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55-706: The province was first established on October 31, 1883 by a law promulgated by President Domingo Santa María which defined its limits as the Tacna Province to the north, the Quebrada de Camarones to the south, the Andes mountain range to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. This was under the conditions of Treaty of Ancón , by means of which Chile achieved dominion over the Tarapacá Department , and possession of

110-451: A connection to the ocean with the assistance of international mediators on the issue which is yet to be solved, and continues to this day . The handover had no official ceremony, with some Chilean officials temporarily staying behind to assist Peru regarding the new administration. Nonetheless, the return of the territory was met with ceremonies in Peru, with President Augusto B. Leguía overseeing

165-563: A dark blue epaulet with two crossed horsewhips inside a laurel wreath and two PSP stars. Each PSP star consists in a six points silver star with the "SP" monogram in the center. The rank insignia of a sub-intendant is similar but with only a single PSP star. Nowadays in the Spanish armed forces, the title Intendant refers to a Colonel in the Supply Branch either in the Navy, Army or Air Force. It

220-521: A hundred men, which were defeated in battle in 1882, with Albarracín and his son being killed in action . On April 23, 1921, measles in epidemic form was reported in the province, as well as neighboring Antofagasta, occurring among troops. At the same time, smallpox was reported present. On June 3, 1929 the Treaty of Lima was signed by then Peruvian Representative Pedro José Rada y Gamio and Chilean Representative Emiliano Figueroa Larrain , leading to

275-507: A military parade in Lima , and church bells ringing in celebration. Some Chilean citizens, who had remained in the province after the handover asked to be repatriated. According to a law of December 30, 1927, in the Department of Arica the following communes and sub-delegations were created: The communes of Arica, Putre, Belén, Codpa and General Lagos, all formed a single municipal group, whose head

330-498: A province, and were focused on royal inspection. Article 54 of the Code Michau described their functions as "to learn about all crimes, misdemeanors and financial misdealings committed by our officials and of other things concerning our service and the tranquility of our people" (" informer de tous crimes, abus et malversations commises par nos officiers et autres choses concernant notre service et le soulagement de notre peuple "). In

385-476: A re-attestation process and received ranks ranging from lieutenant of the intendant service to colonel of the administrative service. In Scotland intendant is an archaic title meaning "supervisor" or "curator". The senior officer of the City of Glasgow Police was called an Intendant in the document establishing the force in 1800. For much of its history, the chief magistrate of the city of Charleston, South Carolina

440-572: A say in almost all administrative, ecclesiastical and military matters, intendentes were conceived by the Bourbon kings to be a check on other local officials (who in the past couple of centuries had come to gain their position through the sale of offices or inheritance), just as the intendants had been in France a century earlier. Throughout the 18th century the Bourbons experimented with the powers and duties of

495-457: A term of five years. Uruguay is divided administratively into 19 departamentos (departments). The executive power of each department is the intendencia (intendancy), headed by an intendente departamental (departmental intendant). The intendants are popularly elected, and serve a term of five years. The position of intendant was part of the tsarist Russian army from 1812 to 1868; intendants were responsible for supplies, finances, etc. in

550-765: Is also used in some branches of the administration such as the Catalan Police, ( Mossos d'Esquadra in Catalan) or in some Autonomous Communities ( Comunidades Autónomas in Spanish). In Argentina , intendente (m) or intendenta (f) refers to city mayors – heads of government of municipalities (or partidos in Buenos Aires Province ). This meaning is not at all connected to the usage in other countries. Spanish-language media in countries other than Argentina tend to refer to Argentine city mayors as alcaldes , which

605-591: Is the most common Spanish word for mayor. In the Argentine Army , "Intendencia" is the Spanish name of the Quartermaster Corps, and its members are informally called "intendentes". In some organizations, such as clubs, gated communities, large companies, etc., "intendente" is the name given to the person in charge of general maintenance of common spaces. Chile is administratively divided in 16 regions . Between 1976 (1974 in some regions) and 2021, each region

