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35-453: The Arghu ( اَرْغوُ ), were a bilingual group of Turkic tribes in the 11th century. The first and only mention of the Argu tribes and Argu language was by Al-Kashgari . He wrote that they lived among the mountains and that is why they were called Argu, meaning "in between". In the same period (9th/10th century), the name Khalaj was also recorded by travelers. With the discovery of modern Khalajs, it

70-592: A building be erected on the spot called Chigil. Turks in the area were called Chigils. Nomadic Turks, who adopted the Chigil type of [long] clothes were also called Chigils, from Djeyhun (Amu Darya) to the Chin (China). ... The nomad Chigil (as well as the Tukhsī ) lived near the township of Quyās lying beyond Barsghān and watered by the two Keykān rivers flowing into the Ili ... Another group of

105-612: A folk etymology of Chigil, which he dated back to the time of the Zu-l-Karnein ("the "Bihorn", i.e. Alexander the Great ) 4th century BCE: When the armies of Zu-l-Karnein reached Talas in the Manichean country Argu, a heavy rainstorm formed thick mud. The road became impassable, and angry Zu-l-Karnein exclaimed in Persian: "In chi gil ast?!" – "What is this mud?! We cannot get out of it!" He ordered

140-499: A genealogical meaning in reference to the invocation of the Sun and Moon (Turk. kün ay ). Confusingly, Zuev also compares Chigil to Persian čihil "forty". Kamoliddin (2006) proposed that the ethnotoponym Chigil contains the morpheme -il ( Turkic land, country ). On the other hand, Alyılmaz (2017) etymologized Čigil as from plural and generalization suffix -GIl affixed onto tribal name Çik (OTrk. 𐰲𐰃𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 Çik bodun ),

175-729: A people mentioned in Tang Huiyao as 赤 ( MC : * t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚ ) and, in Bilge Qaghan inscription , as allies of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and enemies of Latter Göktürks . Both the Chiks and the Shatuo are mentioned together, apparently as two distinct groups, in the same Tanghuiyao chapter, However, Atwood (2010), in light of researches by Tenishev (1965) & Saguchi (1986), doubted the common scholarly identification of Chigils with Chuyue, from whom emerged

210-486: Is a central image. This demonstrates an imported ideology; the lion is not native to Central Asia, and so it originally did not have symbolic significance for the population there. The building found by the archaeologists, without traces of economic activities, served as a chapel of the inhabitants depicted in long robes: the Chigils, whose symbol was a lion (Turk. Arslan, Bars ). The connection between Talas , Manichaeism and

245-625: Is found that language of Khalajs is the same language as Argu language in the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk . Some of the linguistic reasons demonstrate that Khalaj is a descendant of Arghu: Mahmud Al-Kashgarî also mentioned the Khalaj ( Karakhanid: خَلَج ) in his Divan , but he did not record them as Argu. In the Turkmen article, it is recorded that Khalajs are Turkmen but that they do not consider themselves such. "The Turkmens are actually twenty-four tribes, but

280-580: Is indivisible. The Hudud al-'Ālam , compiled in 982–3 CE, describes the Chigils as members of the Karluk Yabghu state, occupying the Zhetysu territories including regions around Issyk Kul to the north and east of the Karluks. They are described as possessing great riches and that their king "is one of themselves." It is also reported that "Some of them worship the Sun and the stars." The Chigils were prominent in

315-666: Is stated, for example, on a number of the Manichaean Yenisei monuments of ancient Turkic writings . Thus yüz er , as opposed to otuz oglan or otuz er , is a category of dominating level. Chigils and Yagma , and also the Tuhsi , one of the Türgesh tribes, the remains of the Orkhon Turks , united in the Karluk tribal union, and the history of these tribes, at least since the 9th century,

350-509: The Chisi 熾俟 with Chuyue 處月. Meanwhile, Atwood (20101) identifies Chisi 熾俟 with Zhusi 朱斯, also mentioned in Xiu Tangshu ; Atwood does not link Chisi 熾俟 ~ Zhusi 朱斯 to Chuyue 處月, but instead to Zhuxie 朱邪, the original tribal surname of the Shatuo ruling house. This Karluk -speaking Khaganate was divided into two parts, eastern and western, each headed by its own Khagan . The eastern Kagan

385-452: The Gagauzes , a distinct Pontic Turkic tribe known for their steadfast adherence to Greek Orthodox Christianity , have a folk legend associating their descent from the Chigils. An Arab writer named Abū Dulaf reported to have found only a few Christians among the Chigil, while most worshipped "the stars", in particular Sirius . In Manichaeism, the lion, mighty and ruthless king of animals,

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420-556: The Kara-Khanid confederation. However, scholars have not yet come to a settled conclusion. Al-Kashgari advocated monolingualism and the linguistic purism of the Turkic languages and held a belief in the superiority of nomadic people (the Turkic tribes had traditionally been nomads) over urban populations. Most of his Turkic-speaking contemporaries were bilingual in New Persian , which

