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40-558: ArkTS is a high-level general-purpose , multi-paradigm , compiled , declarative , static type programming language developed by Huawei which is a superset of open-source TypeScript , in turn a superset of JavaScript formerly used in July 2022 HarmonyOS 3.0 version, alongside its evolved precursor, extended TypeScript (eTS) built for HarmonyOS development as a shift towards declarative programming . ArkTS compiles to machine code via its ahead-of-time compilation Ark Compiler . ArkTS

80-433: A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer . In contrast to low-level programming languages , it may use natural language elements , be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management ), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable than when using

120-428: A focus on usability over optimal program efficiency. Unlike low-level assembly languages , high-level languages have few, if any, language elements that translate directly into a machine's native opcodes . Other features, such as string handling routines, object-oriented language features, and file input/output, may also be present. One thing to note about high-level programming languages is that these languages allow

160-453: A fully general lambda abstraction in a programming language for the first time. "High-level language" refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language . Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses, and call stacks, high-level languages deal with variables, arrays, objects , complex arithmetic or Boolean expressions , subroutines and functions, loops, threads , locks, and other abstract computer science concepts, with

200-536: A lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is. In the 1960s, a high-level programming language using a compiler was commonly called an autocode . Examples of autocodes are COBOL and Fortran . The first high-level programming language designed for computers was Plankalkül , created by Konrad Zuse . However, it was not implemented in his time, and his original contributions were largely isolated from other developments due to World War II , aside from

240-454: A parent project, are called Top Level Projects. The Eclipse Foundation is considered a "third generation" open-source organization, and is home to Jakarta EE , and over 425 open source projects, including runtimes , tools, and frameworks for a wide range of technology domains such as the internet of things (IoT), cloud and edge computing, automotive, systems engineering, digital ledger technologies, and open processor designs. The Foundation

280-665: A single codebase for any platform such as Android, iOS, OpenHarmony, Oniro OS and HarmonyOS which was released on December 8, 2023, after Canary 1 build on August 4, 2023. ArkUI replaces the older Interface Builder paradigm with a new declarative development paradigm. ARK TypeScript Runtime is a runtime used in ArkTS applications derived from former HarmonyOS 3.0/OpenHarmony 3.1 API 8 eTS (extendedTypeScript) on OpenHarmony as well as HarmonyOS apps taking advantage of custom OpenHarmony-based HarmonyOS NEXT core operating system. It contains an allocator and garbage collector (GC) for ArkTS/JS objects,

320-623: A specific system architecture . Abstraction penalty is the cost that high-level programming techniques pay for being unable to optimize performance or use certain hardware because they don't take advantage of certain low-level architectural resources. High-level programming exhibits features like more generic data structures and operations, run-time interpretation, and intermediate code files; which often result in execution of far more operations than necessary, higher memory consumption, and larger binary program size. For this reason, code which needs to run particularly quickly and efficiently may require

360-573: A standard library that conforms to the ECMAScript specification, an interpreter for running the ARK Bytecode (abc) generated by ARK front-end components, an inline cache for acceleration, a statically typed compiler, a C++/C function interface for Native API (NAPI) application development at runtime, and other modules in ahead-of-time compilation via DevEco Studio since version 3.1.1 on both HarmonyOS 3.1 SDK and OpenHarmony 3.2 SDK API 9. The ets_frontend

400-637: Is EclipseCon. There are four types of membership in the Eclipse Foundation: Strategic, Contributing, Associate, and Committer. Each member organization pays annual dues based on its membership level. Strategic Members are organizations that invest in developers and other resources to further develop the Eclipse technology. Each strategic member has a representative on the Eclipse Foundation Board of Directors. Strategic Members include

440-662: Is a front-end tool in the ARK Runtime Subsystem which combines the ace-ets2bundle component that supports converting ETS programming language files into ARK bytecode files. They correspond with ArkTS app development in OpenHarmony and HarmonyOS development under HarmonyOS NEXT system. The ArkCompiler Toolchain provides developers with debugging tools for ArkTS application development, such as the Debugger, CPUProfiler, and HeapProfiler. The debugging and tuning capabilities provided by

