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122-639: The most notable building fronts are on Third Street. It is of Flemish façade design and is said to be patterned after a guildhall in Amsterdam, the Netherlands . It looks like typical old Dutch architecture. The Fourth Street and Ludlow Street facades are done in Italian Renaissance Revival with the Commercial Building anchoring the corner of the lot. The most interesting architectural feature

244-462: A 95,000-square-foot space devoted to creativity and collaboration. A grand opening virtual tour hearing the vision of community leaders and developer Cross Street Partners took place on Thursday, March 4. The Hub’s completion marks the first phase of a multi-year restoration of the 1904 landmark. Startup Grounds, The Hub Powered by PNC’s new bistro featuring food from local underrepresented, minority-owned, and women-owned vendors, opened Sept. 16 2021 at

366-534: A Memorandum of Understanding with the development team of Miller-Valentine Group and Cross Street Partners has laid the groundwork for the first stage of the redevelopment of the Dayton Arcade. Planned funding for the project includes the application for nine percent competitive housing tax credits through the Ohio Housing Finance Agency. These funds are awarded to low-income housing projects, of which

488-506: A Spanish prisoner, nailed it on a vessel's prow, and invited the townsmen to come and fasten their teeth in it, which many did with savage satisfaction. The Duke of Alba attempted to suppress the Protestant movement in the Netherlands. Netherlanders were "burned, strangled, beheaded, or buried alive" by his " Blood Council " and Spanish soldiers. Bodies were displayed along roads to terrorise

610-650: A distinct governmental structure of their own. They were utilized as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Spanish-controlled Southern Netherlands . In the Dutch Golden Age , spanning much of the 17th century, the Dutch Empire grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers. Science, military and art (especially painting ) were among the most acclaimed in the world. By 1650,

732-534: A frontage on Fourth Street of 200 feet. The buildings are of steel and concrete, have fireproof construction throughout, and possess every modern equipment and convenience. The elevator service is furnished by six Otis electric elevators, and the Power Building is equipped with a complete steam heating, electric light, and refrigerating plant of the most modern type. Through each building runs spacious arcades, richly constructed of marble and mosaic tile, converging into

854-461: A glimmer of hope after a long time in limbo. " According to Petitjean, Cross Street Partners and Miller-Valentine have collaborated on past projects and "bat 1,000" on redevelopment projects of local properties. It was also stated that the financing for the project will take some time - as much as three to five years before a project could be complete. On January 28, 2016, the City of Dayton announced that

976-571: A key economic driver in the region." The Contemporary Dayton joined Cultureworks and the University of Dayton as Arcade tenants officially opening its doors to its new home Friday, April 30, 2021, with a free opening party for the public. The Contemporary Dayton, also known as The Co, and formerly known as the Dayton Visual Arts Center , has nearly doubled in size to 6,224 square feet at the Dayton Arcade, with five galleries incorporated into

1098-441: A major food market, with retail stores, offices, and apartments on the upper floors. Through the first four decades of the twentieth century, this super supermarket and retail center was one of Downtown Dayton's prime attractions and destinations, offering the unusual in fruit and vegetables, seafood, baked goods, food specialties, meats and meat specialties, fresh-cut flowers, and assorted luxury items available in or out of season. It

1220-510: A major hub of customers for the Arcade, from the rest of the city. This, along with the white population of Dayton moving to the suburbs in droves, saw the Arcade lose its major customer bases and soon fell into decline by the 1970s. In 1974, the Arcade was placed on the National Register of Historical Places . In the late 1970s, investors began planning and implementing a major restoration of

1342-542: A mercantile middle class began to develop in these urban areas, especially in Flanders, and later Brabant. Wealthy cities started to buy certain privileges for themselves from the sovereign. Around 1100 AD, farmers from Flanders and Utrecht began draining and cultivating uninhabited swampy land in the western Netherlands, making the emergence of the County of Holland as the centre of power possible. The title of Count of Holland

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1464-513: A planned budget of over $ 40 million and hopes to create pop up restaurants along the third street arcade on the first floor, house an unnamed office tenant on the second floor, and create 32 "micro-apartments" on the third through fifth floors of the Arcade and Gibbons annex portions of the building. The developers have applied for $ 4 million in historic tax credits to help fund the second phase after successfully obtaining $ 5 million in historic tax credits and $ 20 million in low-income housing credits for

1586-481: A property with $ 39,000 in back taxes and years of code violations which were included in these property taxes. As authorized by State of New York, municipalities may treat code violation fines as part of unpaid base property taxes and subsequently sell these liens to third party investors, such as ATF. In this case, the owners defended themselves in court against the foreclosure and claimed they were "Moorish American Aboriginals, changed their last name...and argued that

1708-433: A state of almost continual war or paradoxically formed personal unions. As Frankish settlement progressed from Flanders and Brabant, the area quickly became Old Low Franconian (or Old Dutch). Around 1000 AD, due to several agricultural developments, the economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or become tradesmen. Towns grew around monasteries and castles , and

1830-497: A total area of 41,543 km (16,040 sq mi), including water bodies, and a land area of 33,481 km (12,927 sq mi). The Caribbean Netherlands has a total area of 328 km (127 sq mi) It lies between latitudes 50° and 54° N , and longitudes 3° and 8° E . The Netherlands is geographically very low relative to sea level and is considered a flat country, with about 26% of its area and 21% of its population below sea level. The European part of

