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100-521: Today, Arwad is mainly a fishing town. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics , during the 2004 census, it had a population of 4,403, predominantly Syrian Sunni Muslims . Plans were unveiled in May 2016 to renovate the island to become a tourist attraction. The original Phoenician city was named Arwad 𐤀𐤓𐤅𐤃 ʾrwd and was located on an island named ( 𐤀𐤉𐤍𐤊 ʾynk ). It

200-591: A regnal name , adopted upon his accession to the throne, Tukultī-apil-Ešarra means "my trust belongs to the son of Ešarra". Ešarra was a temple dedicated to the god Ninurta (who was thus the "son of Ešarra"). By the time of Tiglath-Pileser's reign, Ninurta was viewed as the son of the Assyrian national deity Ashur . In some non-contemporary sources, such as the Ptolemaic Canon , the Babylonian King List ,

300-637: A titular see . During the later part of the 13th century, in the time of the Crusades , the island of Ruad was used as a bridgehead or staging area by the Crusaders. It was the last piece of land that the Crusaders maintained in the Holy Land. The Crusaders had lost control of the mainland in 1291 (see Fall of Acre ), and the dwindling Kingdom of Jerusalem had been relocated to the island of Cyprus . In late 1300, in an attempt to coordinate military operations with

400-555: A firm choice to side with Assyria and Tiglath-Pileser eagerly accepted the alliance since Iranzu's realm was ideally placed to protect Assyria from Urartian raids. These developments worried Sarduri II of Urartu, who intensified his efforts to oppose and overtake Assyrian hegemony. Later in 743, Sarduri arrived at the Euphrates river border of Assyria with his army, his forces bolstered by troops sent by various kingdoms and states in Syria. In

500-498: A force on the island, engaging in combat with the entrenched Templars, and then establishing a lengthy siege, culminating with the Fall of Ruad , and the Crusaders surrendering on September 26, 1302, following a promise of safe conduct. However, the promise was not honored: all the bowmen and Syrian helpers were killed, and the Templar knights were sent to Cairo prisons. During WWI , the island

600-423: A great annexation of territory and the loss of independence of numerous ancient states in the region. After defeating Sarduri, Tiglath-Pileser resolved to conquer Arpad itself, both because of the city's strategic value and in order to punish the city for providing Sarduri access to the Assyrian frontier. After three campaigns over the course of three years and a lengthy siege, Arpad was captured in 740. During

700-579: A highly important trade route, the predecessor of the later Silk Road . The Assyrian successes in 744 and 743 demonstrated to the empire's neighbors that the time of Assyrian stagnation was over. Tiglath-Pileser's success inspired Iranzu , king of the Mannaeans , a people who lived in northwestern Iran, to personally meet with Tiglath-Pileser in 744 and forge an alliance. Iranzu's predecessors had usually maintained their kingdom's independence through changing allegiance between Urartu and Assyria, but Iranzu made

800-531: A legacy of enormous historical significance. His reign is generally seen as marking the beginning of an entirely new age of Assyrian imperialism. As the earliest Assyrian king to be mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and in the Babylonian Chronicles , Tiglath-Pileser is the first Assyrian king for whom there exist outside perspectives and accounts of his reign. All Mesopotamian history prior to Tiglath-Pileser

900-544: A member of the royal harem. Under the Persians, Arwad was allowed to unite in a confederation with Sidon and Tyre , with a common council at Tripolis. The Book of Ezekiel refers to its seamen and soldiers in the service of Tyre . When Alexander the Great invaded Syria in 332   BC, Arwad submitted without a struggle under her king Strato, who sent his navy to aid Alexander in the reduction of Tyre. It seems to have received

1000-405: A period of decline, becoming increasingly restricted to just the Assyrian heartland itself. Though the decline was at times halted by energetic warrior-kings, reconquests were not lasting until the time of Ashur-dan II ( r.   934–912 BC), who campaigned in the northeast and northwest. The accession of Ashur-dan's son Adad-nirari II ( r.   911–891 BC) traditionally marks

1100-412: A son of Tiglath-Pileser, but do not believe him to have been the legitimate heir to the throne as the next-in-line after the end of Shalmaneser's reign, i.e. assuming Shalmaneser had children. Even then, his claim to have been Tiglath-Pileser's son is generally treated with more caution than Tiglath-Pileser's own claims of royal ancestry. Some Assyriologists, such as J. A. Brinkman, believe that Sargon, at

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1200-484: A sort of hegemony over the northern Phoenician cities, from the mouth of the Orontes to the northern limits of Lebanon , something like that of Sidon in the south. It brought under its authority some of the neighboring cities on the mainland, such as Marat (present-day Amrit) and Sumur , the former nearly opposite the island and the latter some kilometers to the south. It had its own local dynasty and coinage, and some of

1300-584: Is an error, since it occurs right after a note that records the end of Ashur-nirari's reign and its length. Both the Eponym Chronicle and the Assyrian King List gives Ashur-nirari a reign length of 10 years, only possible if he ruled until 744, and not 745. If Ashur-nirari did rule until 744, it is unlikely that there was a civil war, since Tiglath-Pileser is recorded to have gone on campaigns against Assyria's foreign enemies in this time, not possible if he