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660-618: The Chambre Saint-Louis demanded that the Intendants be suppressed; Mazarin and Anne of Austria gave in to these demands except in the case of border provinces threatened by Spanish or Imperial attack. At the end of the Fronde, the Intendants were reinstated. When Louis XIV (1643–1715) was in power, the Marquis of Louvois , War Secretary between 1677 and 1691, further expanded the power of

715-628: The French Revolution . The title was maintained thereafter for military officers with responsibility for financial auditing at regimental level and above. A 2021 study, which used a dataset of 430 intendants from 1640 to 1789, found that less than half of these officials went through the legally-specified training path. The study raised questions about the impersonal nature of these bureaucrats, with evidence indicating that familial and marital ties were factors in appointments, and that appointment duration had wide variability. Appointed and revoked by

770-623: The Old Regime . A product of the centralization policies of the French crown, intendants were appointed "commissions," and not purchasable hereditary "offices," which thus prevented the abuse of sales of royal offices and made them more tractable and subservient emissaries of the king. Intendants were sent to supervise and enforce the king's will in the provinces and had jurisdiction over three areas: finances, policing and justice. Their missions were always temporary, which helped reduce favorable bias toward

825-832: The Parlements or the Court of Accounts . Their mission was always for a specific mandate and lasted for a limited period. Along with these, there were also commissioners sent to the army, in charge of provisioning the army, policing and finances; they would supervise accountants, providers, merchants, and generals, and attend war councils and tribunals for military crimes. Such commissioners are found in Corsica as early as 1553, in Bourges in 1592, in Troyes in 1594, and in Limoges in 1596. When Henry IV ascended

880-504: The Treaty of Ancón (October 29, 1883), putting an end to war. Santa María also wrote the peace treaty with Bolivia in 1884, basis for the future peace Treaty of 1904. In the domestic front, his main fight was against the power of the Catholic Church in Chile . He forced through congress the laws of civil marriage, civil registry and public cemeteries, all of which were functions formerly in

935-723: The War of the Spanish Succession of 1701 to 1714 the French royal House of Bourbon secured its hold on the throne of Spain; it extended a French-style intendancy system to Spain and Portugal - and subsequently worldwide through the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire . Regions were divided into districts, each administered by an intendant. The title continues in use in Spain and in parts of Spanish America for particular government officials. Intendants were royal civil servants in France under

990-457: The liberal party , participating actively in the 1851 revolution . In 1856, during the clash between the government and the church due to the "verger problem" he joined the opposition to the church, a position that would eventually carry to the extreme during his administration. In 1858, he was elected to the lower house of congress and a year later, he was forced into exile in Europe as a result of

1045-617: The 17th and 18th centuries, the intendants were chosen from the noblesse de robe ("administrative nobility") or the upper-bourgeoisie. Generally, they were masters of requests in the Conseil des parties . They were chosen by the Controller-General of Finances who asked the advice of the Secretary of State for War for those who were to be sent in border provinces. They were often young: Charles Alexandre de Calonne became an intendant at

1100-534: The 1859 revolution. After his return, he remained aloof from politics. He became an attorney of the Appellate Court of Santiago. During the Chincha Islands War , he became a champion for Americanism and his articles made him a public figure. After the war, he returned to politics as member of the lower house, raising to become vice-president of the chamber. He was also a diplomat and was named full member of

1155-561: The Appellate Court and a State Counsellor. In March 1879, he was elected senator. When the War of the Pacific broke out, he was named Minister of Foreign Affairs and soon after, Minister of the Interior. From that position, he had almost total control over the direction of the war and as such became one of the main people responsible for the victory. At this point in Santa María's career, he became

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1210-585: The Canadian province of Quebec , also had a senior official called an intendant , who was responsible to the French King. New France's first intendant was Jean Talon , comte d'Orsainville in 1665, and the last one, at the time of the British conquest of Quebec was François Bigot . Intendants were introduced into Spain and the Spanish Empire during the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms . The reforms were designed by