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480-672: Is a general purpose programming language that employs modern programming-language theory concepts and strives to present a simple, yet powerful syntax. ArkTS incorporates innovations and conventions from various programming languages, with notable inspiration from TypeScript, which it replaced as the primary development language on HarmonyOS. ArkTS was designed to be safe and friendly to new programmers while not sacrificing speed. By default ArkTS manages all memory automatically and ensures variables are always initialized before use. Array accesses are checked for out-of-bounds errors and integer operations are checked for overflow. Parameter names allow for

520-452: Is an example of a simple Hello World program. It is standard practice in ArkUI with ArkTS programming language to separate the application struct and views into different structs, with the main view named Index . ArkUI-X is an open-source UI software development kit which is extension of ArkUI for ArkTS development created by Huawei. It is used to develop cross platform applications from

560-759: Is best known for developing Eclipse IDE , an IDE primarily targeted at developing in Java . The Foundation as a whole is largely centred around Java development, with more than 90% of its codebase written in Java. As of January 2024, the Eclipse Foundation hosts more than 415 open-source projects. The Foundation also hosts 22 Industry Collaborations, including groups devoted to the Eclipse IDE, Internet of Things , and scientific research. The Eclipse Foundation hosts DemoCamps, Hackathons , and conferences; its flagship event

600-732: Is evolved into OpenHarmony 4.0, also Eclipse Foundation global OpenHarmony-based Oniro OS with ArkTS programming language support and APIs. Also, Huawei announced it would evolve ArkUI into a cross-platform declarative UI called ArkUI-X to reduce app development time and costs by bringing it to multiple platforms on Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows and macOS etc. Including EulerOS in containers that shares HarmonyOS application software stack technologies making it easier for interoperability. Version history of ArkTS releases with OpenHarmony (API 7) and HarmonyOS (API 8) convergence SDK. The platforms ArkTS supports are HarmonyOS, Linux, Windows, macOS, iOS and Android. A key aspect of ArkTS design

640-498: Is inherently at a slightly higher level than the microcode or micro-operations used internally in many processors. There are three general modes of execution for modern high-level languages: Note that languages are not strictly interpreted languages or compiled languages. Rather, implementations of language behavior use interpreting or compiling. For example, ALGOL 60 and Fortran have both been interpreted (even though they were more typically compiled). Similarly, Java shows

680-475: Is its ability to interoperate with the huge body of existing eTS and JavaScript code developed for Huawei products over the previous versions of HarmonyOS, such as HarmonyOS Design language system, graphical user interface system. On Huawei devices running HarmonyOS, it links with the eTS runtime library , which allows Native APIs in DevEco Studio templates, C, C++ and ArkTS code to run within one program. ArkTS

720-543: Is matured on the 5.0 version of the DevEco Studio IDE that is syntactically rigorous and provides more complete and rich capabilities compared to previous versions. Development of ArkTS started in 2015 by HarmonyOS founder Wang Chenglu, with the eventual collaboration of many other programmers at Huawei at that time began development of HarmonyOS after being incubated in the R&;D labs for a few years as earlier as 2012 within

760-466: Is possible for a high-level language to be directly implemented by a computer – the computer directly executes the HLL code. This is known as a high-level language computer architecture – the computer architecture itself is designed to be targeted by a specific high-level language. The Burroughs large systems were target machines for ALGOL 60 , for example. Eclipse Foundation The Eclipse Project

800-520: The C language , and similar languages, were most often considered "high-level", as it supported concepts such as expression evaluation, parameterised recursive functions, and data types and structures, while assembly language was considered "low-level". Today, many programmers might refer to C as low-level, as it lacks a large runtime-system (no garbage collection, etc.), basically supports only scalar operations, and provides direct memory addressing; it therefore, readily blends with assembly language and

840-482: The European Space Agency , Microsoft , and Oracle . Contributing Members are organizations that participate in the development of the Eclipse ecosystem and offer products and services based on, or with, Eclipse. Contributing Members include ARM , BMW Group , NXP , Witekio, and more. Associate Members are non-voting members who can submit requirements, participate in project reviews, and participate in