1400-449: Is ignored in the Hebrew Bible. The Bible records both Tiglath-Pileser's impact on the Kingdom of Israel ( 2 Kings 15,29–31) and the events of his reign from the perspective of the southern Kingdom of Judah ( 2 Kings 15,32–16,20, 2 Chronicles 27,1–28,27, Isaiah , 7,1–25). Tiglath-Pileser greatly expanded Assyrian territory. By the time of his death, Tiglath-Pileser had more than doubled

1500-572: Is mentioned in the Annals of Thutmose III at the Karnak Temple as Irtu . It eventually became known as Arvad , Arpad , and Arphad . These were hellenized as Árados ( Ancient Greek : Ἄραδος ), which was Latinized as Aradus . In Arabic , it became Arwad ( أرواد ). Under the Seleucid Empire , Antiochus   I renamed it Antioch after himself or the father of Seleucus the Great . It

1600-663: Is not enough surviving evidence to conclude how Tiglath-Pileser III came to the throne and the nature of his accession is thus unclear and disputed. Several pieces of evidence indicate that he might have been a usurper. Pointing to this are the facts that there was a revolt in Nimrud , the capital of the Assyrian Empire, in 746/745 and that numerous officials and governors were replaced after 745. Ancient Assyrian sources give conflicting information in regards to Tiglath-Pileser's lineage. Tiglath-Pileser in inscriptions attributed his rise to

1700-701: Is only possible to produce a broad outline. Tiglath-Pileser's first campaign was conducted already in 744, when he assaulted Babylonian lands on the east side of the Tigris river. This conflict was resolved swiftly, with the Assyro-Babylonian border shifted in Tiglath-Pileser's favor. In 743, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned in the region around the Zagros Mountains, where he created the two new provinces Bit‐Ḫamban and Parsua. The new Zagros provinces were founded along

1800-437: Is possible that "son" in this context meant "grandson", meaning that Tiglath-Pileser would have been the son of Ashur-nirari or another of Adad-nirari's sons, or that Tiglath-Pileser actually was Adad-nirari's son, but came to the throne when he was already relatively old, possibly aged about 50. The Eponym Chronicle , a list of eponyms , names for the years, typically taken from influential officials, of Assyria confirms there

1900-591: Is the statistical agency responsible for the gathering of "information relating to economic, social and general activities and conditions" in the Syrian Arab Republic . The office is answerable to the office of the Prime Minister and has its main offices in Damascus . The CBS was established in 2005 and is administered by an administrative council headed by the deputy prime minister for economic affairs. After

2000-578: The Bible and the works of later Babylonian and Greco-Roman historians, Tiglath-Pileser is recorded under the name Pulu ( Pūlu , [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ), the etymology of which is uncertain. Though sometimes interpreted as a second regnal name, there are no contemporary Assyrian or Babylonian sources that refer to Tiglath-Pileser by this name and there is no evidence that it was ever used officially. No evidence exists of any Assyrian king ever using more than one regnal name in their lifetime. In 2007,

2100-518: The Incirli Trilingual inscription was published that gave contemporary confirmation that Pul (Pulu) and Tiglath-Pileser III were one and the same king. Only the Phoenician part of the inscription has been published so far, because of the monument’s poor state of preservation. Still, the identification of Tiglath-Pileser III as Pul is fairly certain, because this phrase is repeated more than once in

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2200-618: The Levant . Over the course of several years, Tiglath-Pileser conquered most of the Levant, defeating and then either annexing or subjugating previously influential kingdoms, notably ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus . Tiglath-Pileser's activities in the Levant were recorded in the Hebrew Bible . After a few years of conflict, Tiglath-Pileser conquered Babylonia in 729, becoming the first king to rule as both king of Assyria and king of Babylon . There

2300-615: The Mongol leader Ghazan , the Cypriots prepared a land-based force of approximately 600 men: 300 under Amalric of Lusignan , son of Hugh III of Cyprus , and similar contingents from the Templars and Hospitallers . The men and their horses were ferried from Cyprus to a staging area on Ruad, from which they launched raids on Tortosa while awaiting Mongol reinforcements. When the Mongols failed to arrive,

2400-564: The Qedarites to the south of Damascus, hoping to consolidate his control of southern Syria. The surprise attack caught the Qedarite queen Samsi off-guard and the Qedarites were easily defeated. Though Tiglath-Pileser was victorious, he realized that he would not be able to effectively govern the territories ruled by the Qedarites and thus allowed Samsi to remain in control of her domain, though under

2500-684: The Second Council of Constantinople in 553 were signed by Asyncretius as bishop of Aradus. At the time of the Crusades, Antaradus, by then called Tartus or Tortosa, was a Latin Church diocese, whose bishop also held the titles of Aradus and Maraclea (perhaps Rachlea). It was united to the see of Famagusta in Cyprus in 1295. No longer a residential bishopric, Aradus is today listed by the Catholic Church as