1265-776: The Comuneros prevented their installation in New Granada . In Portugal, historically, the title "intendant" ( intendente in Portuguese) has been mainly associated with police roles. From 1760 to 1832, the head of the Police of the Kingdom of Portugal had the title of "Intendant General of the Police of the Court and of the Kingdom". A similar title - that of "Intendant General of the Public Security" -

1320-598: The Senate . He died of a heart attack on July 18, 1889. Intendant An intendant ( French: [ɛ̃tɑ̃dɑ̃] ; Portuguese : intendente [ĩtẽˈdẽtɨ] ; Spanish : intendente [intenˈdente] ) was, and sometimes still is, a public official, especially in France , Spain , Portugal , and Latin America . The intendancy system was a centralizing administrative system developed in France. In

1375-489: The age of 32, Turgot and Louis Bénigne François Berthier de Sauvigny at the age of 34, and Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny at the age of 40. A symbol of royal centralization and absolutism, the intendant had numerous adversaries. Those nostalgic for an administration based on noble lineage (such as Saint-Simon ) saw intendants as parvenus and usurpers of noble power. Partisans of a less absolute monarchy (such as Fénelon ) called for them to be abolished. Jacques Necker ,

1430-550: The capital city. (The offices were separated again in 1766). District alcaldes mayores or coregidores were subordinated to the provincial intendente-corregidor and assisted him in managing the province and implementing reforms. As a result of the Seven Years' War an intendancy was set up in Cuba in 1764. The Cuban intendant had oversight of the army's and the royal treasury's finances. (Two new intendancies with oversight only over

1485-747: The effective return of Tacna to Peru at midnight, on the 28th of August 1929, creating the Department of Tacna , and Arica (both the former Peruvian Department as well as some territory of the Department of Tacna ceded by the treaty) was permanently given to Chile, being integrated into the Tarapacá Province , ending the existence of the Chilean Province of Tacna. Nevertheless, even with the border conflict officially over, controversy would continue among nationals of both Peru and Bolivia, who would continue her claims over her lost territories , seeking once again

1540-449: The field. After the 1935 rank reform that established 'personal ranks' in the Soviet military, it was reintroduced as the rank title for administrative and supply officers. The specific ranks, their collar insignia, and their line equivalents were: On 7 May 1940, the rank title system for all Soviet Army senior officers was changed to bring it closer in line with standard European practice, and

1595-450: The finances of the army and of the territories conquered by the Bourbons, and after the war, they were made permanent ( intendentes de ejército y provincia ). (After 1724, most intendancies lost their military character except in areas with a captaincy general and in Navarre .) In 1749 an intendancy was established in every province, with the intendant also holding the office of corregidor of

1650-406: The government liberals. In the parliamentary election of 1881, the conservatives refused to participate, except for Carlos Walker Martínez who was a candidate for deputy. The government went out of its way to prevent Walker's election and in a district with 20,000 voters there were 34,000 votes. The opposition did manage to elect a few anti-government liberals and radicals. In 1885, the electoral fight

1705-618: The hands of the Church. His actions led to a break in diplomatic relations with Rome. He also concluded the Occupation of the Araucanía , incorporating the area into the territory of Chile. He centralized the railroads into a state holding, inaugurated the first telephonic line between Santiago and Concepcion, and introduced the first public electric lighting. Santa María's presidency was also marked by increased electoral fraud and intervention in favor of

Arica Department - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-554: The intendant, after agreement with the majority of the Delegates of People's Power (councilors). The Republic of Paraguay is administratively divided into 17 departamentos (departments), each of which is headed by an gobernador departamental (departmental governor). These departamentos are divided into 261 distritos (districts) (plus the capital district ), districts are headed by an intendente municipal (municipal intendant), these intendants are popularly elected, and serve

1815-583: The intendants, both in Spain and overseas, so what follows is only a general description of the Spanish intendancy. In any given area at any given time, the duties of the intendant would have been specified by the laws that established that particular intendancy. The first intendencias were established in Spain after 1711, during the War of the Spanish Succession on the advice of Jean Orry , who had been sent by Louis XIV of France to help his young grandson Philip V set up his new government. The first intendants ( superintendentes generales del ejército ) oversaw