455-573: The Kara-Khanid Khanate , where they formed the main body of the troops. The power in the Karakhanid state was divided between the nobility of two tribal groups, Chigils and Yagma, which in the 9th century formed the nucleus of the Karluk tribal union, besides Mouluo 謀落 / Moula 謀剌 ( Bulaq ?), Tashili 踏實力 ( Tashlyk ?) and Suofu 娑匐 ( Sebeğ ?) or Chisi 熾俟. Golden (1992) hesitantly identifies

490-594: The Mongol invasion of Turkestan , the Turks in northern Turkestan and in the Tien Shan region, among them the Chigils, Yagma , Karluks , Argu and Tuhsi , had to give up their territory to the eastern nomadic groups. They migrated to Transoxania and Kashgharia . There are presently four villages in Turkey called Chigil , indicating that some Chigils migrated to Asia Minor after

525-598: The 1990s. UNESCO declared 2008 the Year of Mahmud al-Kashgari. Chigils The Chigil ( Chihil , Cihil , or Chiyal ) were a Turkic tribe known from the 7th century CE as living around Issyk Kul lake area. They were considered to be descended from the tribe Chuyue, who were of mixed Yueban - Western Turkic origins. Sinologist Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Chinese transcription of Chigil, 處月 Chǔyuè ( Middle Chinese ( ZS ): /t͡ɕʰɨʌˣ-ŋʉɐt̚/) may be calqued as "abode of

560-547: The 9-10th centuries. Their winter quarters remained in the Talas Region . This is the area where the Argu were located in the 11th century. Al-Khwarizmi , along with Kancina, shows the Khalaj as the remaining tribes from the Hephthalites . The Khalaj must have migrated to Iran later. Their homeland, where they were first recorded, is south Central Asia . Mahmud al-Kashgari Mahmud ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari

595-662: The Khalajs, which are made up of two tribes, are not considered Oghuz themselves, as they are sometimes separated from them[.]" Argu tribes lived in Talas , Balasagun and Sayram regions. They were adjacent to the Turkmen. According to al-Kashgari, the Turkmen and Argu were influenced by each other's languages. The name Khalaj was recorded by Arab geographers around the Syr Darya in Afghanistan in

630-672: The Lion is recorded in the Turco-Manichean "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki jïltïz nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at Kara-Khoja in the Turpan oasis by Albert von Le Coq . The book was dedicated to the ruler (Beg) of the Chigil-Arslan tribes, named Il-Tirgüg, Ap-Burguchan, Alp-Tarhan [Henning, 1977, p. 552]. It was completed in Argu-Talas city (Altun Argu Talas). A postscript in

665-473: The Mongol invasion. The Chigil were known for their religious dedication. The first depictions of the Chigils describe them as adherents of Manichaeism . Later sources describe the Chigils as Nestorian Christians . The Zhetysu area, a former Chigil territory, is rich with Christian and pre-Christian archaeological remains, and the Talas area is especially saturated with religious monuments and historical reports.

700-560: The Moon [god]"; whereas 處密 Chǔmì (/t͡ɕʰɨʌˣ-mˠiɪt̚/)) as "abode of the Sun [god]", for Chinese 密 transcribed Middle Iranian theonym Mihr , the all-seeing Zoroastrian deity of covenent, oath, and light, vaguely associated with the Sun. However, citing Gabain's 1931 and 1934 researches, Zuev cautions that neither Turkic-Buddhist texts, nor the Turkic-Manichaean literature and other sources containing information about Turkic Manichaeism, give

735-462: The Shatuo as Chuyue is phonetically closer to Chunghyl , the name of a " bone " among the Yugurs in modern Gansu province . As for * Čömül ( Ar. Jumul جمل), H. W. Bailey derived it from Iranic * čamṛta < čam- "to stride out like a warrior", thus "warrior striders" Hamilton (1962) and Zuev (2002) saw the first reference to the Chigil as 職乙 ( Zhiyi ), whose Middle Chinese pronunciation

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770-657: The Turkic languages of his time and in Baghdad, he compiled the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (English: "Compendium of the languages of the Turks") in 1072–74. It was intended for use by the Abbasid Caliphate , the new Arab allies of the Turks. Mahmud Kashgari's comprehensive dictionary, later edited by the Turkish historian, Ali Amiri , contains specimens of old Turkic poetry in

805-464: The assimilation of the nomadic way of life into a sedentary culture. He recorded a Turkic proverb that warned, “Just as the effectiveness of a warrior is diminished when his sword begins to rust, so too does the flesh of a Turk begin to rot when he assumes the lifestyle of an Iranian.” Some researchers think that Mahmud al-Kashgari died in 1102 at the age of 97 in Upal , a small city southwest of Kashgar and

840-614: The compiled information is not known. Scholars believe it is likely that Kashgari would have gathered most of the content about Oguz-Turkmen from Oguz tribes in Khorasan since he himself was a student in Seljuk Baghdad, but it is possible that some of this material could have come from early Turkmen. Other scholars believe that the compendium was based on the Turkiyya language of the Chigil tribe in