2600-656: The Syro-Hittite kingdoms of Gurgum and Kummuh , Carchemish and Quwê , some of which had previously sent forces to aid Sarduri, as well as from the Phoenician city of Tyre and the Aramean kingdom of Aram-Damascus . The annexation of Arpad put rulers throughout the Levant on the alert. In the period of Assyrian stagnation, many of the Levantine states had aspired to expand and become large kingdoms in their own right, something

2700-421: The ancient Near East . Ashurnasirpal's son Shalmaneser III ( r.   859–824 BC) further expanded Assyrian territory but his enlarged domain proved difficult to stabilize and his last few years initiated a renewed period of stagnation and decline, marked by both external and internal conflict. The most important problems facing Shalmaneser late in his reign were the rise of the kingdom of Urartu in

2800-714: The Assyrian kings. The imperialist expansionism undertaken by the kings of both Urartu and Assyria led to frequent military clashes between the two, despite being separated by the Taurus Mountains . For a brief time, the Urartian army equalled that of Assyria; though the Assyrians scored many victories against Urartu, notably plundering Urartu's heartland late in Shalmaneser's reign, the Urartians scored victories of their own. In 754,

2900-490: The Assyrians might have perceived as an anti-Assyrian activity. In 738, Tiglath-Pileser continued his efforts in Syria, conquering some lands to the south of Arpad and establishing the three new provinces of Kullania, Ḫatarikka, and Ṣimirra. These lands had been under the rule of the Syro-Hittite kingdom of Hama , which he accused of plotting against him. The strategy employed by Tiglath-Pileser in his successful conquest of

3000-515: The Babylonians. Nabu-mukin-zeri lost Sapia in the same year but appears to have continued to resist Tiglath-Pileser until 728 since there are some documents ascribed to his fourth regnal year. As the new king, Tiglath-Pileser received tribute from the most powerful Chaldean tribes, the Bit-Dakkuri and Bit-Yakin . The Bit-Yakin at this time was under the leadership of Marduk-apla-iddina II , who in

3100-431: The Levant was carefully thought out and prepared. Instead of attacking the strongholds of the larger states, he first subdued smaller kingdoms through fast and wide-ranging attacks. The early conquests brought coastal and flat lands under his rule, which meant that Assyrian troops in the later campaigns could march through the region fast and efficiently. During the campaign against Hama, Tiglath-Pileser conquered and annexed

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3200-498: The Mongols did arrive with a force of 60,000, but could do little else than engage in some raids around Syria. The Mongol leader Kutluka stationed 20,000 horsemen in the Jordan Valley to protect Damascus , where a Mongol governor was installed. Soon however, they had to withdraw. The Egyptian Mamluks , who had been systematically re-establishing control over Palestine and Syria, sought to take Ruad as well. A Mamluk fleet landed

3300-661: The Mu’na Arab tribe, all began paying tribute to Tiglath-Pileser. By extending his control throughout the Levant, Tiglath-Pileser formed a semi-circle of control around Israel and Aram-Damascus and cut them off from Egypt, which had at times offered support to the Levantine states. The Assyrian efforts resulted in Aram-Damascus becoming both geopolitically isolated and without a large enough food supply to feed its people. In 733, Tiglath-Pileser resolved to cement his conquest. In this year, he again campaigned against Aram-Damascus, still

3400-412: The Phoenician cities on this coast. It had a powerful navy, and its ships are mentioned in the monuments of Egypt and Assyria . In the Bible , an "Arvad" is noted as the forefather of the "Arvadites", a Canaanite people. The Phoenicians collected rain water in cisterns and shipped fresh water to the island, eventually discovering an undersea freshwater spring nearby. The city of Arwad seems to have had

3500-495: The Syrian government began reconstructing infrastructure in 2011, the bureau began releasing data from 2011 to 2018. This article about government in Syria is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tiglath-pileser III Tiglath-Pileser III ( Neo-Assyrian Akkadian : 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏 , romanized:  Tukultī-apil-Ešarra , meaning "my trust belongs to

3600-462: The Syro-Hittite kingdom of Pattin . Hama was spared full annexation, with the kingdom being allowed to remain somewhat independent as a vassal state. The victory inspired more states in the region to pay tribute to the Assyrians, including the Phoenician city of Byblos , the Kingdom of Israel and various states in eastern Anatolia and some Arab tribes. Israel and Damascus had sent aid to Hama during

3700-521: The Urartian king Sarduri II defeated the Assyrian army under Ashur-nirari V at Arpad , an event that may have led to the Assyrian army not campaigning for several years. The Assyrian kings were unable to deal with external threats since the magnates had gradually become the dominant political actors and central authority had become very weak. The reigns of Tiglath-Pileser's three predecessors Shalmaneser IV ( r.   783–773 BC), Ashur-dan III ( r.   773–755 BC) and Ashur-nirari V

