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66-425: Temple of Apshai is considered one of the first graphical role-playing games for home computers, predating even the commercial release of Richard Garriott 's Akalabeth: World of Doom . It was an enormous success for its era, selling 400,000 copies by 1986. It was followed by several sequels and two expansions. The latter were bundled with the main game into the remake Temple of Apshai Trilogy in 1985. Games using

132-497: A Sotheby's auction in New York. (The catalog incorrectly lists lot 68A as Luna 17/Lunokhod 1. ) Garriott notes that while UN treaties ban governmental ownership of property on other celestial bodies, corporations and private citizens retain such rights. Lunokhod 2 is still in use, with mirrors aligned to reflect lasers such that precise Earth-Moon distances can be measured. With his vehicle still in use, Garriott claims property rights to

198-524: A hemangioma was discovered on his liver, which could cause potentially fatal internal bleeding in the event of a rapid spacecraft depressurization. Given the choice of forfeiting his deposit or undergoing surgical removal of the angioma, he decided to have the surgery. On September 28, 2007, Space Adventures announced that Garriott would fly to the International Space Station in October 2008 as

264-703: A French language version with the title Le Temple D'Apshaï for the purpose of French language education. Both the game and manual were translated entirely, kept in a French Canadian writing style. in 1984, a Version was made for the Mac Classic under contract with Applied Computer Technology, Inc. located in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was authored by Louis Castle . Temple of Apshai was the first game in Automated Simulations' Dunjonquest series, which span ten individual titles, including expansions, smaller games, and

330-611: A company Garriott co-founded, Zero Gravity Corporation . Garriott wrote a memoir (with David Fisher) covering his accomplishments in games publishing and spaceflight, entitled Explore/Create: My Life in Pursuit of New Frontiers, Hidden Worlds, and the Creative Spark . It was published on January 10, 2017. Garriott was the inspiration for the character James Halliday in Ernest Cline's Ready Player One . Dungeon Master In

396-531: A company owned by Portalarium CEO Chris Spears. Garriott is no longer associated with either company. In April 2022 he announced he had begun working on a new fantasy MMO that uses NFT technology with long-time contributor Todd Porter. In August 2022, the game was announced as Iron and Magic . However, in May 2023, it was reported that the game's official website has vanished and its Facebook page has lied dormant since September 2022, leading to many speculations regarding

462-639: A dungeon master and several players. The title was invented by Tactical Studies Rules (TSR) for the Dungeons & Dragons RPG , and was introduced in the second supplement to the game rules ( Blackmoor ) in 1975. To avoid infringement of trademarks by the publishers of Dungeons & Dragons , and to describe referees in role-playing genres other than sword and sorcery , other gaming companies use more generic terms, like Game Master (GM), Game Operations Director (a backronym of GOD ), Judge, Referee or Storyteller . Some use more esoteric titles related to

528-440: A full sequel, Hellfire Warrior . Two of the releases, Upper Reaches of Apshai and Curse of Ra , were add-ons to Temple of Apshai which required the original program to run. The level design and room descriptions for both were created by Tim Bird, Mark Madrid and Andrew Martin. Upper Reaches of Apshai contains four new dungeon levels for beginning characters, and conveys a more humorous tone with suburban environments like

594-554: A number of aspects of computer-game development. On October 12, 2008, Garriott flew aboard the Soyuz TMA-13 mission to the International Space Station as a private astronaut, returning 12 days later aboard Soyuz TMA-12 . He became the second space traveler, and first from the United States, to have a parent who was also a space traveler. During his ISS flight, he filmed a science fiction movie Apogee of Fear . The creator of

660-525: A portion of the ashes of Star Trek actor James Doohan on a laminated card, which he placed under the floor cladding of the ISS's Columbus module. This action was kept secret until Christmas Day 2020 when Doohan's son made the fact public on his Twitter account. At the time of the reveal, Doohan's ashes had orbited the Earth more than 70,000 times and traveled more than 1.7 billion miles. Garriott's film Apogee of Fear

726-502: A printed cloth map. By the time he developed Ultima III , Garriott, together with his brother Robert , their father Owen and Chuck Bueche established their own video game publisher , Origin Systems , to handle publishing and distribution, in part due to controversy with Sierra over royalties for the PC port of Ultima II . The use of the term avatar for the on-screen representation of