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880-420: The system architecture which they were written for without major revision. This is the engineering 'trade-off' for the 'Abstraction Penalty'. Examples of high-level programming languages in active use today include Python , JavaScript , Visual Basic , Delphi , Perl , PHP , ECMAScript , Ruby , C# , Java and many others. The terms high-level and low-level are inherently relative. Some decades ago,

920-652: The Annual Meeting of the Membership at Large and scheduled quarterly update meetings. Committer Members are committers who become full members of the Eclipse Foundation. Committers are the core developers of Eclipse projects and can commit changes to project source code. Committer Members have representation on the board of directors. A majority of Foundation members contribute to the Foundation by creating new applications and tools based on previous Eclipse applications, while

960-919: The Ark Toolchain is used through DevEco Studio IDE that relies on the ArkCompiler Runtime to provide runtime-related information to developers. With Ark Compiler , it supports a variety of dynamic and static programming languages such as JS , TS , and ArkTS. It is the compilation and runtime base that enables OpenHarmony alongside HarmonyOS NEXT to run on multiple device forms such as smart devices, mobile phones, PCs, tablets, TVs, automobiles, and wearables. ArkCompiler consists of two parts, compiler toolchain and runtime. DevEco Studio for HarmonyOS development using default declarative ArkUI, also other third-party UI frameworks on OpenHarmony SDK, ArkUI-X cross-platform development with Android and iOS support. High-level programming language In computer science ,

1000-612: The ArkTS codes and APIs of HarmonyOS 3.0 which was previously called eTS in September 2021. During HDC 2021, in October 2021, Huawei announced ArkUI with DevEco Studio 3.0 for HarmonyOS 3.0 era, which provides a framework for declarative UI structure design across all Huawei devices for eTS development which evolved into ArkTS development by HDC 2022 for HarmonyOS 3.1. ArkTS first appeared on OpenAtom's OpenHarmony 3.1 Beta on December 31, 2021 alongside its documentation. Since December 2023, ArkUI

1040-488: The company. ArkTS was motivated by the need for a replacement for Huawei's earlier programming language Java that not only carried legal baggage but also performance issues, underdeveloped applications in a weaker SDK both HarmonyOS 1.0 Vision TV, IoT and HarmonyOS 2.0 expanded version shipped with and improvements that still lacked in HarmonyOS 3.0 eTS/JS development for HarmonyOS app development that lacked modern features for

1080-485: The creation of clear APIs. Protocols define interfaces that types may adopt, while extensions allow developers to add functionality to existing types. ArkTS enables object-oriented programming with the support for classes , subtyping , and method overriding . Optionals allow nil values to be handled explicitly and safely. Concurrent programs can be written using async/await syntax and actors isolate shared mutable state in order to eliminate data races. The following

1120-473: The difficulty of trying to apply these labels to languages, rather than to implementations; Java is compiled to bytecode which is then executed by either interpreting (in a Java virtual machine (JVM)) or compiling (typically with a just-in-time compiler such as HotSpot , again in a JVM). Moreover, compiling, transcompiling, and interpreting is not strictly limited to only a description of the compiler artifact (binary executable or IL assembly). Alternatively, it

1160-431: The goal of aggregating the most popular constructs with new or improved features. An example of this is Scala which maintains backward compatibility with Java , meaning that programs and libraries written in Java will continue to be usable even if a programming shop switches to Scala; this makes the transition easier and the lifespan of such high-level coding indefinite. In contrast, low-level programs rarely survive beyond

1200-605: The higher abstraction may allow for more powerful techniques providing better overall results than their low-level counterparts in particular settings. High-level languages are designed independent of a specific computing system architecture . This facilitates executing a program written in such a language on any computing system with compatible support for the Interpreted or JIT program. High-level languages can be improved as their designers develop improvements. In other cases, new high-level languages evolve from one or more others with

