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56-522: Like most of the municipalities of Sonora, the name was given by that of its municipal seat. The region was inhabited by the Opata people . The name Arizpe is derived from the roots of the Opata language Arit, "brave ant" and Pa, "in"; that is, "Place of brave ants or red ants". The region that today comprises this municipality was inhabited by the Opata people , before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors . It

112-768: A fermented maize atole beverage known as tanori , which was normally drunk during certain ceremonies and celebrations. Expert preparers of that beverage often took on the second name of Tanori . The statelet era of Opata history endured from 1350 to 1550. With decreasing population due to European diseases, Opatan societies in the 17th century became smaller and less complex. Opata women were skilled weavers and wove dyed and full-length colorful cotton fiber dresses. Men generally dressed more scantily in skirts made of hide , but also wore serapes (shawls) in cold weather. Footwear consisted of sandals made from hide. Women often wore only hide skirts similar to those of men during warm weather, and both sexes often went about nude during

168-477: A cape, and his loins were covered with a cloth, as was the custom of that nation. On the wrist of his left hand, which holds the bow when the hand pulls the cord to send the arrow, he wore a very becoming marten skin". The Opata fiercely resisted the expedition of Spanish explorer Francisco Ibarra in 1565. For several decades, the Spanish made no further attempts to conquer the Opatería. However, during that period,

224-602: A commonly reported fertility rite was a round dance known as the "Mariachi." At the time of the first contact with the Spanish in the 16th century, there were multiple sub-groups of Opata people. However, by the mid-17th century, the Spanish identified only three Opatan groups. The largest was the Eudeve (eh-oo-deh-veh), whose ancient villages and current towns encompass the western portions of traditional Opata territory. The Eudeve also referred to themselves as Deve. Both names mean "people" in their language. The second largest group

280-558: A dam named La Cieneguita, and two small reservoirs to be used in pasture lands. Vegetation of oak forest exists in the municipality; it is located near the Sierra de San Antonio and Sierra El Carmen. A large extension of municipal territory is covered with grasslands (natural and induced). Towards the central and southern part the characteristic vegetation is made up of tropical scrub , palo dulce , copal , nopal , cat's claw and bilberry cactus . Small areas are dedicated to agriculture on

336-616: A more dispersed people, living in more rugged terrain, and depended more on hunting and gathering than the other Opata groups. The Opatas traded with other Indian nations (Concho, Zuni ) to purchase turquoise in exchange for corn and cotton blankets. Animal skins and roots were acquired through trade with the Jano, Suma (mixed with Apache), Jumano (probably mixed with Apache and Comanche), Jocome, and Manso . Other items were traded with Yaqui , Mayo , and Seri , with whom they shared some fishing and hunting areas. Sisibotari ("The Great Lord")

392-530: A ruling class, slavery, irrigation agriculture, and emphasis on trade. They featured a central town, functioning as the seat of government, of at least 200 two and three-story adobe houses and a population of six per house or 1,200 or more. In the countryside for several miles in every direction from the central town were satellite communities: hamlets of 9 to 25 houses and "rancherías" of less than 9 houses. The Opata depended upon agriculture for much of their subsistence. Maize , beans , squash , and cotton were

448-557: A ship headed for Baja California. Before the ship reached the peninsula, it was stopped by Republican forces. Tanori was captured and executed. The retribution of the Mexicans against the Opata after the defeat of the French occupation resulted in the loss of nearly all of their remaining lands and the end of their resistance to Mexican rule. In 1902, American anthropologist Ales Hrdlicka , estimated

504-523: A single people to oppose the Spanish and Mexicans. Fierce battles with the Apache took a heavy toll on the Opata. Most of the Opata supported the French during their brief rule of Mexico from 1864 to 1867, as did most Sonoran Indians. An Opata, Refugio Tanori, became a general in the military forces supporting the Imperial rule of Maximilian I . When Tanori's forces were defeated, he fled to Guaymas, and boarded