1952-598: Is a private company based in Jupiter, Florida that engages in the purchasing and servicing of delinquent municipal real estate tax lien sales. Originally formed in 1997 as Transamerica Municipal Finance (TMF), a division of Transamerica Corporation . In August 2000 the founders completed a form of a management buyout of TMF, creating ATF. ATF currently buys and services real estate tax liens in over 14 states and has provided over $ 1 billion in relief to local governments. Many ATF tax liens are secured by either Wells Fargo Foot Hill or

2074-682: Is now the southern Netherlands: the Menapii and the Eburones . Under Augustus , the Roman Empire would conquer the entirety of the modern day Netherlands, incorporating it into the province of Germania Antiqua in 7 BC, but would be repelled back across the Rhine after the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, with the Rhine becoming fixed as Rome's permanent northern frontier around 12 AD. Notable towns would arise along

2196-402: Is the great dome, which was 90  ft. across and 70  ft. high. The classic detailing usually found in such rotundas was replaced by detailing representing Ohio. The cornucopias are filled with fruit and vegetables from Ohio. There are festoons of oak leaves with acorns, ram heads, and garlands of grain. At each framing member of the dome are colorful turkeys. The souvenir program book for

2318-414: Is the world's second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products by value, owing to its fertile soil , mild climate, intensive agriculture , and inventiveness . The four largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague and Utrecht . Amsterdam is the country's most populous city and the nominal capital , though the primary national political institutions are located in

2440-712: The Batavian rebellion of 69 AD but were eventually defeated. The Batavi later merged with other tribes into the confederation of the Salian Franks, whose identity emerged in the first half of the third century. Salian Franks appear in Roman texts as both allies and enemies. They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. From their new base in West Flanders and

2562-606: The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company , established colonies and trading posts all over the world. With a population of over 18 million people, all living within a total area of 41,850 km (16,160 sq mi)—of which the land area is 33,500 km (12,900 sq mi)—the Netherlands is the 33rd most densely populated country, with a density of 535 people per square kilometre (1,390 people/sq mi). Nevertheless, it

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2684-506: The Eighty Years' War between the Provinces and their Spanish ruler began. The level of ferocity exhibited by both sides can be gleaned from a Dutch chronicler's report: On more than one occasion men were seen hanging their own brothers, who had been taken prisoners in the enemy's ranks... A Spaniard had ceased to be human in their eyes. On one occasion, a surgeon at Veer cut the heart from

2806-685: The European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community . In 1993, the former two were incorporated into the European Union . Government-encouraged emigration efforts to reduce population density prompted some 500,000 Dutch to leave the country after the war. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de- pillarisation . Students and other youth rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as women's rights , sexuality , disarmament and environmental issues . In 2002

2928-563: The Hilversum culture . Iron ore brought a measure of prosperity and was available throughout the country. Smiths travelled from settlement to settlement with bronze and iron, fabricating tools on demand. The King's grave of Oss (700 BC) was found in a burial mound, the largest of its kind in Western Europe. The deteriorating climate in Scandinavia from 850 BC and 650 BC might have triggered

3050-769: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies . In 1944–45, the First Canadian Army liberated much of the Netherlands. Soon after VE Day , the Dutch fought a colonial war against the new Republic of Indonesia . In 1954, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands reformed the political structure as a result of international pressure to carry out decolonisation . The Dutch colonies of Surinam and Curaçao and Dependencies and

3172-754: The Limes Germanicus : Nijmegen and Voorburg . In the first part of Gallia Belgica , the area south of the Limes became part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior . The area to the north of the Rhine, inhabited by the Frisii, remained outside Roman rule, while the Germanic border tribes of the Batavi and Cananefates served in the Roman cavalry . The Batavi rose against the Romans in

3294-659: The Nordwestblock culture. The first author to describe the coast of Holland and Flanders was the geographer Pytheas , who noted in c. 325 BC that in these regions, "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men." During the Gallic Wars , the area south and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar from 57 BC to 53 BC. Caesar describes two main Celtic tribes living in what

3416-467: The Rhine - Meuse river estuary . In the east of the Netherlands, remains are found of the last ice age , which ended approximately ten thousand years ago. As the continental ice sheet moved in from the north, it pushed moraine forward. The ice sheet halted as it covered the eastern half of the Netherlands. After the ice age ended, the moraine remained in the form of a long hill-line. The cities of Arnhem and Nijmegen are built on these hills. Over

3538-611: The States General , was headquartered in The Hague and comprised representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of Drenthe was part of the republic, albeit not considered a province in its own right. Moreover, during the Eighty Years' War , the Republic came to occupy a number of Generality Lands located in Flanders , Brabant and Limburg . These areas were primarily inhabited by Roman Catholics and lacked

3660-652: The euro was introduced as fiat money , and in 2010 the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved . Referendums were held on each island. As a result, Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba (the BES islands) were incorporated as special municipalities upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the Caribbean Netherlands . The European Netherlands has