3800-507: The allies of Hadadezer of Aram Damascus at the Battle of Qarqar , when all Syria seems to have been in league against Shalmaneser III ( c.  854 ). At this time, the king of Arwad was Mattan Baal. It was afterward tributary to Tiglath-pileser III and Sennacherib ; under Sennacherib, its king was Abd-Ilihit c.  701 . Ashurbanipal ( c.  664 ) compelled its king Yakinlu to submit and send one of his daughters to become

3900-551: The amount of land ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. His method of introducing direct Assyrian rule to foreign lands, dividing them into Assyrian provinces rather than creating vassal kingdoms, significantly altered the economy of the Assyrian state. Whereas the Assyrians had previously relied on tribute from vassals, from Tiglath-Pileser's time they became increasingly dependent on taxes collected by provincial governors. This approach increased administrative costs but also reduced

4000-457: The army was further increased throughout Tiglath-Pileser's reign through the recruitment of soldiers from the various lands the Assyrians conquered and through the recruitment of mercenaries from Babylonia , the Zagros Mountains and Anatolia . Though Tiglath-Pileser's conquests generated a massive amount of revenue, he appears to have invested little of it into the Assyrian heartland itself;

4100-437: The beginning of frequent mass deportations, a policy which continued under his successors. There were two intended goals of this policy: firstly to reduce the local identities in conquered regions, to counteract the risk of revolt, and secondly to recruit and move laborers to where the Assyrian kings needed them, such as underdeveloped and underutilized provinces. Though the Assyrian resettlements were probably devastating both for

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4200-474: The beginning of the Neo-Assyrian Empire . Under the early Neo-Assyrian kings, there was a gradual reconquest of former Assyrian lands. The success of this project was an extraordinary achievement given that the kings essentially had to rebuild the Assyrian Empire from scratch. Under Ashurnasirpal II ( r.   883–859 BC) the Neo-Assyrian Empire rose to become the dominant political power in

4300-489: The city refused to co-operate, it was besieged in 38 BC, then eventually surrendered, which marked the end of its independence in 34–35 BC. The city of Aradus, as it was then called, became a Christian bishopric . Athanasius reports that, under Roman Emperor Constantine the Great , Cymatius, the Chalcedonian bishop of Aradus and also of Antaradus (whose names indicate that they were neighbouring towns facing each other)

4400-554: The conflict. The Anatolian realms who began paying tribute to Assyria, five kingdoms in total, probably did so not out of fear of Assyrian conquest but rather in the hope of Assyrian aid against the expansionist kingdom of Phrygia , which threatened their existence. The Anatolians at times tried to play Assyria and Phrygia against each other, with disastrous consequences. In 730, Tiglath-Pileser attacked and removed king Wasusarma of Tabal from power after he stopped paying tribute, writing in his annals that Wasusarma "acted as if he were

4500-459: The dungeons of the fortress were used as a prison for resisting opposers, as the captives' still-visible graffiti attest. In 1945, at the end of WWII , France wanted to preserve the island, hence started working to build a military base, in a geopolitical framework, to maintain a military position in the region, and to keep a cultural influence. But as a result of pressure from the United States,

4600-468: The dynasty of Mopsos '. Some Assyriologists, such as Eckart Frahm and Paul-Alain Beaulieu , have speculated that Pulu was Tiglath-Pileser's original name before he became king and assumed his regnal name or perhaps a nickname. According to Gertoux, Tiglath-Pileser III was the son of Adad-nīrārī III, and used the name Pulu as a young co-regent under previous kings. When he won the kingship of Babylon, for

4700-472: The early 2nd millennium   BC by the Phoenicians . Located some 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Tripolis , it was a barren rock covered with fortifications and houses several stories in height. The island was about 800 m long by 500 m wide, surrounded by a massive wall, and an artificial harbor was constructed on the east toward the mainland. It developed into a trading city in early times, as did most of

4800-427: The equal of Assyria". Tiglath-Pileser marched on the Levant for the fifth time in 734, reaching as far south as the border of Egypt . This campaign resulted in the conquest of Gaza and the submission of numerous states, effectively bringing the entire Levant under direct or indirect Assyrian rule; Assyria and Egypt shared a border for the first time in history. Asqaluna , Judah , Edom , Moab and Ammon , and

4900-581: The favor of the Seleucid kings of Syria and enjoyed the right of asylum for political refugees. It is mentioned in a rescript from Rome about 138   BC in connection with other cities and rulers of the East, to show favor to the Jews . This was after Rome had begun to interfere in the affairs of Judea and Syria and indicates that Arwad was still of considerable importance at that time. The city has been cited as one of

5000-447: The fighting, Arpad was assisted by both Urartian troops and by troops sent by other cities and minor states in Syria. After the city was captured, the Assyrian army did not simply plunder it and then leave, as they had dealt with cities in Syria in previous times. Instead, the lands controlled by Arpad were converted into two provinces and annexed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire. After his victory at Arpad, Tiglath-Pileser received tribute from