1240-477: The language's influence on the "Superplan" language by Heinz Rutishauser and also to some degree ALGOL . The first significantly widespread high-level language was Fortran , a machine-independent development of IBM's earlier Autocode systems. The ALGOL family, with ALGOL 58 defined in 1958 and ALGOL 60 defined in 1960 by committees of European and American computer scientists, introduced recursion as well as nested functions under lexical scope . ALGOL 60

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1280-534: The machine level of CPUs and microcontrollers . Also, in the introduction chapter of The C Programming Language (second edition) by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie , C is described as "not a very high level" language. Assembly language may itself be regarded as a higher level (but often still one-to-one if used without macros ) representation of machine code , as it supports concepts such as constants and (limited) expressions, sometimes even variables, procedures, and data structures . Machine code , in turn,

1320-479: The modern operating system. ArkTS took language ideas from the likes of TypeScript , Swift , Rust , JavaScript . In November 2022, Huawei revealed the programming language evolved from eTS on HarmonyOS 3.0 to ArkTS on HarmonyOS 3.1 update. A beta version of the programming language was released to registered Huawei developers at the conference and it was not open-sourced at that time until OpenHarmony 3.0 API 7 era under OpenAtom Foundation when Huawei contributed

1360-620: The programmer to be detached and separated from the machine. That is, unlike low-level languages like assembly or machine language, high-level programming can amplify the programmer's instructions and trigger a lot of data movements in the background without their knowledge. The responsibility and power of executing instructions have been handed over to the machine from the programmer. High-level languages intend to provide features that standardize common tasks, permit rich debugging, and maintain architectural agnosticism; while low-level languages often produce more efficient code through optimization for

1400-549: The use of a lower-level language, even if a higher-level language would make the coding easier. In many cases, critical portions of a program mostly in a high-level language can be hand-coded in assembly language , leading to a much faster, more efficient, or simply reliably functioning optimised program . However, with the growing complexity of modern microprocessor architectures, well-designed compilers for high-level languages frequently produce code comparable in efficiency to what most low-level programmers can produce by hand, and

1440-451: Was also the first language with a clear distinction between value and name-parameters and their corresponding semantics . ALGOL also introduced several structured programming concepts, such as the while-do and if-then-else constructs and its syntax was the first to be described in formal notation – Backus–Naur form (BNF). During roughly the same period, COBOL introduced records (also called structs) and Lisp introduced

1480-609: Was first released in September 30, 2021 on OpenHarmony , and the ArkTS toolchain has shipped in DevEco Studio since version 3.1, released in 2022. Since, OpenHarmony 4.0 release on October 26, 2023, ArkTS APIs has been added to the open source community to contribute. Huawei intended ArkTS to support many core concepts associated with extended TypeScript (eTS) based on TypeScript and in turn JavaScript from previous versions of HarmonyOS 3.0 with ArkUI declarative UI app development and 2.0 imperative app development alongside Java . ArkTS

1520-580: Was introduced at Huawei's Developer Conference (HDC) 2022 in November 2022 on HarmonyOS 3.1 release. It underwent an upgrade in HDC 2023 with HarmonyOS 4.0 API 10 and a major upgrade at January 18, 2024 HarmonyOS Ecology Developer Conference alongside, new Cangjie programming language announced by Huawei where both programming languages become the primary languages for the iterative HarmonyOS NEXT system version of HarmonyOS operating system. The current version of ArkTS,

1560-476: Was originally created by IBM in November 2001 and was supported by a consortium of software vendors. In 2004, the Eclipse Foundation was founded to lead and develop the Eclipse community. It was created to allow a vendor-neutral, open, and transparent community to be established around Eclipse. The Foundation utilizes a hierarchical project structure. Each project stems from a primary parent project and may have sub-projects. The uppermost projects, which do not have

1600-496: Was released on October 26, 2023, for open source OpenHarmony 4.0 API 10 with new ArkTS APIs via DevEco Studio 4.0 Canary build after HarmonyOS 4.0 release on August 4, 2023. Following current stable release, a preview released in January 2024, with OpenHarmony 4.1 Beta 1 API 11. Alongside, internal HarmonyOS NEXT Developer Preview 1 and 2 with latest API 11-12 preview based on latest version of OpenHarmony that features advanced syntax that

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