3782-527: The $ 700,000 needed for the "Dry and Stable" initiative, while the City of Dayton is putting up the remainder. Petitjean also mentioned that an out-of-state developer, now known as Cross Street Partners from Baltimore, Maryland is interested in the property. Initial estimates state that the mixed-use renovation of the Arcade may cost up to $ 60 million to complete. An article by Lewis Wallace at WYSO stated that "The [Miller-Valentine Group] hasn’t necessarily agreed to pursue that larger project, but these first steps are

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3904-539: The 490s, Clovis I had conquered and united all these territories in the southern Netherlands in one Frankish kingdom , and from there continued his conquests into Gaul . During this expansion, Franks migrating to the south (modern territory of France and Walloon part of Belgium) eventually adopted the Vulgar Latin of the local population. A widening cultural divide grew with the Franks remaining in their original homeland in

4026-470: The 72 km (28 sq mi) Biesbosch tidal floodplains. The huge North Sea flood of February 1953 caused the collapse of several dikes in the southwest Netherlands; more than 1,800 people drowned. The Dutch government subsequently instituted a large-scale programme, the " Delta Works ", to protect the country against future flooding, which was completed over a period of more than 40 years. American Tax Funding American Tax Funding (ATF)

4148-534: The Arcade Market House, which, with its magnificent glass dome and beautifully decorated galleries surrounding and overlooking the Market House, is unlike any building in this country; artistic in conception and perfect in execution." Following Progressive Era's focuses on public health, the Dayton Arcade was constructed to be a clean and safe hub for food distribution. Originally, the main spaces were used for

4270-590: The Arcade Square public spaces themselves. An Ohio not-for-profit group, "Friends of the Dayton Arcade" was created to advocate for the Arcade Building. The group published a book in 2008 entitled, "The Dayton Arcade; Crown Jewel of the Gem City. " The former owner owes several hundred thousand in back taxes. This tax obligation was purchased by American Tax Funding . The sheriff's sale occurred on March 12, 2009, and

4392-465: The Arcade rotunda. Given the general decline of retail activity and volume within the central business district, financial success gradually eluded Arcade Square, and it was closed to the public in 1990. Its final tenants still included its famous Arcade Seafood store and the last traditional dime store to operate in Downtown Dayton, McCrory's, both of which remained open for a time after the closure of

4514-515: The Arcade's grand opening says "The construction of the splendid group of buildings, known as the Arcade, was commenced on March 1st, 1902 and completed on March 1st, 1904. The Third Street Building has a frontage on the Third street of 66 feet and was built by Mr. M. J. Gibbons and The Dayton Arcade Company. The Office building has a frontage on Ludlow Street of 66 feet, and the Apartment Building has

4636-414: The Arcade. In May 1980, the newly refurbished Arcade was reopened as a retail shopping and food center. In its new guise as Arcade Square, the center offered a lively collection of boutique stores, restaurants, stores offering staples, kitchen apparel, books, and luggage, and a museum devoted to Coca-Cola . The Dayton Philharmonic , among other offerings, performed to holiday crowds from the vast floor below

4758-546: The City of Syracuse $ 0.87 on the dollar, which was typically more than the City could collect upon these back taxes, and also assumed the liability of collecting and enforcing on these unpaid obligations, some of which were over a decade old. Initially, City Officials were "elated" to receive $ 4.5 million for their portion of the liens, but in January 2008 the City of Syracuse refused to sell ATF any subsequent liens and in December 2008,

4880-413: The City of Syracuse claiming that the City breached their contract and asking City Officials to address a variety of complaints. One such complaint alleged that the City of Syracuse Code Enforcement Department targeted properties that ATF had recently foreclosed for violations and demolition, which caused outrage for Syracuse home buyers who were hoping to rehab these properties but were ultimately caught in

5002-464: The City on various non-for profits, such as a Hindu Temple and various churches. The City admits that the liens were inappropriately assessed and sold but "doesn't want to pay the nonprofits' roughly $ 280,000 bill." Litigation between the City and ATF is still pending, along with the settlement resolution of the non-for profit liens. In a rather unusual case in Rochester, New York , ATF foreclosed upon

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5124-411: The City sent notice of default to ATF, citing in part that ATF had allowed already vacant properties to further deteriorate and had also refused to pay about $ 79,000 in back taxes upon half a dozen properties it had recently come to own through tax lien foreclosure and were actively marketing to local investors. In response to the City's notice of default, ATF filed notice of a $ 6.1 million lawsuit against

5246-464: The Dayton Arcade officially reopened to the public Aug. 6 and 7th, 2021 with a two-day Arcade Festival, held in conjunction with downtown Dayton’s Art in the City. The event celebrates both the rebirth of the Dayton Arcade redevelopment as well as the revitalization of the Dayton arts community after a yearlong pandemic. Dayton Arcade has residents for the first time since 1978. Tenants started moving into

5368-471: The Dayton Arcade. The Dayton Arcade's initial anchors also include Culture Works who moved into its new location in the spring of 2021. The group occupies 2,000 square feet of space on the second floor of the Arcade, with office windows looking out onto Ludlow Street and near the rotunda inside. Culture Works has been named the manager of the event space of the South Arcade, which includes the rotunda area and

5490-603: The Dutch Republic was attacked by France, England and three German Bishoprics simultaneously, in what would become known as the Franco-Dutch War . At sea , it could successfully prevent the English and French navies from blockading the western shores. On land, however, it was almost taken over by the advancing French and German armies from the east. It managed to turn the tide by inundating parts of Holland . From 1672 to 1712,

