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50-496: The Arkhangelsk Gospel has a modest design and is a cheap, mass-produced book. The story of its creation and provenance until 1876 is unknown. The book was brought to Moscow by a farmer from the Archangelsk region and is named after its place of discovery. The manuscript is in satisfactory condition - the ink and vermilion has crumbled in places, but the parchment does not have signs of contamination or moisture. The Archangel Gospel

100-472: A municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated as Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug . For administrative purposes, the city is divided into nine territorial okrugs: Arkhangelsk is the final destination of Northern Railway . In addition, the city is host to two airports, Vaskovo Airport and Talagi Airport where they host the 2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation Division and Smartavia Airline, respectively. M8 highway provides

150-466: A subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfc ), with long (November–March), very cold winters and short (June–August), mildly warm summers. More extreme climates at this high latitude - such as Fairbanks, Alaska or Oymyakon , Sakha Republic - have much colder winters than Arkhangelsk, indicating that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean. Snowfall during winter

200-507: A building permit, the structure deteriorated while Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by local authorities as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009. On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down, and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009. The cultural life of Arkhangelsk includes: An airstrip in Arkhangelsk

250-448: A direct link to Moscow , Yaroslavl and Severodvinsk , the administrative center of the oblast. Local public transit is provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas . Until 2004 there were also trams , and until 2008, trolleybuses  [ ru ] . Arkhangelsk was home to Pomorsky State University and Arkhangelsk State Technical University which merged with several other institutions of higher learning in 2010 to form

300-464: A peasant from Arkhangelsk region and was acquired by a Rumyantsev Museum trustee, merchant, old believer S. T. Bolshakov. He showed it to other bibliophiles and then offered to sell it to the Rumyantsev Museum for 400 rubles. Several experts worked with the manuscript in the museum, including E. B. Autograph, P. A. Kulish and A. L. Duvernoy. They concluded that it was written in 1192 because of

350-593: A port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded Saint Petersburg in May 1703. Nonetheless, Arkhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north. In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for

400-548: A railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army . The White Army was supported by an Allied intervention in which British, French, Italian, and American troops helped to defend against the Bolsheviks. The Allied forces, led by British Lieutenant General Frederick Poole , suffered numerous set-backs and eventually withdrew from Russia. Without Allied support,

450-400: A satisfactory condition; the parchment is not polluted, and traces of moisture are absent, but a number of sheets show traces of wormholes. It appears that some sheets had ink and cinnabar droplets fall on them, but this does not interfere with the text's legibility. As the restoration of the manuscript from the moment of its discovery was never successful, the manuscript needs a new binding of

500-571: A stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought. In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established a monastery dedicated to Archangel Michael in the estuary of the Northern Dvina . The main trade center of the area at that time was Kholmogory , located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) downstream from where

550-577: Is a 12th-century manuscript of the four Gospels on parchment in Old Church Slavonic . It is kept in the State Historical Museum in Moscow . The manuscript contains the text of the four Gospels on 213 parchment leaves (35.3 by 28.6 cm). Its miniatures, headpieces, and illuminated initials are in several colors and contain copious amounts of gold. The book was commissioned by Mstislav

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600-630: Is acceptable because its calf parchment pages are clean and dry. It has never been restored. The manuscript is kept in the holdings of Russian State Library in Moscow. The first facsimile reprint of the Archangel Gospel was published in 1912, in 1997 there was a second annotated reprint. The Archangel Gospel was included into the UNESCO ’s Memory of the World Register – Europe and North America Memory of

650-526: Is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia , the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity. Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992, one may see it as evidence of

700-460: Is heavy, while summers are very rainy. Precipitation is very reliable year round. According to the 2021 Census , Arkhangelsk has a population of 301,199 people, which makes it the 68th largest city in Russia. In the 2010 Census , the following ethnic groups were listed: Bandy is the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia. Vodnik , the local team, nine times became

750-568: Is served by the Talagi Airport and the smaller Vaskovo Airport . As of the 2021 Census , the city's population was 301,199. The arms of the city display the Archangel Michael in the act of defeating the Devil. Legend states that this victory took place near where the city stands, hence its name, and that Michael still stands watch over the city to prevent the Devil's return. Vikings knew