560-566: A third order, it was commanded that the capital be returned to Arizpe, remaining as capital until the end of 1838, when Ures was established as its successor. In 1837 the state division was made up of districts planned by the agreement of the Departmental Board, and in the same way the District of Arizpe was created, and thus lasted until 1914 , when on 21 November of that year the provisional constitutionalist governor Benjamín G. Hill decreed

616-480: Is a reservoir La Angostura, which dams up the Río Bavispe . The municipal seat and main settlement is on Federal Highway 17 , which connects Agua Prieta with Hermosillo . The distance to Agua Prieta is 123 kilometers. It is also on the railroad that connects with Agua Prieta . There is a small airport for light aircraft. Nacozari, as we know it, began with the discovery of mines in 1660. The first settlement

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672-588: Is a small mining town surrounded by the Nacozari de García Municipality in the northeast of the Mexican state of Sonora . The municipal seat had a population of 11,193 in 2000. It is located at an elevation of 1,040 meters. The municipal area is 3,069.52 km² with a population of 14,363 registered in 2000. The land is mountainous and is part of the spurs of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. There

728-567: Is called Dohema. The Tehuimas spoke Tehuima, and the Jovas spoke Jova. The Eudeve and Tehuima languages were closely related, as "different as Portuguese and Spanish." Jova was a more distinct language. The Ópata language, with the possible exception of the Jova dialect, were extinct by 1950. During the 1993 census in Mexico, 12 persons claimed to be "Opata" speakers, but this is widely considered to be an error in

784-526: Is located in the center-north area of the state of Sonora, between parallels 30° 6' 42.16" and 30° 46' 16.25" North latitude, and meridians 109° 44' 14.89" and 110° 30' 8.6" West longitude, at a minimum altitude of 2297 feet above sea level (700 meters asl) and a maximum of 7546 feet asl (2,300 meters asl). Its territory limits to the North with the municipality of Cananea , to the Northeast with that of Bacoachi , to

840-409: Is not affiliated with a health service is 694 people, that is, 24.89% of the municipal total, otherwise, 75.04% does have medical insurance either public or private. In the territory, 333 people (11.94%) have some disability or motor limit to carry out their daily activities, while 38 inhabitants (1.36%) have some mental problem or condition. The municipality has a total of 72 localities, of which

896-514: Is now extinct. In the 16th century, at the time of Spanish contact, the Opata were the most numerous people in Sonora. Some sources indicate that as an identifiable ethnic group, the Opata are now extinct, or nearly extinct. Today, some people identify as Opatas. The Opata language was a Uto-Aztecan language , related to neighboring languages such as O'odham , Tarahumara , Tepehuan , Yaqui and Mayo , among others. The Eudeve dialect

952-524: Is still exercised during Easter week in most towns and villages in Opata Country. The rite includes the wearing of masks and the use of traditional Opatan instruments during the procession which include hand-held gourd rattles, bands of small ankle rattles, and hand-held drums. Masks often include traditional ones carved from Cottonwood , depicting various painted human and animal-like facial figures. Nacozari de Garc%C3%ADa Nacozari de García

1008-425: Is the name some Tehuima villages gave to themselves and means "iron people," since iron ore was abundant in Opata territory, and Opata spear tips were made from iron ore. Thus, those Tehuima people were also known as "the iron spear people." Some anthropological texts state that the "Opata" referred to themselves collectively in their own language as "Joylraua." However, according to Opata oral traditionalists, Joylraua

1064-509: The Western State were established, and it was a year later, in 1813 , when Arizpe was promulgated as an independent municipality along with 15 other municipalities. The following year, 1814, King Ferdinand VII of Spain dissolved these municipalities. In September 1824, after the Independence of Mexico and the authorities of this area had sworn allegiance to the new government, the seat of