5100-569: The first known examples of a republic in the Levant region, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign. The island was important as a base for commercial ventures into the Orontes valley. Arwad inaugurated a new civic era in 259 BC, when its traditional royalty disappeared, and it became a free independent city within the Seleucid kingdom , during the reign of Antiochus II . In Roman times, Arwad fiercely resisted Mark Antony when he came to Syria to find money there. When

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5200-427: The historian Tracy Davenport advanced the theory that Tiglath-Pileser might have been entirely legitimate and that he could even have co-ruled with Ashur-nirari for some time. Supporting Garelli's idea that Tiglath-Pileser was not responsible for any rebellion and the idea that he was a member of the royal dynasty, Davenport examined the Eponym Chronicle. Notably, the eponyms for Tiglath-Pileser's early reign do not follow

5300-471: The island was ceded unconditionally to Syria at the end of 1945, a decision confirmed in 1946. During the later half of the 20th century and the 21st century, the island's economy became more reliant on tourism, fishing and boatbuilding. This tourism focused economy was greatly impacted by the Syrian Civil War , due to the decreased travel to Syria. However, there has been no conflict on the island during

5400-504: The king would grant them amnesty and tax privileges. The Babylonians refused the offer. Nabu-mukin-zeri was not in Babylon at this time and was instead probably directing the Babylonian war effort from his ancestral home city of Sapia. In 729, Tiglath-Pileser captured Babylon and proclaimed himself as both king of Assyria and king of Babylon , the first Assyrian king to be recognized as such by

5500-410: The king. Some historically prominent officials, such as the turtanu Shamshi-ilu, were subjected to damnatio memoriae , with their names being deliberately erased from inscriptions and documents. With these reforms, the power of the magnates to challenge the king was virtually eliminated. Tiglath-Pileser revitalized the Assyrian army, transforming it from a seasonally active army, only assembled in

5600-559: The last two years of his life, this again became his official name in Babylon. Gertoux explains the derivation of this name as a hypocoristic use of the word aplu “the heir”. Assyria first rose as a prominent state under the Middle Assyrian Empire in the 14th century BC, previously only having been a city-state centered on the city of Assur . From the 12th century BC onwards, the Middle Assyrian Empire entered into

5700-450: The letter of the bishops of the province of Phoenicia Prima to Byzantine Emperor Leo I the Thracian protesting about the murder of Proterius of Alexandria . Theodorus or Theodosius, who died in 518, is mentioned as bishop of Antaradus in a letter from the bishops of the province regarding Severus of Antioch that was read at a synod held by Patriarch Mennas of Constantinople . The acts of

5800-591: The majority of the Christian forces returned to Cyprus, though a garrison was left on Ruad which was manned by rotating groups of different Cypriot forces. Pope Clement V formally awarded ownership of the island to the Knights Templar , who (in 1302) maintained a garrison with 120 knights, 500 bowmen and 400 Syrian helpers, under the Templar Maréchal (Commander-in-Chief) Barthélemy de Quincy . In February 1301,

5900-459: The massive expansion and centralization of Assyrian territory and establishment of a standing army , some researchers consider Tiglath-Pileser's reign to mark the true transition of Assyria into an empire . The reforms and methods of control introduced under Tiglath-Pileser laid the groundwork for policies enacted not only by later Assyrian kings but also by later empires for millennia after his death. The circumstances of Tiglath-Pileser's rise to

6000-421: The name Athaliah , borne by a Judean queen who ruled about a century earlier, and that the ending of the name Atalia ( i-a or ia-a ) could represent a theophoric element deriving from Yahweh . Dalley's arguments have met with both support and opposition. The idea that the names Iaba and Atalia were Hebrew has also been independently forwarded by Simo Parpola . In 2002, K. Lawson Younger pointed out that it

6100-431: The name include yph ("beautiful"), nby ("to name") and yhb ("to give"); Iaba might have been of Arab or West Semitic (Levantine or Aramean ) descent. In 1998, Stephanie Dalley proposed that Iaba was of Hebrew origin and speculated that she might have been a princess from the Kingdom of Judah. She based this argument on the name Atalia , a later queen speculated to have been related to Iaba, being similar to

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6200-562: The names of its kings have been recovered. Thutmose III of Egypt took it in his campaign in north Syria (1472   BC), and it is noticed in the campaigns of Ramesses II in the early part of the 13th century   BC. It is also mentioned in the Amarna letters as being in league with the Amorites in their attacks on the Egyptian possessions in Syria. About 1200   BC or a little later, it

6300-443: The north and the increasing political authority and influence of the "magnates", a set of influential Assyrian courtiers and officials. The rise of Urartu threatened Assyrian hegemony since submission to Urartu was viewed by many vassal states as a realistic alternative to Assyria. The Urartian administration, culture, writing system and religion closely followed those of Assyria. The Urartian kings were also autocrats highly similar to

6400-498: The only known building work conducted by him was a new palace in Nimrud. Instead, most of the money probably went into establishing the new army and into projects in the provinces. Tiglath-Pileser's conquests were marked by brutality, to emphasize the king's strength and power. Resettlements of tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of people were also a common practice. Though previous kings had resettled people, Tiglath-Pileser's reign saw

