The Arga-Sala ( Russian : Арга-Сала ; Yakut : Арҕаа Салаа , Arğaa Salaa ) is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic) and Krasnoyarsk Krai , Russia . It is the largest tributary of the Olenyok with a length of 503 kilometres (313 mi). Its drainage basin area is 47,700 square kilometres (18,400 sq mi). The river basin is a lonely, desolate area devoid of settlements.
31-775: The name of the river comes from the Yakut language "argaa/salaa" (Арҕаа/Салаа), meaning "western tributary". The Arga-Sala is a left tributary of the Olenyok. Its sources are in the northeastern slopes of the Bukochan Range , Central Siberian Plateau , in the Evenkiysky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The river is formed at the confluence of the 47 km (29 mi) long Left Arga-Sala and 51 km (32 mi) long Right Arga-Sala. The Arga-Sala flows roughly eastwards with rapids and riffles in numerous stretches. It flows then across
62-511: A > ï ҫыр (şyr) : Turkish yaz 'write' palatalisation of consonants in palatal environments, leftward stress retraction from reduced vowels Most of the (non-allophonic) consonant changes listed in the table above are thought to date from the period before the Bulgars migrated to the Volga region in the 10th century; some notable exceptions are the č > ś shift and the final stage of
93-504: A floodplain with small lakes, changing direction with southeastward and northeastward bends, but still within a generally eastward trend. Finally it joins the left bank of the Olenyok river 20 km (12 mi) upstream of Olenyok village, Olenyoksky District , one of the few inhabited localities of the area. The Arga-Sala is frozen between October and May. Its main tributaries are the 241 km (150 mi) long Kengeede (Кэнгээдэ),
124-612: A dialect of Yakut, is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region . Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans , Evenks , Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of the Yakut language during the 2002 census . Yakut has
155-470: A federal republic in the Russian Federation . The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian ). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian . Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic , Yakut
186-809: Is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia , primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family. The writing system for the Chuvash language is based on the Cyrillic script , employing all of the letters used in the Russian alphabet and adding four letters of its own: Ӑ , Ӗ , Ҫ and Ӳ . Chuvash
217-436: Is a common sound-change across the world's languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt 'milk' < *süt . Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic , and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in
248-504: Is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony . Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor , Tuvan and Dolgan . Like most Turkic languages , Yakut has vowel harmony , is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender . Word order is usually subject–object–verb . Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages . Historically, Yakut left
279-764: Is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern: Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel). Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m : as in (a): aat- ïm name- POSS . 1SG aat- ïm name-POSS.1SG 'my name' et- im meat- POSS . 1SG et- im meat-POSS.1SG 'my meat' uol- um son- POSS . 1SG uol- um son-POSS.1SG 'my son' üüt- üm milk- POSS . 1SG üüt- üm milk-POSS.1SG 'my milk' The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A
310-406: Is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A in (b): aɣa- ta father- POSS . 3SG aɣa- ta father-POSS.3SG 'his/her father' Chuvash language Chuvash ( UK : / ˈ tʃ uː v ɑː ʃ / CHOO -vahsh , US : / tʃ ʊ ˈ v ɑː ʃ / chuu- VAHSH ; Чӑвашла , translit. Çăvašla , IPA: [tɕəʋaʃˈla] )
341-574: Is the native language of the Chuvash people and an official language of Chuvashia . There are contradictory numbers regarding the number of people able to speak Chuvash nowadays; some sources claim it is spoken by 1,640,000 persons in Russia and another 34,000 in other countries and that 86% of ethnic Chuvash and 8% of the people of other ethnicities living in Chuvashia claimed knowledge of Chuvash language during
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#1732884847056372-644: The -d > -ð > -z > -r shift, which date from the following, Volga Bulgar period (between the 10th-century migration and the Mongol invasions of the 13th century). The vowel changes mostly occurred later, mainly during the Middle Chuvash period (between the invasions and the 17th century), except for the diphthongisation, which took place during the Volga Bulgar period. Many sound changes known from Chuvash can be observed in Turkic loanwords into Hungarian (from
403-528: The 2002 census . However, other sources claim that the number of Chuvash speakers is on the decline, with a drop from 1 million speakers in 2010 to 700,000 in 2021; observers suggest this is due to Moscow having a lack of interest in preserving the language diversity in Russia. Although Chuvash is taught at schools and sometimes used in the media, it is considered endangered by the UNESCO , because Russian dominates in most spheres of life and few children learning
434-506: The Turkic languages and cannot be understood by other Turkic speakers, whose languages have varying degrees of mutual intelligibility within their respective subgroups. Chuvash is classified, alongside the long-extinct Bulgar , as a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, or equivalently, the sole surviving descendant of West Old Turkic. Since the surviving literary records for
465-450: The dissolution of the USSR : out of the 202 translations, 170 books were published in the USSR and just 17, in the post-1991 Russia (mostly, in the 1990s). A similar situation takes place with the translation of books from other languages (mostly Russian) into Chuvash (the total of 175 titles published since ca. 1979, but just 18 of them in post-1991 Russia). Chuvash is the most distinctive of