1120-523: The southwestern United States , particularly in Arizona, where their ancestors migrated to work in agriculture and mining. At the time of first contact with the Spanish, the Opata may have been the most numerous and culturally complex people living in Oasis America , comprising the desert regions of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. The towns of the Opata were found in the broad valleys of

1176-482: The "Opatería" in Spanish, encompasses the mountainous northeast and central part of the state of Sonora , extending to near the border with the United States . Historically, they included several subtribes, including the Eudeve, Teguima, and Jova peoples. Most Opatan towns were situated in river valleys and had an economy based on irrigated agriculture. They spoke the Opata language , a Uto-Aztecan language , that

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1232-527: The Arizpe District was made up of the municipalities of: Aconchi, Agua Prieta , Bacoachi, Baviácora, Cananea, Fronteras, Huépac, San Felipe, Naco and Banámichi. In 1930 the municipalities of Banámichi and Baviácora were suppressed due to the low income they generated, and their localities were part of the municipality of Arizpe until 13 May 1931, when they were rehabilitated as independent municipalities back, and they remain so until today. The municipality

1288-708: The East with that of Nacozari de García , to the Southeast with that of Cumpas , to the South with Banámichi , to the Southwest with Opodepe , to the West with Cucurpe , and to the Northwest with that of Ímuris . It has administrative limits with the following municipalities according to their location: This municipality has an area of 1,186.56 square miles (3,073.17 km), which represents 1.7% of

1344-537: The Intendency of Arizona , The Californias , Sonora and Sinaloa , Nueva Vizcaya (nowadays Durango ), and Chihuahua . The town was also the seat of the Intendency of Arizpe. In 1648 the mission of San José de Chinapa was founded, first functioning as a town to be visited by missionaries heading from Arizpe. On 19 March 1812, when the Spanish Constitution of 1812 came into force, the first municipalities of

1400-457: The Jova lived in Chihuahua. These people were still independent, and not under Spanish rule, as late as 1678. During the 18th century, the Jova intermarried with neighboring Eudeves and they merged into one single group. At that point the Jova no longer could be identified as a distinct indigenous ethnic group. According to the "Noticias Estadisticas del Estado de Sonora" by D. Francisco Velasco

1456-473: The Opata Nation is subdued in: Some people in Sonora and southern Arizona identify as being of Ópata descent today. Very few Ópata traditions are exercised today, and their character is generally mestizaje (mainline Mexican mestizo) as opposed to a traditional indigenous character and lifestyle. However, the ancient Opatan spring procession rite known today as the fariseo (with some Catholicism mixed in)

1512-459: The Opata, forcing the survivors to surrender. The Spanish executed the Opata leaders, including Dorame, a Eudeve, whose surname is still common in the Opatería region of Sonora. Revolts continued after Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. Another Opata leader, Dolores Gutiérrez, was executed in 1833 by the Mexicans for his involvement in a revolt. Although the Opata had formidable reputations as warriors, they were never able to unite as

1568-503: The abolition of the districts as part of the formation process of free municipalities during the Mexican Revolution and the structure of the local governments was managed. On 15 September 1917, Arizpe was named as a free municipality along with 66 others, and it was ruled by a municipal president and four councilors. The division into districts previously abolished was preserved only for political, electoral and finance purposes, and

1624-443: The accident. [1] The name Nacozari is an Opata word that means "abundance of nopal ". The main economic activity is the copper mine of Mina Mexicana de Cobre, S.A de C.V, which employs most of the labor force (3,012 workers in 2000). [2] Cattle raising is also important with 16,375 head counted in the 2000 census. Calves are exported to the United States of America . Neighboring municipalities are: See detailed map of

1680-566: The banks of the Sonora River. In the northeast of the municipality there are areas of thorny scrub. In the municipality there are the following species of animals: According to the results of the 14th Population and Housing Census carried out in 2020 by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), the total population of the municipality is 2,788 inhabitants; with a population density of 0.90 inhabitants/km, and ranks 37th in