1870-539: The king and reporting to the Controller-General of Finances , the Intendant in his "généralité" had at his service a small team of secretaries. In the 18th century, the "généralité" was subdivided into "subdelegations" at the head of which was placed a "subdelegate" (having also a team of secretaries) chosen by the Intendant. In this way, the Intendant was relatively understaffed given his large jurisdiction. The French North American colony of New France , which later became

1925-561: The main city in Yucatán. These administrative changes codified existing regional divisions of Center (Mexico, Veracruz, Puebla, Michoacan), South (Oaxaca, Mérida), and North (Zacatecas, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Durango, and Sonora). In 1776 Gálvez, now Minister of the Indies, established an intendancy ( superintendencia ) for all of Venezuela in 1776, and several in the Río de la Plata in 1783. Most of

1980-404: The natural heir to President Pinto . Although General Manuel Baquedano was also touted as a candidate, Baquedano's resignation left Santa María as the consensus candidate. He was elected president in 1881. During his administration, he continued the War of the Pacific to its end. A few months prior to his presidency Chile had captured Lima and Santa María's administration forced Peru to sign

2035-571: The new dynasty to make political administration more efficient and to promote economic, commercial, and fiscal development of their new realms. An intendente was in charge of a Spanish administrative unit, called an intendencia , which could include one or more provinces. The intendente was appointed directly by the Crown and had responsibility to oversee the treasury, the collection of taxes, and corruption practices and to promote agriculture and economic growth in general. With fiscal powers that gave them

2090-454: The old guard and if I participate in intervention it is because I want an effective, disciplined Parliament that collaborates with the government's work for the common good. I have experience and know where I'm going. I cannot let the theorists undo what Portales, Bulnes, Montt, and Errázuriz have done." He assured the election of his protégé and political heir, José Manuel Balmaceda . After he stepped down, he continued his work as President of

2145-421: The only Minister of Finances since 1720 who had not himself been an intendant, accused them of incompetence because of their youth and social aspirations. The cahiers de doléances of 1789 depicted them as over zealous agents of fiscal policies which weighed heavily on the people. The term intendant was also used for certain positions close to the Controller-General (see this term for more information): In

2200-568: The overseas intendants were assisted by officials ( subdelegados ) who replaced the old corregidores or alcaldes mayores . Initially intendancies were held by a separate person from the viceroy or the governor, but eventually in many places the offices were granted to one person due to conflicts that emerged between these two. More intendancies were established in Quito , Peru , Philippines , Puerto Rico (1784), Guatemala , more areas of New Spain , Chile (1786) and Cuenca (1786). The Revolt of

2255-450: The parties, and even with universal suffrage, is suicide for a ruler, and I will not commit suicide before a chimera. I can see this well and I will impose myself to govern as well as I can and I will support as many liberal laws as are presented to prepare the ground for a future democracy. Hear me well: future democracy," he once said. On another occasion, he simply admitted, "I have been called an interventor [of elections]. I am. I belong to

Arica Department - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-403: The provinces of Tacna and Arica for a decade, after which a plebiscite was to be held in 1894 to determine the region's sovereignty, however, it was never carried out. The provisional legal organization would end up working for 50 years, until 1929. During its early years, resistance was at its peak, with some Peruvian military personnel organizing guerrillas, such as Gregorio Albarracín's, of about

2365-559: The provincial intendants. They monitored Louis's refinements of the French military, including the institution of a merit promotion system and a policy of enlistment limited to single men for periods of four years. After 1680, Intendants in France had a permanent position in a fixed region (or " généralité "); their official titles being intendant de justice, police et finances , commissaires départis dans les généralités du royaume pour l'exécution des ordres du roi (or de Sa Majesté ). The position of Intendant remained in existence until

2420-438: The ranks of major general of the intendant service, lieutenant general of the intendant service, and colonel general of the intendant service were introduced. Senior officers from brigintendant to armintendant rank underwent a re-attestation process and were given a general rank. On 30 March 1942, the 'intendant' ranks equivalent to those between lieutenant and colonel were abolished, and officers holding those ranks also underwent