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792-644: A self-funded Private Astronaut at a reported cost of $ 30 million. On October 12, 2008, after a year of training in Russia, Garriott became the second second-generation space traveler (after Sergei Volkov ), the first offspring of an American astronaut to go into space, and the second person to wear the British Union flag in space. His father, Owen Garriott, was at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan for

858-452: A sizable team to construct, yet were free to the public. Garriott promotes private space flight and served as vice-chairman of the board of directors for Space Adventures . He is also a trustee of the X PRIZE Foundation . Garriott participated in the first zero gravity wedding on June 20, 2009, with his wife Laetitia Garriott de Cayeux . The wedding took place in a specially modified Boeing 727-200 aircraft, G-Force One, operated by

924-505: A thorough understanding of the game rules. Since the inception of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons system in 1977, these rules have been contained in three hardbound books: the Player's Handbook , Dungeon Master's Guide , and Monster Manual . Many other rulebooks exist as well, but these are not required for conducting the game. The DM is responsible for narrative flow, creating

990-467: A vegetable garden and enemies like killer tomatoes. Curse of Ra is set in ancient Egypt and has higher difficulty. It also consists of four dungeon levels, with 179 rooms total. In 1983, Epyx released the action-oriented Gateway to Apshai , a prequel to Temple of Apshai whose story is set at a time before the Temple of Apshai, where the original game took place, was rediscovered. In 1985, Epyx published

1056-560: A visit to Steve Jackson Games . Garriott continued to develop the Ultima series of video games in the early 1980s, eventually leaving UT to work on them full time. Originally programmed for the Apple II , the Ultima series later became available on several platforms. Ultima II was published by Sierra On-Line , as they were the only company that would agree to publish it in a box together with

1122-446: Is "British", a name he still uses for various gaming characters, including Ultima character Lord British and Tabula Rasa character General British. The name was given to him by his first Dungeons and Dragons friends because he was born in the UK. Garriott began writing computer games in 1974. His first games were created on teletype terminals. The code was stored on paper tape spools, and

1188-592: Is considered the first published computer role playing game . Later that year, Garriott entered the University of Texas at Austin (UT). He joined the school's fencing team, and later, the Society for Creative Anachronism . He lived at home with his parents while attending university, and from there created Ultima I with his friend Ken Arnold. Its cover, and those of several subsequently Garriott games, were painted by Denis Loubet , whose art Garriott discovered during

1254-444: Is facing, turning towards either direction, trying to talk the monster out of the fight, or executing a number of different attacks. A bow and arrows can be used to attack enemies from afar. If the player doesn't make any input for a while, the enemies continue to move and attack in set intervals regardless. All actions decrease the player character's fatigue rating, depending on stats and carrying weight. When this value sinks below zero,

1320-730: Is more expensive, but well worth the extra cost because it is so much bigger than Datestones of Ryn ." In 1991 and 1993 Computer Gaming World ' s Scorpia stated that the graphics "caused a sensation when it first appeared", but also criticized a lack of polish in the programming and slow speed due to the use of BASIC, issues which were improved upon in the Atari 8-bit version. A 2012 overview of TRS-80 games described it as "slow, clunky and crash-prone ... this early attempt at an action role-playing game managed little of either", and inferior to later Atari and Commodore versions, but "quite clearly compelling" as an early dungeon crawl. Temple of Apshai

1386-451: Is of interest in a setting. Similarly, in Temple of Apshai the player matches an on-screen room number to its entry in the manual that accompanies the game. One sample entry reads: "The aroma of vanilla makes the senses reel and the floor of the room is covered with the shiny stuff previously observed. Bones lie scattered across the floor and the clicking sound grows fainter from within. Gems stud

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1452-553: Is tired of simple 'video games' ... [it] is quite an experience". It advised readers to be aware that "this is a serious game. Be prepared to THINK". Jerry Pournelle in BYTE called it "an excellent real-time dungeon game", and later reported that his sons had "nearly worn out the Dungeons of Apshai". Kilobaud Microcomputing criticized the long load times, but liked the game's graphics and "excellent" documentation. PC Magazine stated that

1518-420: Is typically designed as a type of decision tree that is followed by the players, and a customized version can require several hours of preparation for each hour spent playing the game. The DM serves as the arbiter of the rules, both in teaching the rules to the players and in enforcing them. The rules provide game mechanics for resolving the outcome of events, including how the player's characters interact with

1584-651: The Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) role-playing game , the Dungeon Master ( DM ) is the game organizer and participant in charge of creating the details and challenges of a given adventure, while maintaining a realistic continuity of events. In effect, the Dungeon Master controls all aspects of the game, except for the actions of the player characters (PCs), and describes to the players what their characters experience. Regular Dungeons & Dragons groups consist of