1736-532: The census count. Professor Manuel García Madrid, an Opata from Sonora, has published a linguistic text on the Tehuima dialect. American linguistic anthropologist David L. Shaul has done extensive research and published much material on the Eudeve dialect. Field anthropologist Campbell Pennington researched and published much information on the Opatan peoples and their dialects during the latter part of their history. As

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1792-688: The city of Nogales, and to the 6th Electoral District of Sonora based in Cananea. According to the Organic Order Law of the State of Sonora, the municipality for its administration is divided into three commisaryships, listed below in alphabetical order: Bacanuchi Chinapa Sinoquipe 30°19′00″N 110°10′00″W  /  30.3167°N 110.1667°W  / 30.3167; -110.1667 Opata people The Opata ( Spanish : Ópata , /ˈopata/) are an Indigenous people in Mexico . Opata territory,

1848-521: The effort to convert Ópatas to Roman Catholicism. The Opata slowly became Spanish allies of convenience. Opata soldiers joined the Spanish in campaigns against their common enemy the Apache . By 1688, the Spanish established 22 missions among the Ópata. The Ópata assimilated into Spanish society, far more than the Tarahumara , Mayo , or Yaqui did. By 1800, the Opata were mostly followers of Christianity, commonly spoke Spanish , and were largely under

1904-421: The federal government spent hundreds of millions of dollars to develop La Caridad, and revive other mines in the area. Nacozari was estimated to have 18,600 people in 1986, and 30,000 in 1989. La Caridad is ranked the third largest copper mine in the world. The municipal seat was first called Placeritos de Nacozari but changed its name to Nacozari de García to honor the railroad engineer Jesús García , who saved

1960-695: The five north–south trending rivers of northern and eastern Sonora. The rivers, west to east, are the San Miguel, Sonora, Moctezuma, and the two upper tributaries of the Yaqui, the Bavispe and the Arcos. The Opata were not members of a single political entity, but rather organized into a number of "statelets" – several of which may have also been populated by their neighbors to the south, the Pima Bajo . The statelets were characterized by

2016-522: The higher figure. The Opatas were the most numerous of the several indigenous groups in the state of Sonora, and the river valleys of their territory were densely populated with their permanent villages. Disease, war, and famine reduced the aboriginal population of Opatería to 6,000 by 1764. Today, there are no known full-blooded Opatas left, but mestizo descendants still make up the majority population of traditional Opata territory. Many Opata descendants reside in other parts of Sonora , greater Mexico , and

2072-898: The hot season. Necklaces and other adornments made from hide, stone, bone, shell, and feathers were worn. Dwellings consisted of thatched huts and small houses made of adobe and zacate with thatched roofs. During warm, dry seasons, semi- subterranean dwellings known as a hu'uki were also used. (In addition, hu'ukis were used as sweat lodges , and small ones were constructed for the purpose of storing legumes to keep them cool and fresh longer). Homosexuality and transgenderism were not taboo in traditional Opatan society. Same-sex couples existed in some villages, including effeminate males who dressed and lived as women. There were plural marriages of village leaders where they took their sisters-in-law as spouses or concubines. Fertility rites also took place. Described as "obscene" in Spanish priests' written accounts (see, for example Cañas, 1730),

2128-536: The local powers was changed to El Fuerte, Sinaloa . On 31 October 1825, the Constitution was reestablished, but Arizpe was not renamed a municipality since it did not meet the at least three thousand inhabitants required for the appointment. Six years later, in 1831, by a new Constitution, it was determined that the state be divided into parties. Eight parties were created including the Arizpe Party; on 13 April 1832, by

2184-504: The main ones and the population they have are the following: The seat of the municipal government lies in the town of Arizpe where the Municipal Palace is located. The council is made up of a municipal president, a syndic, three councilors with a relative majority and, two with proportional representation, and is assisted by delegates from the localities. The municipality belongs to the 2nd Federal Electoral District of Sonora based in