800-729: The Grand Duchy of Moscow with the rest of the Novgorod Republic . Three English ships the Bona Esperanza , Edward Bonaventure , and Bona Confidentia set out to find the Northeast passage to China in 1553; two disappeared, and one, the Edward Bonaventure ended up in the White Sea at Nyonoksa , eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the Dvina River where

850-728: The Northern (Arctic) Federal University . Arkhangelsk is home to the Northern State Medical University, Makarov state Maritime Academy, and a branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics. Mikhail Lomonosov came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to Peter the Great was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914. After its historic churches were destroyed during Joseph Stalin 's rule,

900-500: The Northern Dvina near its mouth into the White Sea . The city spreads for over 40 kilometres (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta . Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly founded Saint Petersburg . A 1,133-kilometer-long (704 mi) railway runs from Arkhangelsk to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl , and air travel

950-406: The oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Primorsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As

1000-556: The Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and the bylinas , especially in Pomor dialects. In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of Anna Astakhova , these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin , who were both natives of Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk experiences

1050-631: The Great and written by scribe Alexa for one of the churches in Novgorod . In 1551, Ivan the Terrible commissioned a treasure binding which incorporates 13 Byzantine miniatures from the 10th century, 5 miniatures from the 11th century and 6 Russian miniatures from the 12th century. After the Massacre of Novgorod , like other ancient treasures of Novgorod, the book was brought to the Moscow Kremlin , where it

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1100-595: The Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material of this period. It is not known whether the origin of this settlement was Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated. The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in

1150-521: The Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Their home arena has the capacity of 10000. Arkhangelsk hosted the Bandy World Championship in 1999 and 2003 . The 2011–2012 season Russian Bandy League final was played here on March 25, 2012. The 2016 Youth-17 Bandy World Championship was played in Arkhangelsk between January 28 and 31. Arkhangelsk is twinned with: Former twin towns: Mstislav Gospel Mstislav Gospel

1200-528: The Soviet Union. During Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other being Astrakhan ) selected to mark the envisioned eastern limit of German control. This military operation was to be halted at this A-A line , but never reached it, as the German armies failed to capture either of these two cities and also failed to capture Moscow. Arkhangelsk

1250-561: The St. Nicolas Monastery stood. Subsequently, the English gave the name St. Nicolas Bay to the sea now known as the White Sea. Ivan the Terrible found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain, Richard Chancellor . Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers , which began sending ships annually into

1300-443: The World Register – in 1997 in recognition of its historical significance. The manuscript was written by two scribes (according to the colophon , their names were — Michka and presbyter Peter), and also the third scribe (Jakim or Akim), who is responsible for the 175—177 sheets (with Sunday Gospel lessons) and the fourth, which name is unknown — who wrote only leaf 178 (Gospel lessons at date of Archangel Michael ). The handwriting of

1350-461: The area around Arkhangelsk as Bjarmaland . Ohthere of Hålogaland told circa 890 of his travels in an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to Snorri Sturluson , Vikings led by Thorir Hund raided this area in 1027. In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. Most of

1400-522: The beginning of a series of clashes. In 1419, Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the White Sea . The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. Murmansk ), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael Monastery. Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by Ivan III and passed to

1450-410: The book block and strengthening of reliure. The manuscript lost six of the 8-folios quires (three in the beginning, two between leaves 84 and 85, one between leaves 100 and 101) and five separate leaves — together 53 leaves are lost. Separately last leaf of the manuscript is sewn to the book block with the text- palimpsest (presumably 12th century), written on the old washed off text. The main text of

1500-566: The city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668–1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701–1705). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004. In 2008, it was decided that the city's cathedral , dedicated to the Archangel Michael , which had been destroyed under the Soviets, would be rebuilt. The foundation stone was laid in November 2008 by

1550-484: The date of the scribe ending work on the manuscript ( Cyrillic numerals " from the creation of the world " - ҂ ЅѰ). At the request of Danilov Monastery dean paleographer Amphilochius (Sergius-Kazantsev), who worked at the time on Old Slavonic-Greek-Russian Dictionary using 11th and 12th-century manuscripts, Bolshakov took the Archangelsk Gospel from the museum and lent it to Amphilochius for study. In 1912, for

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1600-518: The estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s. Scottish and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area. In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At

1650-541: The fiftieth anniversary of the Rumjancev Museum, the text of the codex was edited in 100 copies in a facsimile edition. The facsimile edition reproduces a natural colour of the manuscript ( parchment , ink, pictures, and holes created by insects). The paper used for this edition has approximately the same thickness as the parchment of the original codex. The manuscript consists of 178 pages of different sizes ranging from 20×16 centimetres to 20.5×16.8 cm. The tops of

