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30-486: The monastery was most commonly known as Arakelots , however, it was also referred to as Ghazaru vank (Ղազարու վանք; "Monastery of Lazarus "), after its first abbot Yeghiazar (Eleazar). It was also sometimes known as Gladzori vank (Գլաձորի վանք), originating from the nearby gorge called Gayli dzor (Գայլի ձոր, "Wolf's gorge"). Official Turkish sources refer to it as Arak Manastırı , a Turkified version of its Armenian name. Turkish sources and travel guides generally omit

60-440: A golden eagle . It is frequently shown on medallions of the later empire, which have on the obverse a half-length figure of the emperor , holding in one hand the sceptrum Augusti , and in the other the orb surmounted by a small figure of Victory . The codes of the just and the cruel sceptre are found in the ancient Tamil work of Tirukkural , dated before 5th century CE . In its chapters 55 ( Sengol ) and 56 ( Kondungol ),

90-460: A main church with two chapels, a narthex ( zhamatun ), and a bell tower. The St. Arakelots Church—the monastery's main church—was built in the 11th century. "It consists of an inscribed quatrefoil masked on the exterior by a massive rectangle. Barrel vaults top each of the four arms of the interior, as well as the corner chapels, which are two-storied at both east and west. A dome on squinches, now collapsed, once rested on an octagonal drum above

120-761: A manuscript named Homiliarium (Ms. 7729, commonly known as the "Mush Homiliarium", «Մշո ճառընտիր» Mšo Č̣aṙəntir ), the largest known Armenian manuscript. It was not created in the Arakelots Monastery, but rather in the Avag Monastery near Yerznka (Erzincan) between 1200 and 1202; written by the scribe Vardan Karnetsi, and illuminated by Stepanos. Written on vellum , it now has 601 pages and weighs 28 kilograms. It originally had 660 pages, 17 of which are now in Venice and one in Vienna. Two pages were transferred to Yerevan from

150-654: A shrine at the top, with little images of the Virgin Mary , Saint Andrew , and Saint James the Great in it. This sceptre was, it is believed, made in France around 1536 for James V . Great seals usually represent the sovereign enthroned, holding a sceptre (often the second in dignity) in the right hand, and the orb and cross in the left. Harold Godwinson appears thus in the Bayeux Tapestry . The earliest English coronation form of

180-530: A staff, and Pharaoh Anedjib is shown on stone vessels carrying a so-called mks -staff. The staff with the longest history seems to be the heqa -sceptre (the " shepherd's crook "). The sceptre also assumed a central role in the Mesopotamian world, and was in most cases part of the royal insignia of sovereigns and gods. This continued throughout Mesopotamian history , as illustrated in literary and administrative texts and iconography. The Mesopotamian sceptre

210-559: Is a staff or wand held in the hand by a ruling monarch as an item of royal or imperial insignia , signifying sovereign authority. The Was and other types of staves were signs of authority in Ancient Egypt . For this reason they are often described as "sceptres", even if they are full-length staffs. One of the earliest royal sceptres was discovered in the 2nd Dynasty tomb of Khasekhemwy in Abydos . Kings were also known to carry

240-474: Is represented on painted vases as a long staff tipped with a metal ornament. When the sceptre is borne by Zeus or Hades , it is headed by a bird. It was this symbol of Zeus, the king of the gods and ruler of Olympus , that gave their inviolable status to the kerykes , the heralds, who were thus protected by the precursor of modern diplomatic immunity . When, in the Iliad , Agamemnon sends Odysseus to parley with

270-582: The Moscow Lenin Library in 1977 which were separated in 1918. In 1202 it was robbed by a non-Armenian judge who sold it to the Arakelots Monastery in 1204 for four thousand silver coins collected by locals. It was kept there from its acquisition in 1205 until 1915. During the genocide it was taken to Tbilisi in two separate parts and later transferred to Yerevan. It is now preserved at the Matenadaran . Historian Movses Khorenatsi and philosopher David