5612-641: The Dutch established a presence in India , the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia ), Formosa (now Taiwan ), and the only western trading post in Japan, Dejima . During the period of Proto-industrialisation , the empire received 50% of textiles and 80% of silks import from the India's Mughal Empire . Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country. In early modern Europe, it had

5734-505: The Dutch government officially has preferred the Netherlands instead of Holland when talking about the country . Often Holland or Hollanders is used by the Flemish to refer to the Dutch in the Netherlands, and by the Southern Dutch (Dutch living " below the great rivers ", a natural cultural, social and religious boundary formed by the rivers Rhine and Meuse ) to refer to

5856-650: The Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships. The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company established colonies and trading posts all over the world. The Dutch settlement in North America began with the founding of New Amsterdam in 1614. In South Africa, the Dutch settled the Cape Colony in 1652. Dutch colonies in South America were established along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains, among them Colony of Surinam (now Suriname ). In Asia,

5978-674: The European country all became countries within the Kingdom, on a basis of equality. Indonesia had declared its independence in August 1945. Suriname followed in 1975. The Netherlands was one of the founding members of Benelux and NATO . In the 1950s, the Netherlands became one of the six founding countries of the European Communities , following the 1952 establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community , and subsequent 1958 creations of

6100-714: The Frisians were defeated after a series of wars . With the approval of the Franks, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord converted the Frisian people to Christianity and established the Archdiocese of Utrecht . However, his successor Boniface was murdered by the Frisians in 754. The Frankish Carolingian empire controlled much of Western Europe. In 843, it was divided into three parts— East , Middle , and West Francia . Most of present-day Netherlands became part of Middle Francia, which

6222-479: The Hague. The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. The country has a tradition of pillarisation (separation of citizens into groups by religion and political beliefs) and a long record of social tolerance , having legalised prostitution and euthanasia , along with maintaining a liberal drug policy . The Netherlands allowed women's suffrage in 1919 and

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6344-556: The Harris Nesbitt Corporation. The process of privatizing the municipal tax foreclosures process and outsourcing to out of state third party, for-profit, private companies has drawn criticism from housing advocates who argue that a for-profit tax foreclosure process leads to more foreclosures, displacement and vacancy. The other argument is that third party purchases of tax liens enables local governments to pay for essential services such as salaries for teachers, health care, police officers and firefighters. To date, no study has shown that

6466-403: The Low Countries from 1384 to 1581. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. The fleets of the County of Holland defeated the fleets of the Hanseatic League several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region . Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade

6588-413: The Low Countries south of the great rivers. These tribes would eventually develop into the Salian Franks . The Celtic La Tène culture (c. 450 BC to the Roman conquest) expanded over a wide range, including the southern area of the Low Countries . Some scholars have speculated that even a third ethnic identity and language, neither Germanic nor Celtic, survived in the Netherlands until the Roman period,

6710-447: The Low Countries. Under Habsburg rule , this became pays d'embas ("lands down-here"). This was translated as Neder-landen in contemporary Dutch official documents. From a regional point of view, Niderlant was also the area between the Meuse and the lower Rhine in the late Middle Ages. From the mid-sixteenth century, the "Low Countries" and the "Netherlands" lost their original deictic meaning . In most Romance languages ,

6832-409: The Meuse. These rivers functioned as a natural barrier between fiefdoms and hence historically created a cultural divide, as is evident in some phonetic traits that are recognisable on either side of what the Dutch call their "Great Rivers" ( de Grote Rivieren ). Another significant branch of the Rhine, the IJssel river, discharges into Lake IJssel , the former Zuiderzee ('southern sea'). Just like

6954-422: The Netherlands is a founding member of the European Union , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD , and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. It hosts intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are in The Hague. The countries that comprise the region called the Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium , and Luxembourg ) all have comparatively

7076-476: The Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. However, the Cultivation System was introduced in 1830; in the Dutch East Indies, 20% of village land had to be devoted to government crops for export. The policy brought the Dutch enormous wealth and made the colony self-sufficient. The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863. Enslaved people in Suriname would be fully free only in 1873. The Netherlands remained neutral during World War I, in part because

7198-447: The Northern Dutch (Dutch living North of these rivers). In the Southern province of Limburg, the term is used for the Dutch from the other 11 provinces. The use of the term in this context by the Southern Dutch is in a derogatory fashion. Dutch is used as the adjective for the Netherlands, as well as the demonym . The origins of the word go back to Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz , Latinised into Theodiscus , meaning "popular" or "of

7320-407: The Northern Netherlands in 1839 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by decree), while the personal union between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when William III died with no surviving male heirs. Ascendancy laws prevented his daughter Queen Wilhelmina from becoming the next Grand Duchess. The Belgian Revolution and the Java War in the Dutch East Indies brought

7442-428: The Republic, led by William III of Orange and Anthonie Heinsius would regularly clash with France in what some historians have come to call the Forty Years' War . In the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession , the Republic was at the centre of anti-French coalitions. The Dutch ultimately successfully defended the Spanish Netherlands , established a barrier there, and their troops proved central to