1650-408: The Ultima game series, Garriott was involved in all games in the series, and directly supervised all eleven main installments, starting with 1979's Akalabeth: World of Doom and concluding with 1999's Ultima IX: Ascension . Within the context of Ultima , Garriot presented himself as the fictional persona of Lord British . The series is considered influential, notably helping with establishing

1716-511: The Apshai engine were collectively known as the Dunjonquest series. The player in Temple of Apshai assumes the role of an adventurer who explores the mysterious ruins of the Temple of Apshai. The player character investigates room after room of the dungeon crawl while seeking treasure and combatting monsters. Along the way, the player discovers powerful weapons and armor with which to overcome

1782-672: The United States and the United Kingdom by birth. Garriott was raised in Nassau Bay, Texas from the age of about two months. Since his childhood, he had dreamed of becoming a NASA astronaut like his father. Eyesight problems discovered at the age of 13 blocked his ambition, however, so he instead came to focus on computer game development. Garriott's "first real exposure to computers" occurred in 1975, during his freshman year at Clear Creek High School . In search of more experience than

1848-1062: The computer role-playing game genre. He founded the video game development company Portalarium in 2009. He was CEO of Portalarium and creative director of Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues until 2018 when he shed the title, later relinquishing all Shroud of the Avatar assets to Catnip Games in 2019. Richard Allen Garriott was born in Cambridge , England on 4 July 1961, to Helen Mary ( née  Walker ) Garriott (1930–2017 ) and Owen Garriott , one of NASA 's first scientist-astronauts (selected in NASA Astronaut Group 4 ), who flew on Skylab 3 and Space Shuttle mission STS-9 . His parents had been high school sweethearts growing up in Enid, Oklahoma . Although both his parents were Americans, Garriott claims dual citizenship for both

1914-635: The remake Temple of Apshai Trilogy . Temple of Apshai was very successful. Automated Simulations reported that it had sold 20,000 copies of the game by 1981, and 30,000 copies by June 1982. It remained a best-seller for at least four years, with sales reached 400,000 copies by 1986. After the Commodore 64 Version was released in 1983, it appeared on top of the Compute! Gazette list of best-selling Commodore 64 Entertainment programs, generated from surveys with retailers and distributors. It constantly remained among

1980-461: The Dunjonmaster part. In the Dunjonmaster program, the screen is divided into a birds-eye view representation of the surroundings and a status summary for the character. Traps, treasures and secret doors are hidden inside the dungeons. Temple of Apshai uses a hybrid between a turn-based and a real time combat system. A player's turn can be used to walk up to 9 steps in the direction the character

2046-650: The Hindu word associated with a deity's manifestation on earth in physical form, and applied it to a player in the game world. Garriott sold Origin Systems to Electronic Arts (EA) in September 1992 for $ 30 million. In 1997, he coined the term massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), giving a new identity to the nascent genre previously known as graphical MUDs . In 1999 and 2000, EA canceled all of Origin's new development projects, including Privateer Online , and Harry Potter Online . Garriott resigned from

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2112-578: The IBM PC version did not fully exploit the computer's graphics capability, but that players "will find excitement and entertainment ... it's certainly worth the silver to grab this game for the PC". The magazine was also favorable towards Upper Reaches of Apshai , which it called "better than Temple of Apshai in some ways". Popular Science called Temple of Apshai "a good example of a graphic adventure game", but also stated that in it and other games like it "the play seems to drag" because "it takes time to draw

2178-493: The ISS. Garriott used Windows on Earth software to assist in the selection of locations on Earth to photograph, and the public were able to use the same online tool to track the ISS and see the view Garriott was experiencing. Garriott's photographs, along with images taken by his astronaut father Owen Garriott in 1973, will be available to the public through Windows on Earth, adding a personal element to studies of Earth and how Earth has changed over time. Garriott covertly smuggled

2244-625: The ISS. The Metro has claimed, as a result, that it was the first newspaper in space. He communicated with students and other Amateur Radio operators and transmitted photographs using the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) slow-scan television system, and placed a geocache while aboard the ISS. Garriott worked with the Windows on Earth project, which provides an interactive, virtual view of Earth as seen from