300-584: The 14th century it was destroyed by Tamerlane 's invasions. The Ottoman Empire annexed the region in the mid-16th century. A wall was built around the monastery in 1791. In November 1901 a skirmish between Armenian fedayi (irregulars) and the Ottoman forces took place in and around the monastery. According to Jean-Michel Thierry , "the main church and chapels were still in a reasonably good state in 1960. Soon thereafter, however, they were reportedly dynamited by an official from Mush." The ensemble consists of

330-461: The 9th century mentions a sceptre ( sceptrum ), and a staff ( baculum ). In the so-called coronation form of Æthelred the Unready , a sceptre ( sceptrum ), and a rod ( virga ) appear, as they do also in the case of a coronation order of the 12th century. In a contemporary account of Richard I ’s coronation , the royal sceptre of gold with a gold cross ( sceptrum ), and the gold rod with a gold dove on

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360-572: The Etruscan. Under the Republic , an ivory sceptre ( sceptrum eburneum ) was a mark of consular rank. It was also used by victorious generals who received the title of imperator , and its use as a symbol of delegated authority to legates apparently was revived in the marshal's baton . Under the Roman Empire , the sceptrum Augusti was specially used by the emperors, and was often of ivory tipped with

390-693: The Invincible are believed to have been buried in the monastery courtyard. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Lazarus of Bethany Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 840972240 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 06:53:14 GMT Scepter A sceptre (or scepter in American English )

420-461: The advent of Christianity , the sceptre was often tipped with a cross instead of with an eagle. However, during the Middle Ages , the finials on the top of the sceptre varied considerably. In England , from a very early period, two sceptres have been concurrently used, and from the time of Richard I , they have been distinguished as being tipped with a cross and a dove respectively. In France,

450-583: The exterior, it was well-polished tufa; on the inside bricks. The wooden door of the Arakelots Church is considered a masterpiece and one of the finest pieces of medieval Armenian art. It was created in 1134 by Grigor and Ghukas. It depicts non-religious, historic scenes. The front side probably shows a prince as he has a scepter on his right hand. During World War I, German archaeologists reportedly transferred it to Bitlis in hope to later move it to Berlin. However, in 1916 when Russian troops took control of

480-527: The fact that it was an Armenian monastery. According to "a late medieval tradition", the monastery was founded in the early 4th century (in 312 AD according to one author) by Gregory the Illuminator to house various relics of apostles he transferred from Rome. "Those relics (which included the left arms of Saint Peter and Saint Paul and right arm of the apostle Andrew ) account for the monastery's name." According to Christina Maranci , evidence shows that

510-525: The following centuries it became a prominent educational center. The monastery school was active in 11th-12th centuries under chronicler and teacher Poghos Taronetsi, although it is known that translations were being made at the school since the 5th century. It flourished in 1271–81 under Nerses Mshetsi, who later moved to Syunik and established the University of Gladzor in 1280. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, various Turco-Mongol dynasties ruled Taron. In

540-406: The government of India decided to install this golden sceptre, Sengol in the newly inaugurated Indian Parliament . The presentation of the sceptre to the first Indian Prime Minister in 1947 was claimed as a 'symbol of transfer of power from British to India', which has been stirred up debates among few historians, who point to the lack of sources that portray the event as an official event. With

570-539: The king saw Esther the queen standing in the court, she obtained favor in his sight; and the king held out to Esther the golden scepter that was in his hand. So Esther came near, and touched the top of the scepter." Among the early Greeks , the sceptre ( Ancient Greek : σκῆπτρον , skeptron , "staff, stick, baton") was a long staff, such as Agamemnon wielded ( Iliad , i) or was used by respected elders ( Iliad , xviii. 46; Herodotus 1. 196), and came to be used by judges, military leaders, priests, and others in authority. It