1700-402: The findings comprised a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, largely in the form of coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number of Kufan , English, Bohemian , Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins. It is hard to place this find historically until further research

1750-427: The fortified town. In 1619, and again in 1637, fires broke out, and the entire city burned down. In 1693, Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul), and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as

1800-402: The leaves have been cut off with damage of numbering of the quires . The manuscript is written on parchment made from calf skins. Experts describe the quality of the material as low: rough manufacture of the leather, very economical open. Fifty-four pages have various defects: rough fields which have been not sewn up or have unfilled holes, the filed parts of the leaves. The Archangel Gospel is in

1850-527: The manuscript was written by two scribes. It is believed, that the work of these scribes was distributed before work was started. As it « was done, possibly, for acceleration it is difficult to assume an opportunity of using the general original ». The first scribe copied the text of the Gospels lectionary ( Evangelistarium ) which goes back to Cyril and Methodius translation of the Gospels. The professor A. Voskresensky considers, that this text concerns to

1900-540: The most ancient Slavic translations of the four Gospels and represents the so-called Yugoslavian edition closest to initial translation of Cyril and Methody. This part of the Archangel Gospel contains a number of readings has the order distinct from readings of the Ostromir Gospel , and also there are inserts absent in the Gospel (for example, addition of lessons in a weekday from Easter to Pentecost). The second scribe copied

1950-583: The poorly disciplined White Army quickly collapsed and the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk on February 21, 1920. Arkhangelsk was also the scene of the Mudyug concentration camp. During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in West Europe as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk ) of the Arctic convoys bringing supplies in to assist

2000-494: The regional Bishop Tikhon. The cathedral, situated near the city's main bus station and river port, is expected to be completed and consecrated in 2019. Another remarkable structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a 151-meter (495 ft) tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the central mast structure out to each of

2050-458: The rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the spectrum of Russian interest was extended far north to the Kola Peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 which was soon broken. In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack northern Norway. This was

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2100-462: The text had completely destroyed this text. The manuscript is written by the documentary hands, the letters have essential deviations from the classical style according to which other monuments of that period were written (e.g. Ostromir Gospel). Archangelsk Arkhangelsk ( Russian : Архангельск , pronounced [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk] ) is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast , Russia . It lies on both banks of

2150-465: The text of the full Gospel-lectionary which sample was not kept, but by its text from the Archangel Gospel, it has essential distinctions on structure and sequences of evangelical readings from the Mstislav Gospel (it is written till 1117), most ancient of kept full of lectionary markings. Although ink and cinnabar used for initial letters partially fell off some pages the general state of manuscript

2200-505: The three guys. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed. An unusual example of local " vernacular architecture " was the so-called Sutyagin House . This thirteen-story, 44-metre (144 ft) tall residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Sutyagin and his family over fifteen years (starting in 1992), without plans or

2250-605: The time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors , were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans- Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond. In December 1613, during the Time of Troubles , Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski ( Lisowczyks ), who failed to capture

2300-458: The town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to Saint Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was cancelled. Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. Its economy revived at the end of the 19th century when

2350-451: The two last scribes is dated palaeographically to the 13th–14th centuries. According to N. N. Durnovo the fourth scribe was a contemporary for the first two scribes and dates its work to the end of the 11th century, or to the beginning of the 12th century. In the end written the fourth scribe writing existed a certain text which at the moment of detection of the manuscript to disassemble it was inconvenient. The chemical way of restoration of

2400-486: Was also the site of Arkhangelsk ITL , or the Arkhangelsk Labour Camp , in the 1930s and 1940s. Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport , now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers . The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries. On March 16, 2004, 58 people were killed in an explosion at an apartment building in the city. Arkhangelsk is the administrative center of

2450-463: Was reproduced in 1912 as a facsimile and in 1997 as a scientific publication. The early history of the manuscript and place of its provenance are unknown before 1876. There are some suggestions that it came from the scriptorium of the Lazarevsky monastery near Great Novgorod , but there is no unambiguous evidence to support the hypothesis. In early December 1876 the manuscript was brought to Moscow by

2500-433: Was the fictional setting for a level in the 1997 hit videogame Goldeneye 007 . The Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for its folklore . Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and bylinas were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of

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