2310-455: The Temple's inhabitants. The game consists of four dungeons with over 200 rooms in total and features 30 monster types. Temple of Apshai consists of two programs: the Innkeeper and the Dunjonmaster. The game starts with the Innkeeper and the choice to either generate a new character or input an existing one. The game uses six base values taken from Dungeons & Dragons Early tape versions of

2376-601: The bottom of the Mariana Trench , the deepest oceanic trench on the planet. While there, as well as performing scientific duties, he placed a geocache and recorded another short sci-fi film. This made him the holder of both altitude and depth records for these activities. In 1986, Garriott helped start the Challenger Center for Space Science Education with his high school science teacher, June Scobee Rodgers, widow of Challenger Shuttle Commander Dick Scobee , who piloted

2442-496: The character cannot act anymore before resting. The player gains experience points while adventuring, which raise a number of hidden statistics. Temple of Apshai was the first computer role-playing game with room descriptions. Detailed descriptions of all the rooms in the game's manual complement the sparse graphics and provide vital information. Pen-and-paper games like Dungeons & Dragons frequently make use of verbal depictions given by dungeon masters to suggest to players what

2508-647: The company and formed Destination Games in April 2000 with his brother and Starr Long (the producer of Ultima Online ). Once Garriott's non-compete agreement with EA expired a year later, Destination partnered with NCSoft where Garriott acted as a producer and designer of MMORPGs. After that, he became the CEO of NCSoft Austin, also known as NC Interactive. Tabula Rasa failed to generate much money during its initial release, despite its seven-year development period. On November 24, 2008, NCSoft announced that it planned to end

2574-553: The company did not appropriately handle his departure in 2008. In October 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the judgment. Garriott founded the company Portalarium in 2009, which developed Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues , a spiritual successor to the Ultima series. Garriott remarked that had they been able to secure the intellectual property rights to Ultima from EA,

2640-532: The enemy, one PC soaks the statue in water, while the second uses his cone of cold breath to freeze the water. At this point, he appeals to the DM, saying the water expands as it freezes and shatters the statue. The DM might allow it, or roll dice to decide. In the above example the probability roll might come up in favor of the players, and the enemy would be shattered. Conversely, rules do not fit all eventualities and may have unintended consequences. The DM must ultimately draw

2706-476: The five best-selling Commodore 64 games according to that list until the column was discontinued after March 1984. The VIC-20 version also appeared on the list of best-selling games for that system from December 1983 onwards. At the middle of June 1983, the wholesale software distributor Softsel International placed Temple of Apshai seventh in a list of best-selling computer games, compiled from sales to 4,000 retail outlets in 50 states and 30 countries. By that time,

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2772-479: The game could have become Ultima Online 2 . On March 8, 2013, Portalarium launched a Kickstarter campaign for Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues . An early access version of the game was released on Steam in 2014, and the game was fully released in March 2018. The game received "mixed or average" reviews from critics. In October 2019, the assets and rights to Shroud of the Avatar were sold to Catnip Games,

2838-445: The game had been in the distributor's top 50 chart for 38 weeks. Temple of Apshai was Epyx's third best-selling Commodore game as of late 1987. Early reviews of Temple of Apshai praised the game's graphics and unusual complexity, while criticizing long loading times and slow screen build-up for the dungeon graphics. Compute! stated that Temple of Apshai for the PET "is for anyone who

2904-471: The game had no means to save progress. The player was prompted to write down all statistics when quitting the game and had to type them in when resuming play. Later floppy versions fixed this by saving the status on the disk. Weapons and armor are purchased in a shop, where it is possible to haggle with the shopkeeper for a discount. Character stats determine which items can be worn. Finally, the player chooses between four dungeons of increasing difficulty to enter

2970-484: The game in Ziploc bags, a common way to sell software at the time. Although Garriott sold fewer than a dozen copies at the store, one copy made it to California Pacific Computer Company , which signed a deal with him. The game sold over 30,000 copies, and Garriott received five dollars for each copy sold. The US$ 150,000 (equivalent to $ 630,000 in 2023) he earned was three times his father's astronaut salary. Akalabeth

3036-466: The game was displayed as an ongoing print-out. In summer 1979, Garriott worked at a ComputerLand store where he first encountered Apple computers. Inspired by their video monitors with color graphics, he began to add perspective view to his own games. After he created Akalabeth for fun, the owner of the store convinced Garriott it might sell. Garriott spent $ 200 printing copies of a manual and cover sheet that his mother had drawn, then put copies of