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7564-454: The Silent in driving out Spanish troops and forming a new government for the Netherlands. Don Juan of Austria , the new Spanish governor, was forced to concede initially, but within months returned to active hostilities. The Dutch looked for help from the Protestant Elizabeth I of England, but she initially stood by her commitments to the Spanish in the Treaty of Bristol of 1574. When the next large-scale battle occurred at Gembloux in 1578,

7686-432: The Southwest Netherlands, they were raiding the English Channel . Roman forces pacified the region but did not expel the Franks, who continued to be feared at least until the time of Julian the Apostate (358) when Salian Franks were allowed to settle as foederati in Texandria . After the Roman government in the area collapsed in roughly the year 406, the Franks expanded their territories into numerous kingdoms. By

7808-406: The Spanish forces won easily. In light of the defeat at Gembloux , the southern states of the Seventeen Provinces distanced themselves from the rebels in the north with the 1579 Union of Arras . Opposing them, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces forged the Union of Utrecht in which they committed to support each other against the Spanish. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of

7930-431: The Spanish in the Netherlands under the Duke of Parma in a series of largely indecisive actions that tied down significant numbers of Spanish troops and bought time for the Dutch to reorganise their defences. The war continued until 1648, when Spain under King Philip IV recognised the independence of the seven north-western provinces in the Peace of Münster . Parts of the southern provinces became de facto colonies of

8052-439: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). These are designed to appeal to artistic professionals, makers, and creative-class entrepreneurs, officials said. The University of Dayton 's major investment on the Dayton Arcade in a joint venture agreement with the Entrepreneurs’ Center have entered into a 10-year lease to become the anchor tenants for the Arcade with “The Arcade Innovation Hub Powered by PNC Bank ,”

8174-429: The United Provinces consistently possessed one of Europe's largest and most capable armies. However, following the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession , other major powers such as Prussia, Austria, Britain, and Russia significantly expanded their military forces. The Republic struggled to match these developments, and gradually assumed the status of a mid-tier power. However, historians have sometimes overstated

8296-408: The alliance which halted French territorial expansion in Europe until a new cycle began in 1792 with the French Revolutionary Wars . However, the wars left them effectively bankrupt, and inflicted permanent damage on the Dutch merchant navy; while they remained the dominant economic power in the Far East, Britain took over as the pre-eminent global commercial and maritime power. Between 1590 and 1713,

8418-435: The arcade in early April 2021, and the Art Lofts initially received about 80 applications from potential tenants. Four of the arcade’s nine interconnected buildings offer apartments: the Fourth Street building (39 units); the Lindsey building (36); the Ludlow building (21) and the Commercial building (14). Seven apartments are market-rate units, the rest of the units are affordable housing that must meet income restrictions set by

8540-414: The areas below sea level, known as polders , are the result of land reclamation that began in the 14th century . In the Republican period , which began in 1588, the Netherlands entered a unique era of political, economic, and cultural greatness, ranked among the most powerful and influential in Europe and the world; this period is known as the Dutch Golden Age . During this time, its trading companies,

8662-500: The armed support of revolutionary France , Dutch republicans proclaimed the Batavian Republic , modelled after the French Republic and rendering the Netherlands a unitary state on 19 January 1795. The stadtholder William V of Orange had fled to England. From 1806 to 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother Louis Bonaparte . However, King Louis Bonaparte tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, and he

8784-409: The building was purchased by Dayton Arcade, LLC, for the minimum bid of $ 615,106.02. The new Arcade owners, Gunther Berg and Wendell Strutz said they would begin work on the Arcade in 6 months to restore the building to its former glory (with mixed-use developments - housing, offices, restaurants, and commercial space). Early estimates on the restoration totaled $ 30 million. Mayor Nan Whaley announced

8906-471: The case of the Low Countries and the Netherlands, the geographical location of this lower region is more or less downstream and near the sea, compared to that of the upper region of Germania Superior. The designation 'Low' returned in the 10th-century Duchy of Lower Lorraine , which covered much of the Low Countries. The Dukes of Burgundy used the term les pays de par deçà ("the lands over here") for

9028-418: The centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed considerably as a result of natural disasters and human intervention. On 14 December 1287, St. Lucia's flood affected the Netherlands and Germany, killing more than 50,000 people in one of the most destructive floods in recorded history. The St. Elizabeth flood of 1421 and the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed polder , replacing it with

9150-549: The country being referred to as Holland instead of the Netherlands , on much the same grounds as many Welsh or Scottish people object to the United Kingdom being referred to as England. In particular, those from regions other than Holland find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term Holland for the whole country, as the Holland region only comprises two of the twelve provinces, and 38% of Dutch citizens. As of 2019,

9272-540: The country is for the most part flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast, up to a height of no more than 322 m (1,056 ft) at the Vaalserberg , and some low hill ranges in the central parts. Most of the areas below sea level are caused by peat extraction or achieved through land reclamation . Since the late 16th century, large polder areas are preserved through elaborate drainage systems that include dikes , canals and pumping stations. Much of

9394-627: The country was originally formed by the estuaries of three large European rivers: the Rhine ( Rijn ), the Meuse ( Maas ) and the Scheldt ( Schelde ), as well as their tributaries . The south-western part of the Netherlands is a river delta of these rivers, the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta . The European Netherlands is divided into north and south parts by the Rhine, the Waal , its main tributary branch, and