6500-403: The populace to the idea of Assyrian overlordship. He twice participated in the religiously important New Years' Akitu festival, which required the presence of the king, and also led campaigns against remaining Chaldean strongholds in the far south who resisted his rule. Tiglath-Pileser's queen was named Iaba ( Iabâ ), a name clearly not of Akkadian origin. Possible roots and etymologies of

6600-456: The prominent southern cities, such as Babylon , Kish , Ur , Uruk , Borsippa and Nippur , but were not the only prominent group in the region. Chaldean tribes, led by chieftains who often squabbled with each other, dominated most of the southernmost land. Arameans also lived on the fringes of settled land and were notorious for plundering surrounding territories. Through his agents, Tiglath-Pileser throughout his reign kept tabs on events in

6700-416: The reign of Adad-nirari from that of Tiglath-Pileser, writing that the possibility of him being Ashur-nirari's son cannot be fully ruled out. The historian Tracy Davenport holds that "we may never know" whether Tiglath-Pileser was Ashur-nirari's son or brother. There are ways to explain Tiglath-Pileser's inscriptions proclaiming him as the son of Adad-nirari despite the 38 years between their two reigns. It

6800-609: The resettled people and the regions they came from, resettled people were not harmed or killed. Deportees were highly valued for their labor and abilities. Their journeys and new settlements were designed to be as safe and comfortable as possible. In addition to his reforms, Tiglath-Pileser's reign is marked by a series of large-scale military campaigns in all directions. Though Tiglath-Pileser recorded his military exploits in great detail in his "annals", written on sculpted stone slabs decorating his palace in Nimrud, these are poorly preserved, meaning that for several of his campaigns it

6900-439: The result of a coup d'etat . Zawadzki believes the Eponym Chronicle further suggests that the rebellion, while not necessarily led by Tiglath-Pileser himself, was started with his knowledge and consent. The chief piece of evidence Zawadzki presents for this is that the revolt of 746 began in Nimrud and the first official appointed as eponym holder by Tiglath-Pileser (in 744) was Bel-dan, the governor of Nimrud. Garelli believes

7000-545: The revolt in 746 was instigated by Shamshi-ilu , a prominent official throughout the reigns of Tiglath-Pileser's predecessors, and that the uprising was crushed by Tiglath-Pileser after he legitimately inherited the throne. Zawadzki believes Shamshi-ilu may have revolted, as he is no longer recorded in Tiglath-Pileser's reign, but that the uprising in Nimrud was a separate revolt from Shamshu-ilu's supposed uprising and that Tiglath-Pileser or his supporters would have fought both Shamshu-ilu and Ashur-nirari. In her 2016 PhD thesis,

7100-400: The same year, Tiglath-Pileser engaged Sarduri in battle near Arpad. Unlike the Assyrian defeat by Arpad eleven years earlier, Tiglath-Pileser won the battle, one of the greatest triumphs of his reign. Sarduri was forced to flee the battle and was pursued back to the Urartian capital of Tushpa . In the period from 743 to 732, Tiglath-Pileser led several campaigns in the Levant, which led to

7200-407: The sole ruler of Assyria until 744. There are some strange features of the Eponym Chronicle that suggest that Ashur-nirari ruled until 744, together with Tiglath-Pileser 745–744. There are two horizonal lines in this part of the list, one beneath 746, possibly marking Tiglath-Pileser's rise to the throne, and one beneath 744, possibly marking Ashur-nirari's death. It is unlikely that the second line

7300-434: The son of Ešarra"; Biblical Hebrew : תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר ‎ , romanized:  Tīglaṯ Pīlʾeser ) was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 745 BC to his death in 727. One of the most prominent and historically significant Assyrian kings , Tiglath-Pileser ended a period of Assyrian stagnation, introduced numerous political and military reforms and more than doubled the lands under Assyrian control. Because of

7400-751: The south. In 731, the Chaldean chieftain Nabu-mukin-zeri , of the Bit-Amukkani tribe, seized power in Babylon as king. Tiglath-Pileser saw the accession of Nabu-mukin-zeri, who aspired to heal the divides in Babylonia, as a provocation and threat to Assyrian interests and hegemony. Tiglath-Pileser thus dedicated the next several years to defeating Nabu-mukin-zeri and his supporters. First, Assyrian armies blockaded Babylonia's eastern border to ensure that Nabu-mukin-zeri would not receive any support from Elam , which

7500-472: The southern portion as a vassal kingdom. The weakening and enormous reduction in size of Israel was seen by the Israelites as vindicating predictions of impending doom made by the prophet Amos a few decades prior. The massive western expansion of Assyria brought Tiglath-Pileser and his armies into direct contact with Arab tribes, several of whom began paying tribute. In 733, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned against

