblasts , 2 federal cities , 1 autonomous oblast , and 4 autonomous okrugs . Autonomous okrugs are the only ones that have a peculiar status of being federal subjects in their own right, yet at the same time they are considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with

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1696-689: The economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR" and to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's union with Russia . From 1991, the territory was covered by the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol City within independent Ukraine . In 1994, Russia signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances , which states that it would "Respect Belarusian, Kazakh and Ukrainian independence, sovereignty, and

1749-604: The existing borders". Post-independence, the dispute over control of the Black Sea Fleet and Sevastopol, the Crimean port city where the fleet was based, was a source of tensions for Russia–Ukraine relations . Until a final agreement was reached in 1997 with the signing of the Partition Treaty and Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty , where Ukraine allowed Russia basing rights in Sevastopol and Crimea until 2017. Crimea hosts Ukraine's largest ethnic Russian population, many of whom are retired military personnel or employees of

1802-477: The federal and regional bodies of law, and ensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies operating in the regions. The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000. Since 30 September 2022, the Russian Federation has consisted of eighty-nine federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation. However, six of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea ,

1855-616: The federal subjects are grouped into eight federal districts, each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia . The envoys serve as liaisons between the federal subjects and the federal government and are primarily responsible for overseeing the compliance of the federal subjects with federal laws. For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions. Economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones . In order for

1908-456: The following types of high-level administrative divisions are recognized: Autonomous okrugs and okrugs are intermediary units of administrative divisions, which include some of the federal subject's districts and cities/towns/urban-type settlements of federal subject significance. Typical lower-level administrative divisions include: In the course of the Russian municipal reform of 2004–2005, all federal subjects of Russia were to streamline

1961-471: The harsh exile conditions. The Crimean Tatar deportation resulted in the abandonment of 80,000 households and 360,000 acres of land. The autonomous republic without its titled nationality was downgraded to an oblast within the Russian SFSR on 30 June 1945. On 19 February 1954, the oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction, on the basis of "the integral character of

2014-409: The majority of the international community continue to regard Crimea as occupied Ukrainian territory ; a United Nations General Assembly resolution declared the referendum invalid and affirmed the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Despite international opinion however, the currency, tax, time zone and legal system are all operational under de facto Russian control. Ukraine has attempted to resolve

2067-698: The matter by filing litigation in multiple international criminal, environmental, political (European Union), and other courts. In 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Throughout its time the Soviet Union, Crimea underwent a population change. As a result of alleged collaboration with the Germans by Crimean Tatars during World War II , all Crimean Tatars were deported by

2120-403: The municipal district. The selo of Arkhangelskoye serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district. The district has developed livestock farming with dairy-meat production and bee keeping. Wheat, sugar beet, rye, and oats are grown. A significant development has been the forestry industry. Arkhangelsky State Reserve was established in the district for

2173-415: The occupation allegedly indicated overwhelming support for Russian annexation. The Crimean parliament and the autonomous city of Sevastopol unilaterally declared independence from Ukraine to ideally form a country named Republic of Crimea . Russia then annexed the region and created two federal subjects, the Republic of Crimea (as a republic ) and Sevastopol (as a federal city ). Ukraine and

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2226-453: The presence of occupation authority heads Leonid Pasechnik , Denis Pushilin , Yevgeny Balitsky , and Vladimir Saldo , and Russian President Vladimir Putin . Like Crimea, none of the four occupied regions are internationally recognized as part of Russia. Prior to the adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia , the administrative-territorial structure of Russia was regulated by the Decree of

2279-428: The protection of waterfowl. Subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions. The federal districts are groupings of the federal subjects of Russia. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between

2332-674: The referendum invalid and reaffirming Ukraine's territorial integrity by a vote of 100 to 11 with 58 abstentions and 24 absent. Since 2014, the UN General Assembly has voted several times, most recently in December 2019, to affirm Ukraine's territorial integrity, condemn the 'temporary occupation' of Crimea, and reaffirm nonrecognition of its annexation. The Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally displaced persons ( Ukrainian : Міністерство з питань тимчасово окупованих територій та внутрішньо переміщених осіб України )

2385-438: The structures of local self-government, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia . The reform mandated that each federal subject was to have a unified structure of municipal government bodies by 1 January 2005, and a law enforcing the reform provisions went into effect on 1 January 2006. According to the law, the units of the municipal division (called " municipal formations ") are as follows: Territories not included as

2438-409: The vast majority of the international community have not recognized the validity of the referendum, and have not recognized the accession of this region into Russia. Only Russia and a few other nations have recognized all these events. The lack of recognition from Ukraine and the international community is based primarily on the fact that the referendum included an option to join Russia while the region

2491-525: Was adopted for Sevastopol a year later. Both moves were condemned by Ukraine and resulted in no changes to the Russian Constitution (neither 1978 nor 1993 documents enumerated Crimea and Sevastopol as federal subjects). In 1994, after parliamentary and presidential elections in the Republic, the Supreme Council and the executive became dominated by the Russian Bloc (which had won 57 seats in

2544-470: Was extended by another 25 years until 2042, with a possible option to extend this period until 2047. After the events of Euromaidan , the referendum and the decision holding it was held during and after Russia's implementation of a military presence in Crimea. Igor Girkin , one of the major Russian commanders of the action, explained that the "overwhelming national support for the self-defence" as portrayed by

2597-575: Was under military occupation by Russia itself . The European Union , United States , Canada and several other nations condemned the decision to hold a referendum. In addition, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People —the unofficial political association of the Crimean Tatars—called for a boycott of the referendum. In 2014, UN General Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution declaring

2650-565: Was abolished and Crimea was included in the Southern Federal District . The Government of Ukraine did not recognize the Republic of Crimea's claim to sovereignty, nor the unification of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea with Sevastopol, nor the referendum that paved the way for Crimean secession. The Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and Internally displaced persons ( Ukrainian : Міністерство з питань тимчасово окупованих територій та внутрішньо переміщених осіб України )

2703-406: Was adopted "in violation of the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Russian SFSR and legislative process", but because subsequent legislation and the 1990 Russo-Ukrainian treaty constituted that fact, parliament considered it necessary to resolve the Crimean question in negotiations between Ukraine and Russia and on the basis of the popular will of the inhabitants of Crimea. A similar resolution

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2756-406: Was annexed by Russia where it was converted into a federal district under the name of Crimean Federal District . However, the annexation divided the Autonomous Republic and the city of Sevastopol once again into two separate entities: the Autonomous Republic became the Republic of Crimea as a Russian republic while Sevastopol became a Russian federal city . Regardless of all this, Ukraine and

2809-415: Was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. While the implementation details may be considerably different, in general, however,

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