9516-613: The countryside was plundered for food. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, over 20,000 Dutch fascists joined the Waffen SS . Political collaborators were members of the fascist NSB , the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands. On 8 December 1941, the Dutch government-in-exile in London declared war on Japan, but could not prevent

9638-564: The crossfire. The outcome of the legal proceedings between the City of Syracuse and ATF is still pending. In Youngstown, Ohio, Pig Iron Press business owner alleged that ATF foreclosed upon his business without giving him recourse to challenge the action or offer repayment options. According to public record, in 2010 ATF did file a foreclosure action on both the owner's Youngstown business address and his personal residence in Boardman, Ohio, due to back taxes not paid from 2007 to 2009. Contrary to

9760-614: The east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom , Germany, and Belgium. The official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in the province of Friesland . Dutch, English, and Papiamento are official in the Caribbean territories . Netherlands literally means "lower countries" in reference to its low elevation and flat topography, with 26% below sea level . Most of

9882-583: The end of the Ice Age , the nomadic late Upper Palaeolithic Hamburg culture (13,000–10,000 BC) hunted reindeer in the area, using spears. The later Ahrensburg culture (11,200–9,500 BC) used bow and arrow . From Mesolithic Maglemosian-like tribes (c. 8000 BC), the world's oldest canoe was found in Drenthe . Indigenous late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from the Swifterbant culture (c. 5600 BC), related to

10004-463: The extent of this decline, especially when considering the period up to the 1750s. In the 18th century the Dutch Republic had seen a state of a general decline, with economic competition from England and long-standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the republican Staatsgezinden and the supporters of the stadtholder the Prinsgezinden as main political factions. With

10126-589: The first phase. In addition, the University of Dayton will relocate its Entrepreneurial center to the McCrory building, occupying all three floors. A mini-docuseries aired on local WPTD PBS/Think TV entitled The Dayton Arcade: Waking the Giant , released in the fall of 2020, chronicles the history and redevelopment timelines to the 2021 reopening. After being mothballed, unused, and deteriorating, with many false starts and lackluster investment spanning well over thirty years

10248-492: The formation in August 2014 of a Task Force to determine whether redevelopment is possible. The Task Force was composed of 12 prominent people from the Dayton area. In June 2015, Sandvick Architects and Jera Construction, Inc. announced that the Arcade was still structurally sound and made some initial redevelopment suggestions. In a 3-part series of videos the Urban Design Coordinator for the City of Dayton, discussed

10370-653: The house was within the Iroquois territory of the Moorish Empire," thus, they were tax exempt. The defense was eventually dismissed by a judge, but the practice of including code violations in property tax has elicited protests from homeowners who have delinquent tax liens and code violations, along with community groups in Rochester, NY. Alternatively, it may be argued that including unpaid code enforcement fines in property tax bills may be seen as an effort to preserve and enhance

10492-718: The import of goods through the Netherlands proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British Royal Navy in 1916. That changed in World War II, when Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. The Rotterdam Blitz forced most of the Dutch army to surrender. During the occupation, over 100,000 Dutch Jews were transported to Nazi extermination camps ; only a few survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in Germany, civilians who resisted were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and

10614-578: The migration of Germanic tribes from the North. By the time this migration was complete, around 250 BC, a few general cultural and linguistic groups had emerged. The North Sea Germanic Ingaevones inhabited the northern part of the Low Countries . They would later develop into the Frisii and the early Saxons . The Weser–Rhine Germanic (or Istvaeones ) extended along the middle Rhine and Weser and inhabited

10736-551: The modern Netherlands. Spanish troops sacked Maastricht in 1579, killing over 10,000 civilians. In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the Act of Abjuration , the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II. Against the rebels Philip could draw on the resources of the Spanish Empire . Elizabeth I sympathised with the Dutch struggle and sent an army of 7,600 soldiers to aid them. English forces faced

10858-482: The new republican-mercantile empire. Following the declaration of independence, the provinces of Holland , Zeeland , Groningen , Friesland , Utrecht , Overijssel , and Gelderland entered into a confederation . All these duchies, lordships and counties enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy and was governed by its own administrative body known as the States-Provincial . The confederal government, known as

10980-608: The new space. Netherlands – in Europe  (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (light green) The Netherlands , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe , with overseas territories in the Caribbean . It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces ; it borders Germany to

11102-636: The north (i.e. the southern Netherlands and Flanders), who kept on speaking Old Frankish , which by the ninth century had evolved into Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch. A Dutch-French language boundary hence came into existence. To the north of the Franks, climatic conditions improved, and during the Migration Period Saxons , the closely related Angles , Jutes , and Frisii settled the coast. Many moved on to England and came to be known as Anglo-Saxons , but those who stayed would be referred to as Frisians and their language as Frisian . Frisian

11224-527: The north to create a strong country on the northern border of France. William Frederick raised this United Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself as King William I in 1815. William became hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg in exchange for his German possessions. However, the Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and rebelled . The south gained independence in 1830 as Belgium (recognised by

11346-416: The payment plans that it has in place with numerous property owners, and would also preclude ATF from purchasing subsequent tax liens pursuant to its right of first refusal under the contract." The City of Schenectady then sued American Tax Funding for the right to continue its foreclosure action. To complicate matters, in 2006 the City of Schenectady sold ATF multiple invalid tax liens filed inadvertently by