496-458: The 205 km (127 mi) long Kyuyonelekeen (Кюёнэлэкээн) and the 270 km (170 mi) long Kukusunda from the left, as well as the 94 km (58 mi) long Kyuyonelikeen (Кюёнэликээн) from the right. The river flows north of the Arctic Circle across a lightly-wooded taiga zone. The most common trees are larches . Taimen , lenok , whitefish , grayling and pike are
527-467: The aberrant features of Sakha (i.e. Yakut), it is still considered to belong to Common Turkic (in contrast to Chuvash ). Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic . It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation , Turkey , and other parts of the world. Dolgan , a close relative of Yakut, which formerly was considered by some
558-663: The below section ). There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [ t ] -final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at 'horse' > akkït 'your [pl.] horse', > appït 'our horse'. Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan h uoq and Yakut s uox, both meaning "not"). The historical change of *s > h , known as debuccalization ,
589-416: The community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early. Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low and many cognate words are hard to notice when heard. Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic , such as the preservation of long vowels. Despite all
620-495: The following consonants phonemes , where the IPA value is provided in slashes '//' and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses. Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages . Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants . Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have
651-418: The following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut 'your [pl.] child'), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut , 'our child'), -TA ( partitive case suffix, tiiste 'some teeth'), -LArA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro 'their child'). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and
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#1732884847056682-406: The language are likely to become active users. A fairly significant production and publication of literature in Chuvash still continues. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum , at least 202 books translated from Chuvash were published in other languages (mostly Russian) since ca. 1979. However, as with most other languages of the former USSR , most of the translation activity took place before
713-1417: The language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable. Chuvash is so divergent from the main body of Turkic languages that some scholars formerly considered Chuvash to be a Uralic language. Conversely, other scholars today regard it as an Oghuric language significantly influenced by the Finno-Ugric languages. The following sound changes and resulting sound correspondences are typical: but occasionally /lʲ/ > ś пуҫ (puş) : Turkish baş ‘head’ But dropped before later * y юн (jun) : Turkish kan 'blood' (Proto-Turkic * qaːn > Oguric * χaːn > *χyan > *yån ) ĕне (ĕne) : Turkish inek 'cow' вӗрен (vĕren) : Turkish öğren 'learn', аллӑ (allă) : Turkish elli (< Proto-Turkic * ellig, ellüg ) * ā > ja * ō > * wo > vu * ȫ , ǖ > * üwä > ăva вут (vut) : Turkmen o t , Turkish od 'fire' (< Proto-Turkic * ōt ) тӑват (tăvat): Turkish dört (< Proto-Turkic *tȫrt ) * u > ă ; * ï > ă or ĕ * i , * ü > ĕ хӗр (hĕr) : Turkish kız 'girl' пӗр (pĕr) : Turkish bir 'one', кӗл (kĕl): Turkish kül 'ash' but also (the determining circumstances are unclear): *
744-461: The main fish species found in the waters of the Arga-Sala. Yakut language Yakut ( / j ə ˈ k uː t / yə- KOOT ), also known as Yakutian , Sakha , Saqa or Saxa (Yakut: саха тыла ), is a Turkic language belonging to Siberian Turkic branch and spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia) ,
775-464: The native script bold and romanization in italics: Like other Turkic languages , a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony . Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин ( kelin ) 'back', all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut's vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family. Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in
806-515: The non-Chuvash members of Oghuric ( Bulgar and possibly Khazar ) are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined. Despite grammatical similarity with the rest of Turkic language family, the presence of changes in Chuvash pronunciation (which are hard to reconcile with other members of the Turkic family) has led some scholars to see Chuvash as originating not from Proto-Turkic but from another proto-language spoken at
837-401: The palatal nasal / ɲ / . Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation , both progressive and regressive. All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs . For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G , B , T , and L . Examples of each are provided in
868-418: The preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables' vowels. There are two main rules of vowel harmony: The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut
899-622: The related Goidelic languages ( Irish , Scottish , and Manx ). Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme / s / becomes [ h ] . For example the /s/ in кыыс ( kïïs ) 'girl' becomes [h] between vowels: kïï s girl > > kïï h -ïm girl- POSS . 1SG kïï s > kïï h -ïm girl > girl-POSS.1SG 'girl; daughter' > 'my daughter' Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels, and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme, as well as
930-508: The time of Proto-Turkic (in which case Chuvash and all the remaining Turkic languages would be part of a larger language family). Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider Chuvash as an independent branch from Turkic. The Turkic classification of Chuvash
961-665: Was seen as a compromise solution for classification purposes. The Oghuric branch is distinguished from the rest of the Turkic family (the Common Turkic languages ) by two sound changes : r corresponding to Common Turkic z and l corresponding to Common Turkic š . The first scientific fieldwork description of Chuvash, by August Ahlqvist in 1856, allowed researchers to establish its proper affiliation. Some scholars suggest Hunnish had strong ties with Chuvash and classify Chuvash as separate Hunno-Bulgar. However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since