875-561: The ethnonym Chigil, such as Chigil-kant and Chigil-balyk in Xinjiang , and Chigil in the Zhetysu area: During the Middle Ages, a city, Yar, is mentioned as located on the southern bank of lake Issyk-kul. This city is the capital of the leader of the Djikil (i.e. Chigil) tribe. The city retained its name in the form Chal till present. The various forms of this toponym (Shiyan, Shal, Chal) come from

910-695: The manuscript noted an Arslan Mengü that used the book. Talas had four Manichean cloisters: in the Chigil-balyk, Kashu, Ordu-kent and Yigyan-kent. In the middle of the 7th century, Chigils, Chumuls and Karluks were united by the Western Turkic yabgu Ashina Helu in his anti- Tang uprising. Zuev reconstructs Helu's Old Turkic name as * Aru , which, he contends, is identical with the Turkic-Manichean arïg (like arïg dïntar "pure priest"). Many settlements recorded in medieval sources have names derived from

945-499: The old tradition of the northern custom" near Thunder-mountain, at the Dragon Gate. Paraphrasing a passage from Sima Guang 's Zizhi Tongjian , Zuev states that "Shatuo is originally (or, at root, 本 běn ) a Zhuxie tribe"; Zuev further asserts that Zhuxie reflects the Turkic jüz "hundred". The Chigil-Shatuo were Manichaeans , and "hundred" is not always a military team, but also a religious category yüz er "hundred monk men" as

980-598: The tribe lived in the township of Chigil, near Ṭarāz, and a third one in the villages of the same name near Kāshgar. Kashghari says that the Oghuz Turks used to call "Chigil" all the Turks between the Oxus and Northern China. If the Chuyue in Chinese sources were indeed Chigils, then the Shatuo 沙陀, a Chuyue splinter group, were also a splinter group from Chigils. A Shatuo noble, Keyong ,

1015-673: The typical form of quatrains ( Persio - Arabic رباعیات , rubā'iyāt ; Turkish : dörtlük ), representing all the principal genres: epic , pastoral , didactic , lyric and elegiac . His book also included the first known map of the areas inhabited by Turkic peoples . This map is housed at the National Library in Istanbul. Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk also contains linguistic data about multiple Turkic dialects that may have been gathered from merchants and others involved in trade along routes that travelled through Transoxiana . The origin of

1050-631: Was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar . His father, Husayn, was the mayor of Barsgan , a town in the southeastern part of the lake of Issyk-Kul (nowadays village of Barskoon in Northern Kyrgyzstan 's Issyk-Kul Region ) and related to the ruling dynasty of Kara-Khanid Khanate . Around 1057 C.E., Mahmud al-Kashgari became a political refugee, before settling down in Baghdad . Al-Kashgari studied

1085-411: Was buried there. There is now a mausoleum erected on his gravesite. But some modern authors reject this assertion, saying that the date of his death is just unknown. He is claimed by Uyghur , Kyrgyz and Uzbek nationalists as part of their respective ethnic groups. An oriental study university, situated in the capital city of Bishkek in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, was named after Makhmud Kashghari, in

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1120-629: Was from the Shatuo Dragon tribe, bore the surname Zhuye 朱耶 ~ Zhuxie 朱邪, and later adopted the surname Li of the Tang emperors , first bestowed on Keyong's father Zhuxie Chixin . Keyong's son Li Cunxu would found of the Later Tang dynasty (923–936) in Northern China, elevating the Shatuo to a regnal clan. Among the Shatuo, the dragon cult was predominant. The annals noted that Shatuo prayers "followed

1155-510: Was reconstructed by Zuev as tšįək-iət , as a Tiele tribe mentioned in Book of Sui , compiled by Wei Zheng . However, the original manuscript contains no punctuation, so different scholars read and reconstruct the ethonyms differently: for example, 薄落職乙咥 may also be read as Boluozhi and Yidie According to medieval writers, the city of Chigil was at "a distance of a human voice" from Taraz . An 11th-century story by Mahmud Kashgari proposed

1190-688: Was the senior Kagan, with his court in Kashgar and Balasagun (Buran fortress, near Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan ). He was from the Chigil tribe and had the title Arslan Kara-Hakan. The western was the lesser Kagan, from the Yagma tribe, with the title Bogra Kara-Kagan and his court in Taraz , and later in Samarkand . In the eleventh century the Chigils became independent. Kashgari writes that they consisted of three branches. After

1225-512: Was then the urban and literary language of Central Asia. The most elegant of the dialects belongs to those who know only one language, who do not mix with Persians and who do not customarily settle in other lands. Those who have two languages and who mix with the populace of the cities have a certain slurring in their utterances. Even so, Kashgari praised the dialect spoken by the bilingual Uyghurs as "pure" and "most correct" on par with those of Turkic monolinguals. Al-Kashgari cautioned against

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