11468-505: The people", akin to Old Dutch Dietsch or Old English þeodisc , meaning "(of) the common ( Germanic ) people". At first, the English language used Dutch to refer to any or all speakers of West Germanic languages . Gradually its meaning shifted to the West Germanic people they had the most contact with. The oldest human ( Neanderthal ) traces in the Netherlands, believed to be about 250,000 years old, were found near Maastricht . At

11590-503: The planned artistic housing is a part. Additionally, state and federal historic preservation tax credit awards will be a crucial part of the plan. The developers successfully obtained $ 5 million in historic tax credits and $ 20 million in low-income housing credits for the first phase. Construction on phase one is set to begin early in 2018 and take 14–18 months to complete once all financing has been arranged. Miller-Valentine And Cross Street Partners have updated their Phase 1 plans to include

11712-406: The population into submission. Alba boasted of having executed 18,600; this figure does not include those who perished by war and famine. The first great siege was Alba's effort to capture Haarlem and thereby cut Holland in half. It dragged on from December 1572 to the next summer, when Haarlemers finally surrendered on 13 July upon the promise that the city would be spared from being sacked. It

11834-455: The previous, this river forms a linguistic divide: people to the northeast of this river speak Dutch Low Saxon dialects (except for the province of Friesland , which has its own language). The Netherlands is mostly composed of deltaic , coastal and aeolian derived sediments during the Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods. Almost the entire west Netherlands is composed of

11956-560: The published reports, ATF did indeed through its attorney offer a repayment plan to the owner, however, he did not believe that he was obligated to pay taxes and also filed bankruptcy, a claim which he later withdrew. ATF has a history of offering repayment plans in Ohio. In Louisville, Kentucky homeowners and housing advocates argue that third party lien purchasers can charge excessive fees. According to public records ATF does not profit from any fees in fact all fees are charged in connection of

12078-428: The renovation of the rotunda as well. It is estimated that the costs of the first phase will be between $ 56 million and $ 80 million. These new plans include space for a brewery and a coffee shop. Other amenities may include another cafe and a grocery store. The developers also revealed their plan to create 126 apartment units in the first phase of this project which have been outlined below: Stage two of redevelopment has

12200-446: The sale of tax liens to third parties leads to any increase in foreclosure activity. In fact, the sale of liens to third party purchasers often extends redemption periods and allows flexible repayment agreements for delinquent tax payers. Between 2006 and 2008, the City of Syracuse sold American Tax Funding ("ATF") their pool of delinquent City and County tax liens upon roughly 1,900 properties for $ 12.9 million. Essentially, ATF paid

12322-582: The same toponymy . Place names with Neder , Nieder , Nedre , Nether , Lage(r) or Low(er) (in Germanic languages ) and Bas or Inferior (in Romance languages ) are in use in low-lying places all over Europe. The Romans made a distinction between the Roman provinces of downstream Germania Inferior (nowadays part of Belgium and the Netherlands) and upstream Germania Superior . Thus, in

12444-511: The servicing or foreclosure of the liens as allowed by statute. Between 2004 and 2009, the City of Schenectady received $ 43 million from American Tax Funding for their unpaid back taxes. However, in 2012, the City of Schenectady would not sell its liens to ATF and instead, initiated its own foreclosure action upon the 2010 and 2011 liens. In response, ATF sued the City of Schenectady as "the city's threatened foreclosure action would preclude ATF's foreclosures, would preclude ATF from collecting on

12566-459: The southern Scandinavian Ertebølle culture , were strongly linked to rivers and open water. Between 4800 and 4500 BC, the Swifterbant people started to adopt from the neighbouring Linear Pottery culture the practice of animal husbandry , and between 4300 and 4000 BC agriculture. The Funnelbeaker culture (4300–2800 BC) erected the dolmens , large stone grave monuments found in Drenthe . There

12688-526: The steps being taken in Fall of 2015 toward bringing the Arcade back into productive use. The Dayton City Commission passed legislation in September 2015 for a $ 700,000 "Dry and Stable" initiative to be done on the Dayton Arcade to complete gutter cleaning and maintenance, securing any broken or missing glass frames, and fixing the mortar on some of the buildings where rain damage has eroded the mortar away. The initiative

12810-466: The tank space. The group is launching a subsidiary under the Culture Works umbrella to manage these event spaces called CW Events and a percentage of revenue will be reinvested into the arts community. "This money will be used as a catalyst for arts and culture growth," said Executive Director Lisa Hanson. "This move helps us evolve our mission into multiple revenue streams and will help grow the arts as

12932-402: The term "Low Countries" is officially used as the name for the Netherlands. The term Holland has frequently been used informally to refer to the whole of the modern country of the Netherlands in various languages, including Dutch and English. In some languages, Holland is used as the formal name for the Netherlands. However, Holland is a region within the Netherlands that consists of

13054-584: The two provinces of North and South Holland . Formerly these were a single province, and earlier the County of Holland , which included parts of present-day Utrecht . The emphasis on Holland during the formation of the Dutch Republic , the Eighty Years' War , and the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, made Holland a pars pro toto for the entire country. Many Dutch people object to