2240-560: The municipality of Cananea , with a continuous and permanent flow that will flow into the Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam; the Bacanuchi river is born in Milpillas, a place also in the municipality of Cananea, and empties into the Sonora River. The most important streams of the municipality of Arizpe are: Piedras de Lumbre, Cuevas, San Cristóbal, Agua Caliente, Basochuca, Toro Muerto, Nogalitos. There are

2296-516: The number of full-blood Opatas at 500 to 600. Another anthropologist, Carl Lumholtz , commented that the Opatas had "lost their language, religion, and traditions, dress like the Mexicans, and in appearance are in no way distinguishable from the laboring class of Mexico with which they are thoroughly merged through frequent intermarriage." Population estimates for Opatería at the time of Spanish contact range from 20,000 to 70,000, with most estimates nearer

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2352-988: The population of the municipality belongs to the Catholic religion , 4.05% is Evangelical Christian / Protestant or of some variant, and 0.18% is of another religion, while 1.18% do not profess any religion. According to the 2020 Population and Housing Census; 18 children between 6 and 11 years old (0.65% of the total), 12 adolescents between 12 and 14 years old (0.43%), 79 adolescents between 15 and 17 years old (2.83%), and 13 young people between 18 and 24 years old (0.47%) do not attend any educational institution. 61 inhabitants of 15 years or more (2.19%) are illiterate , 66 inhabitants of 15 years or more (2.37%) have no education level, 404 people of 15 years or more (14.49%) attended several years of elementary school but did not complete it, 106 people aged 15 years or over (3.8%) started secondary school without finishing it. The municipality has an educational level of 8.13. The number of population that

2408-436: The principal crops. Due to the scarcity and irregularity of rainfall, the Opata practiced canal irrigation as well as dry-land farming techniques. Early Spanish explorers described large and productive fields among the Opata. The Opata also hunted game, especially deer, with bows and arrows , fished in the rivers with spears and nets, and gathered wild foods such as Chenopodium and cactus leaves and fruits. They also produced

2464-416: The railroad was finished in 1904. By 1907, Nacozari had become the metropolis of far northeastern Sonora. It had 5,000 people, mostly Mexicans and Americans, with some Chinese. Phelps retained the mines until 1948 when they were exhausted. A large mine, La Caridad , was discovered about 20 miles southeast of Nacozari in 1968. By 1979, the population of Nacozari was back to about 3,000. As Mexicana de Cobre,

2520-496: The rule of the Spanish government. Many Opatans became cowboys on Spanish ranches, or migrated to mining towns to work in the mines. Tension between the Spanish, the Mexicans, and the Opata manifested itself in numerous revolts in the 19th century. In 1820, 300 Opata warriors defeated a Spanish force of 1,000 soldiers and destroyed a mining town near Tonichi . Later, they won another battle at Arivechi , killing more than 30 soldiers. A Spanish force of 2,000 soldiers finally defeated

2576-423: The state in order of population. Of the total population, 1,446 are men and 1,342 are women. In 2020 there were 1,555 homes, but of these, 968 homes were inhabited, of which 265 were run by a woman. Of the total population, 3 people over 3 years of age (0.11% of the municipal total) speak some Mexican indigenous language ; while 5 inhabitants (0.18%) consider themselves Afro-Mexican or Afro-descendant . 94.51% of

2632-522: The state total and 0.14% of the national. The Municipality of Arizpe has a dry climate and semi-warm, with a maximum average monthly temperature of 84.02°F (28.9°C) in the months of July and August; and a minimum monthly mean of 52.52°F (11.4°C) in the months of February and March; and an annual mean temperature of 68.18°F (20.1°C). The rains occur in summer, during the months of July and August with an annual average precipitation of 421.5 millimeters. Frosts occasionally occur from November to February. In