600-603: The leaders of the Achaeans , he lends him his sceptre. Among the Etruscans , sceptres of great magnificence were used by kings and high priests. Many representations of such sceptres occur on the walls of the painted tombs of Etruria. The British Museum , the Vatican, and the Louvre possess Etruscan sceptres of gold, elaborately and minutely ornamented. The Roman sceptre probably derived from

630-487: The monastery was constructed in the latter half of the 11th century during the rule of the Tornikians—a branch of Mamikonians —who ruled Taron between 1054 and 1207. She writes that it is this era "which most scholars date the earliest portion of the structure." According to an inscription on a khachkar, it was renovated in 1125. In the east side of the monastery there were nine 11th century khachkars with inscriptions. In

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660-462: The outside. A rectangular gavit (narthex) was built in 1555 by abbot Karapet Baghishetsi. To the west there was a three-storey bell tower with eight columned rotunda built by Ter Ohannes vardapet in 1791. (It has been suggested that a bell tower probably existed earlier than that and was destroyed.) Its lowest floor survives. On the foundations of a 14th-century church, the St. Stepanos (Stephen) chapel

690-642: The region, historian and archaeologist Smbat Ter-Avetisian found the door in Bitlis, in a booty abandoned by the retreating Turks, and with a group of migrants, brought the door to the Museum of the Armenian Ethnographic Association in Tbilisi. In the winter of 1921–22 Ashkharbek Kalantar moved it to Yerevan's newly founded History Museum of Armenia . Many manuscripts were preserved in the monastery. Notably,

720-417: The royal sceptre was tipped with a fleur de lys , and the other, known as the main de justice , had an open hand of benediction on the top. Sceptres with small shrines on the top are sometimes represented on royal seals, as on the great seal of Edward III , where the king, enthroned, bears such a sceptre, but it was an unusual form; and one of the sceptres of Scotland , preserved at Edinburgh , has such

750-410: The structure's central bay. Interior decoration included wall painting, and in the apse one can still discern human figures, most likely representing apostles." It had only one door, on the western side. The church was constructed of brick and mortar . The church was renovated in 1614. Its floor plan was cross-shaped, it had a rectangular shape in the outside. The dome, restored in 1663, was an octagon in

780-452: The text deals with the just and the cruel sceptre, respectively, furthering the thought on the ethical behaviour of the ruler discussed in many of the preceding and the following chapters. The ancient treatise says it was not the king's spear but the just sceptre, known as "Sengol" in Tamil, that bound him to his people—and to the extent that he guarded them, his own good rule would guard him. It

810-546: The top ( virga ), enter the historical record for the first time. About 1450, Sporley, a monk of Westminster , compiled a list of the relics there. These included the articles used at the coronation of Saint Edward the Confessor , and left by him for the coronations of his successors. A golden sceptre, a wooden rod gilt, and an iron rod are named. These survived until the Commonwealth , and are minutely described in an inventory of

840-639: Was a practice of ancient Indian kingdoms and dynasties, such as the Chola kings, to use a symbolic sceptre during coronations. One such sceptre was presented to Jawarhal Nehru on 14 August 1947 by the Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam symbolising the transfer of power as followed by Ancient Hindu kings . It was displayed in the Allahabad Museum under the then Indian government wrongly marked as 'Golden walking Stick Gifted to Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru'. In 2023,

870-412: Was built south of the main church in 1663. "Composed of a single aisle terminating in an apse", it is now half-buried in rubble. On the northern side, only ruins of the St. Gevorg (George) chapel could have been found. The St. Tadevos (Thaddeus), though not within the monastery walls, was located some 300 meters northeast. Dated to the 13-14th centuries by Jean-Michel Thierry , it was well preserved. On

900-668: Was mostly called ĝidru in Sumerian and ḫaṭṭum in Akkadian . The Biblical Book of Genesis refers to the sceptre of Judah . "The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be." In the First Persian Empire , the Biblical Book of Esther mentions the sceptre of the King of Persia . "When

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