13176-510: The wealthiest trading city in Amsterdam , and the first full-time stock exchange . The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the boom-bust cycle , the world's first asset-inflation bubble , the tulip mania of 1636–1637, and the world's first bear raider , Isaac le Maire . In 1672 – known in Dutch history as the Rampjaar (Disaster Year) –

13298-454: The year prior. Dayton's industrial sector improved significantly during WWII and afterward, which directly correlated with the Arcade regaining strength. There was plenty of discretionary income which was now being spent at the "City Within a City". In 1952, the Arcade was sold to Robert Shapiro for $ 2.5 million. The Arcade did see a decline with the construction I-75 and other interstate highways. I-75 and US 35 essentially severed West Dayton,

13420-487: Was Gerolf of Holland , who assumed lordship in Frisia, and Viking rule came to an end. The Holy Roman Empire ruled much of the Low Countries in the 10th and 11th century but was not able to maintain political unity. Powerful local nobles turned their cities, counties and duchies into private kingdoms that felt little sense of obligation to the emperor. Holland , Hainaut , Flanders , Gelre , Brabant , and Utrecht were in

13542-833: Was a quick transition from the Funnelbeaker farming culture to the pan-European Corded Ware pastoralist culture (c. 2950 BC). In the southwest, the Seine-Oise-Marne culture —related to the Vlaardingen culture (c. 2600 BC)—survived well into the Neolithic period, until it too was succeeded by the Corded Ware culture. The subsequent Bell Beaker culture (2700–2100 BC) introduced metalwork in copper, gold and later bronze and opened new international trade routes, reflected in copper artefacts . Finds of rare bronze objects suggest that Drenthe

13664-566: Was a stipulation Don Fadrique was unable to honour, when his soldiers mutinied, angered over pay owed and the miserable conditions of the campaign. On 4 November 1576, Spanish tercios seized Antwerp and subjected it to the worst pillage in the Netherlands' history. The citizens resisted but were overcome; seven thousand were killed and a thousand buildings were torched. Following the sack of Antwerp , delegates from Catholic Brabant, Protestant Holland and Zeeland agreed to join Utrecht and William

13786-659: Was a trading centre in the Bronze Age (2000–800 BC). The Bell Beaker culture developed locally into the Barbed-Wire Beaker culture (2100–1800 BC) and later the Elp culture (1800–800 BC), a Middle Bronze Age culture marked by earthenware pottery. The southern region became dominated by the related Hilversum culture (1800–800 BC). From 800 BC onwards, the Iron Age Celtic Hallstatt culture became influential, replacing

13908-601: Was a weak kingdom and subject to numerous partitions and annexation attempts by its stronger neighbours. It comprised territories from Frisia in the north to the Kingdom of Italy in the south. Around 850, Lothair I of Middle Francia acknowledged the Viking Rorik of Dorestad as ruler of most of Frisia. When the kingdom of Middle Francia was partitioned in 855, the lands north of the Alps passed to Lothair II and subsequently were named Lotharingia . After he died in 869, Lotharingia

14030-493: Was coined in 1924 to be "The City Within a City" and said that one-sixth of the population of the city passed through the Arcade daily. If correct, that meant 29,000 people passed through every day. The 1930s brought the Great Depression , and though the Arcade remained a fixture of the downtown commercial district, it still suffered as the city was hit hard economically. By 1940, there were only 25 merchants left, down 35 from

14152-511: Was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. The Emperor sent in an army and the Netherlands became part of the French Empire until November 1813, when Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Leipzig . William Frederick , son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince . Two years later, the Congress of Vienna added the southern Netherlands to

14274-673: Was fought over in the Hook and Cod Wars between 1350 and 1490. The Cod faction consisted of the more progressive cities, while the Hook faction consisted of the conservative noblemen. These noblemen invited Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy to conquer Holland. Most of the Imperial and French fiefs in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium were united in a personal union by Philip the Good in 1433. The House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs would rule

14396-477: Was intended to give the Arcade another three to five years of structural stability. The funds used to secure the building through this "Dry and Stable" initiative were placed as a lien on the Arcade and will be repaid to the city by future developers. Steve Petitjean, a senior vice president at Fifth Third Bank who is co-chairing the Arcade Task Force, stated that Miller-Valentine Group is providing $ 250,000 of

14518-503: Was partitioned, into Upper and Lower Lotharingia , the latter comprising the Low Countries that became part of East Francia in 870. Around 879, another Viking expedition led by Godfrid, Duke of Frisia , raided the Frisian lands. Resistance to the Vikings, if any, came from local nobles, who gained in stature as a result, and that laid the basis for the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia into semi-independent states. One of these local nobles

14640-447: Was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. By the seventh century, a Frisian Kingdom (650–734) under King Aldegisel and King Redbad emerged with Traiectum ( Utrecht ) as its centre of power, while Dorestad was a flourishing trading place. Between 600 and around 719 the cities were often fought over between the Frisians and the Franks. In 734, at the Battle of the Boarn ,

14762-462: Was the first country to legalise same-sex marriage in 2001. Its mixed-market advanced economy has the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet , and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest in Europe . Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the fourth busiest in Europe . Being a developed country ,

14884-504: Was vital because Holland could no longer produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained. Under Habsburg Charles V , all fiefs in the current Netherlands region were united into the Seventeen Provinces , which included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of France and Germany. In 1568, under Phillip II,

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