2475-549: The same time, he became the secretary of the Sociedad del Orden (Society for Public Order), a liberal club opposed to the conservative party. At the age of 23, he became Intendant of Colchagua . His active intervention in rigging elections in favor of the conservatives made him into the principal target of the opposition. Two years later, he was asked to resign by his superiors. His refusal sparked his destitution by Manuel Montt . At that point, he joined Montt's opposition and joined

2530-545: The same way, the term intendant général was used for certain commissioned positions close to the State Secretaries of War and of the Navy. As early as the 15th century, the French kings sent commissioners to the provinces to report on royal and administrative issues and to undertake any necessary action. These agents of the king were recruited from among the masters of requests, the Councillors of State and members of

2585-528: The term "Intendant" appears around 1620 during the reign of Louis XIII – became an effective tool of regional control. Under Louis XIII's minister Cardinal Richelieu , with France's entry into the Thirty Years' War in 1635, the Intendants became a permanent institution in France. No longer mere inspectors, their role became one of government administrators. During the Fronde in 1648, the members of Parlement of

2640-404: The throne in 1589, one of his prime focuses was to reduce the privileges of the provincial governors who, in theory, represented "the presence of the king in his province" but had, during the civil wars of the early modern period, proven themselves to be highly intractable; these positions had long been held by only the highest ranked noble families in the realm. The Intendants to the provinces —-

2695-743: The treasury were established in 1786 in Camagüey and Santiago de Cuba .) After a two years of experimentation with the new office, an intendancy was introduced in Louisiana (1764). That same year Visitador General José de Gálvez created a plan to set up intendancies in New Spain (Mexico). The first one was set up in central Mexico in 1786, followed in 1787 by Veracruz , Puebla , Valladolid in Michoacan, Guadalajara , Oaxaca , Guanajuato , Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí , Durango , Sonora , and in 1789 Mérida ,

2750-652: Was a Chilean political figure. He served as the president of Chile between 1881 and 1886. He was born in Santiago , the son of Luis José Santa María González and Ana Josefa González Morandé . He completed his early studies in the Instituto Nacional, and graduated as a lawyer from the Universidad de Chile in 1847. Soon after, he became a clerk at the Justice Ministry, where he rose to become Official Mayor. At

2805-778: Was headed by an intendant, appointed by the president . In Cuba , the intendant was introduced by the Constitution of the Republic (2019) to head the Administrative Councils - subordinate to the Municipal Assemblies of People's Power (town halls) - and with strictly executive-administrative functions. As the highest local authority is the President of the Municipal Assembly (mayor), it is up to him to designate and remove

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2860-422: Was much more violent and the conservatives were determined to oppose fraud. Fights between government supporters and detractors left many dead or wounded and there were numerous reports of votes being stolen by government officials. Santa María, far from denying he participated in fraud, openly admitted it. "I have been called authoritarian. [...] Giving away the votes to unworthy people, to the irrational passions of

2915-435: Was the Intendant of the City, roughly corresponding to a mayor. The title Intendant was also used in other Lowcountry towns, where the office was assisted by "wardens," a system which may have derived from earlier ecclesiastical administration under colonial rule. It is also commonly found today in many theaters and opera houses in Europe, where it is the equivalent to the title of general director , given to an individual in

2970-466: Was the city of Arica. In 1930 , after remaining a year without belonging to any province after the suppression of the province of Tacna , when part of the homonymous department was annexed to Peru , this department becomes the Province of Tarapacá , as a result of the Treaty of Lima . Domingo Santa Mar%C3%ADa Domingo Santa María González ( Latin American Spanish: [doˈmiŋgo ˈsanta maˈɾi.a] ; August 4, 1825 – July 18, 1889)

3025-430: Was used from 1928 to 1932 to designate the head of the Portuguese Civil Police. Presently, intendant is a rank of officer in the Public Security Police , roughly equivalent to the military rank of lieutenant-colonel . Analogously, the police rank of sub-intendant corresponds to the rank of major , while the police rank of superintendent corresponds to the rank of colonel . The rank insignia of an intendant consists of

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