7600-415: The strongest remaining native state in the region, which was supported by the Assyrian tributaries Tyre and Asqaluna , as well as Israel. In 732, Damascus fell and Tiglath-Pileser annexed the lands of Aram-Damascus. In the same conflict, Tiglath-Pileser also captured Tyre and defeated Israel, which he divided in half, annexing the northern portion of the kingdom as the province Megiddo and subjugating

7700-425: The summer months, consisting only of conscripts, into a professional army. Under Tiglath-Pileser these conscripts were largely replaced with trained specialized soldiers. He introduced new and superior weapons, technologies and logistics. Among his major innovations were new forms of siege engines . The central standing army introduced under Tiglath-Pileser was dubbed the kiṣir šarri ("king's unit"). The size of

7800-540: The supervision of an Assyrian official to guide her political actions. In his late reign, Tiglath-Pileser increasingly focused on Babylonia in the south. Babylonia had once been a large and hugely influential kingdom, competing with Assyria for centuries, but during the Neo-Assyrian period it was typically weaker than its northern neighbor. Babylonia suffered from both the lack of a well-organized army and from internal ethno-cultural divisions. Babylonians governed most of

7900-560: The text. The Phoenician spelling of this name is Puwal . The Phoenician inscription is narrated in the first person by king de:Awariku ( Awarikku , Warika , Urikki ) of Que ( Quwê , Adanawa, Adana), known from other ancient inscriptions. His stele was erected to mark the land that was gifted to Awariku by Tiglath-Pileser III. He is also known as the King of the Danunites ( Danaans ), or the "Danunean king". He also describes himself as 'the King of

8000-475: The throne are not clear. Because ancient Assyrian sources give conflicting accounts concerning Tiglath-Pileser's lineage and there are records of a revolt at around the time of his accession, many historians have concluded that Tiglath-Pileser was a usurper , who seized the throne from his predecessor Ashur-nirari V , who was either his brother or his father. Other historians postulate that the evidence could just as easily be interpreted as Tiglath-Pileser inheriting

8100-550: The throne solely to divine selection, rather than the more typical practice of Assyrian kings ascribing their rise to both divine selection and his royal ancestry. The Assyrian King List , an ancient Assyrian document listing the kings of Assyria, states that Tiglath-Pileser's father was his immediate predecessor Ashur-nirari V . Tiglath-Pileser in his own inscriptions claimed that he was the son of Adad-nirari III , making him Ashur-nirari's brother. Assyriologists and other historians have overwhelmingly concluded that Tiglath-Pileser

8200-617: The throne through legitimate means and the debate remains unresolved. Tiglath-Pileser early on increased royal power and authority through curbing the influence of prominent officials and generals. After securing some minor victories in 744 and 743, he defeated the Urartian king Sarduri II in battle near Arpad in 743. This victory was significant since Urartu had for a brief time equalled Assyrian power; Sarduri had eleven years earlier defeated Tiglath-Pileser's predecessor Ashur-nirari. After defeating Sarduri, Tiglath-Pileser turned his attention to

8300-466: The throne. If accepted as a royal dynast, uncertainties still exist in whether Tiglath-Pileser was the son of Adad-nirari or Ashur-nirari. The Assyriologists Fei Chen, Albert Kirk Grayson and Shiego Yamada consider it more likely that he was Adad-nirari's son, with the Assyrian King List's identification of him as the son of Ashur-nirari possibly being a scribal error. The Assyriologist Paul Garelli considers this unlikely, given that 38 years separate

8400-424: The traditional sequence used for Assyrian eponym holders. Typically, the king was eponym holder in his second regnal year, followed by important magnates and then provincial governors. If Tiglath-Pileser became king in 745, the eponym holder of his second regnal year was Bel-dan, not the king himself, who was the eponym holder in 743, his third regnal year. This could be explained by Tiglath-Pileser not having become

8500-463: The very least, did not belong to the direct dynastic lineage. If Tiglath-Pileser was Sargon's father, he also had a third son, Sin-ahu-usur . Sin-ahu-usur is attested as the younger brother of Sargon, in 714 granted the command of Sargon's royal cavalry guard. The Assyriologist Hayim Tadmor referred to Tiglath-Pileser's reign as a "watershed" in the history of the Middle East. Tiglath-Pileser left

8600-504: The war, and it has been controlled by government forces since the beginning of the war. The COVID-19 pandemic has also affected the island's economy, further weakening the tourism industry, with many local businesses losing potential tourist related income. 34°51′22″N 35°51′30″E  /  34.85611°N 35.85833°E  / 34.85611; 35.85833 Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria) The Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) ( Arabic : المكتب المركزي للإحصاء )

8700-469: The years following Tiglath-Pileser's reign would emerge as a staunch adversary of Assyria. Unlike many other Assyrian conquests, Babylonia was not divided into provinces but kept as a full kingdom, in personal union with Assyria. This was chiefly because the Assyrians greatly respected Babylonian culture and religion. Because of this respect and because Babylonia was showing signs of the beginning of an economic recovery, Tiglath-Pileser worked to conciliate