2688-448: The statelets declined and were replaced by a "ranchería" culture of small settlements and dispersed dwellings. The drastic decline of the Ópata population is likely due to epidemics of introduced European diseases and local diseases. In 1628, Jesuit missionaries established a mission in Opatería and encountered little opposition to their efforts to evangelize, and later, to reorganize Opata society along Spanish lines. Pedro Mendéz led

2744-463: The three Opatan groups lived adjacent to one another, Franciscan missionaries had by about 1800 lumped them together into one group they called "Opata." Several Franciscan missionary records and subsequent anthropological accounts state that "Opata" was borrowed from a Pima Indian word meaning "enemy," the name allegedly given by the northern and southern Piman peoples to their Opatan neighbors. However, according to Opatan oral traditionalists, "Opata"

2800-612: The town from a dynamite explosion on 7 November 1907. Besides Nacozari, there are monuments to Jesús García in many other Mexican cities and towns. November 7 is the Day of the Railroader in Mexico. All except essential employees of the National Railways of Mexico get the day off. Many streets in Mexico are named Jesús García or the Héroe de Nacozari . Poems and songs have been written about him, and

2856-748: The western region of the municipality is the Sierra San Antonio, in the eastern area, the Sierra El Carmen, and from the north it penetrates towards the southern end of the Sierra El Manzanal. There are less rugged areas towards the center of the municipality on the vegas of the Bacanuchi River and the Sonora River . The Sonora River crosses the municipality and is born in Ojo de Agua de Arvayo in

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2912-404: Was a respected Jova chieftain known throughout Opata country who lived from the late 16th century to the mid-17th century. He served as a major intermediary between the Opatan peoples and the Spanish, which helped maintain peace between the two peoples during his time. Father Andrés Pérez de Ribas described Sisibotari, "He was handsome and still young, wore a long coat attached at his shoulder like

2968-438: Was called Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Nacozari and was founded as part of the network of Royal Mines by Jesuit Missionary Gilles de Fiodermon. The mines were acquired by Anglo American U.B. Freaner mining company in 1867, which sold them to The Moctezuma Copper Company, a subsidiary of Phelps Dodge. American style housing was built, together with a library and a small hospital. Copper was hauled partially by mule trains, until

3024-647: Was first known as the Ore, but were later called the Tegüima or Tehuima (teh-wee-mah). Their ancient villages and current towns encompass the northeastern and central portion of Opata territory. Tehuima means "river people." The smallest Opatan group was the Ova or Jova (ho-vah). Jova means "water people." They originally inhabited eight villages in the southeastern portion of Opata territory. Some of their villages were Negarachi, Sahuaripa, Teopari, Tutuaca, Xiripa, and Yepomera. A number of

3080-522: Was in 1646 when the Jesuit missionaries Jerónimo de la Canal and Ignacio Molarja founded the town of Arizpe with the category of "Mission Town" while evangelizing the above-mentioned ethnic group . Clause VI of the "Royal Order of 22 August 1776", issued by King Charles III of Spain established that the town of Arizpe was the capital of the Western Internal Provinces, with jurisdiction over

3136-932: Was the name of an ancient Eudeve village named after an honored chieftain of that village. In the 16th century, Ópata may have entered Pima territory what is now Sonora from the northeast. At the time of first contact with the Spanish in the mid-16th century, the Opatería was a land of "statelets," a number of independent, agricultural towns scattered up and down the inland valleys of the Sonora River (statelets: Corazones, Señora, and Guaraspi), Moctezuma River (statelets: Cumupa, Batuco, and Pinebaroca), Bavispe River (statelet: Sahuaripa), and Aros River (statelets: Paibatubo, and Oera). There were at least five Opata statelets, and four others which were either Opata, Pima , or mixed. The statelets had populations of several thousand people, and consisted of towns surrounded by dispersed dwellings and irrigated cropland. The Opata grew corn , squash , beans , and cotton . The Jova, however, were

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