8800-399: Was a revolt in Nimrud the year before Tiglath-Pileser became king. According to the historian Stefan Zawadzki , writing in 1994, the eponyms also provide insight into how the transition from Ashur-nirari to Tiglath-Pileser might have happened. That Tiglath-Pileser took the throne the year after the uprising was interpreted by Zawadzki, and others, as firmly indicating that he took the throne as

8900-526: Was a usurper. The Assyriologist Bradley J. Parker went as far as suggesting that he was not part of the previous royal dynasty at all, but per the Assyriologist Karen Radner , his claims of royal descent were probably true, meaning that while he did usurp the throne, he was a legitimate contender for it, having been victorious in an intra-dynastic civil war. Tiglath-Pileser faced no known resistance or rebellions against his rule after taking

9000-504: Was distinguished from several other cities of that name as Antioch or Antiochia in Pieria ( Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Πιερίας , Antiókeia tôs Pierías ). Its site is also known as Ruad Island . Arwad has been continuously inhabited since at least the 3rd millennium BC. it was mentioned in the archive of the Royal Palace of Ebla , then at Alalakh . The island was settled in

9100-692: Was driven out by the Arians . At the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Mocimus appears as bishop of Aradus. At the time of the Council of Ephesus (431), some sources speak of a Musaeus as bishop of Aradus and Antaradus, while others mention only Aradus or only Antaradus. Alexander was at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 as bishop of Antaradus, Paulus as bishop of Aradus, while, at a synod held at Antioch shortly before, Paulus took part as bishop of both Aradus and Antaradus. In 458, Atticus signed, as bishop of Aradus,

9200-447: Was far from certain that i-a or ia-a actually corresponded to Yahweh since there are few analogues in other Neo-Assyrian names and inscriptions. The identification of Atalia as a Hebrew name was also doubted by Nicholas Postgate in 2008, and in that year Ran Zadok alternatively suggested that Atalia was an Arabic name. Iaba's tomb was discovered at Nimrud in 1989. Tiglath-Pileser is believed to have died peacefully of old age. He

9300-625: Was occupied by the French navy on 1 September 1915, under the leadership of Admiral Louis Dartige du Fournet , including warships such as Jauréguiberry , Jeanne d'Arc and Destrées . Later on, Albert Trabaud  [ ca ] was appointed as its governor. Afterwards, the island was bombed by the Ottomans in November 1917, but their attack was repulsed by French sailors. Under the French Mandate

9400-507: Was often opposed to Assyrian interests. Then, Tiglath-Pileser defeated and subdued a number of Aramean clans and Chaldean tribes, including the Bit-Shilani and the Bit-Sha'alli. The struggle for control of Babylonia began in earnest in 730. In this year, Assyrian envoys are recorded travelling to Babylon and urging the inhabitants to open their gates and surrender to Tiglath-Pileser, stating that

9500-416: Was reducing the influence of the magnates, thus increasing the authority of the king. The division of the large provinces previously governed by the magnates into smaller units, placed under royally appointed provincial governors, reduced the wealth and power of the magnates. The right to commission inscriptions concerning military and building activities was withdrawn from officials and henceforth restricted to

9600-417: Was replaced as king after only a few years by Sargon II , probably through being deposed and assassinated. Though Assyrian king lists connected Sargon to previous kings through claiming that he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser, this claim does not appear in most of his inscriptions, which instead stress that he was called upon and appointed as king by Ashur. Many historians accept Sargon's claim to have been

9700-448: Was sacked by invaders from Asia Minor or the islands, as were most of the cities on the coast. but it recovered when they were driven back. Its maritime importance is indicated by the inscriptions of the Assyrian kings. Tiglath-pileser I ( c.  1020   BC) boasts that he sailed in the ships of Arwad. Ashurnasirpal II ( c.  876   BC) made it tributary, but it revolted and 200 men of Arwad were mentioned among

9800-632: Was simultaneously involved in internal conflict. Due to Assyria for centuries mainly being known through its appearances in the Hebrew Bible , the Assyrian kings who are mentioned in the Bible are generally known today by the Biblical forms of their names. The modern name Tiglath-Pileser thus derives from the Hebrew Tīglaṯ Pīl'eser (תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר), a corrupted form of the original Akkadian name Tukultī-apil-Ešarra ( 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏 ). Presumably

9900-399: Was succeeded by his son Shalmaneser V . In Tiglath-Pileser's reign, Shalmaneser was known by his birth name Ululayu, "Shalmaneser" being a regnal name he assumed upon his accession to the throne in 727. Shalmaneser likely participated in some of his father's campaigns and several letters are known from him to his father, many of them reports on the status of the lands he governed. Shalmaneser

10000-515: Was the low point of Assyrian royal power. In Shalmaneser IV's reign, the turtanu (commander-in-chief) Shamshi-ilu was bold enough to credit military victories to himself rather than the king. Ashur-nirari V appears to have been relatively idle as a ruler. He campaigned only three times, staying in Assyria throughout the majority of his reign, and he is not known to have conducted any building projects. One of Tiglath-Pileser's important early reforms

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