3102-452: The game world. Although the rules exist to provide a balanced game environment, the DM is free to ignore the rules as needed. The DM can modify, remove, or create entirely new rules in order to fit the rules to the current campaign. This includes situations where the rules do not readily apply, making it necessary to improvise. An example would be if the PCs are attacked by a living statue. To destroy

3168-408: The genre or style of the game, such as the "Keeper of Arcane Lore" from Call of Cthulhu and the "Hollyhock God" from Nobilis . The Dungeon Master (DM) assumes the role of the game master or referee and describes for other players what they perceive in the imaginary world of the game, and what effects their actions have. That person is responsible for preparing each game session, and must have

3234-613: The ill-fated STS-51-L mission. Scobee Rodgers drew on Garriott's early leadership in gaming to help design what have become approximately 50 global interactive networked facilities, where students perform simulated space missions. Garriott bought the Luna 21 lander and the Lunokhod 2 rover (both currently on the lunar surface) from the Lavochkin Association for $ 68,500 in December 1993 at

3300-454: The launch, and was in attendance when he landed safely, along with Russian cosmonauts Sergei Volkov and Oleg Kononenko , twelve days later. During his spaceflight, Garriott took part in several education outreach efforts. The free Metro newspaper in London provided him with a special edition containing details of British primary school students' space experiment concepts that Garriott took to

3366-531: The line between the creative utilization of resources (e.g. firing wooden arrows into a dragon, then using a spell that warps wood at a distance) and an exploit (e.g. "horse bombing" - using a non-combat spell that creates a temporary mount, several dozen feet above an enemy). In the Faiths and Pantheons Dungeons & Dragons campaign, the Faerunian Overgod Ao answers to a superior entity, insinuated to be

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3432-521: The live service of Tabula Rasa . The servers shut down on February 28, 2009, after a period of free play from January 10 onward for existing account holders. NCSoft fired Garriot in November 2008, but publicly claimed that he left the company voluntarily, resulting in a lawsuit against them. In July 2010, an Austin District Court awarded Garriott US$ 28 million in his lawsuit against NCSoft, finding that

3498-601: The opportunity "to create a graphics-oriented adventure game". Like most early computer RPGs, Temple of Apshai was influenced by Dungeons & Dragons . Both Connelley and Freeman played Dungeons & Dragons in a group where Connelley acted as the Dungeon Master . An advertisement for Temple of Apshai called the game a "version of Dungeons and Dragons" and described Connelly as an experienced "Dungeon Master, running continuous D & D campaigns". The game's documentation included instructions for importing pen-and-paper role-playing game player characters . Temple of Apshai

3564-436: The pictures". The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 gave Temple of Apshai an overall B rating, concluding that it was "an excellent game, one that's very involving", and gave the same grade to Hellfire Warrior and Curse of Ra . Robert Plamondon reviewed Temple of Apshai for Different Worlds magazine and stated that "I found both Datestones of Ryn and Temple of Apshai highly enjoyable. Temple of Apshai

3630-495: The sale of Origin Systems, he invested in Space Adventures and purchased a ticket to become the first private citizen to fly into space. Due to financial setbacks in 2001 after the dot-com bubble burst, however, he was forced to sell his seat to Dennis Tito . Garriott then returned to creating games; once he had accumulated sufficient funds, he put down another non-refundable deposit. During his mandatory medical examination

3696-471: The scenario and setting in which the game takes place, maintaining the pace and providing dynamic feedback. In storyteller role, the DM is responsible for describing the events of the D&;D game session and making rulings about game situations and effects based on the decisions made by the players. The DM can develop the adventure plot and setting in which these PCs participate or use a preexisting module . This

3762-480: The single one-semester BASIC class the school offered, and as a fan of The Lord of the Rings and Dungeons & Dragons , Garriott convinced the school to let him create a self-directed course in programming . He used the course to create fantasy computer games on the school's teletype machine. Garriott later estimated that he wrote 28 computer fantasy games during high school. One of Garriott's game pseudonyms

3828-454: The south wall." A vanilla scent is used in the game to suggests the presence of Antmen, the dominant monster type in the temple. When beaten by a monster, the player character may be rescued by one of several non-player characters. Depending on the rescuer, a portion of the player's inventory is removed as payment. The game has no particular goal other than fighting monsters, collecting treasure and gaining experience points. Temple of Apshai

3894-426: The status of the game. In 1983, Softline reported that "Garriott wants to go into space but doesn't see it happening in the predictable future ... He has frequently joked with his father about stowing away on a spaceship, and recently his speculations have been sounding uncomfortably realistic". The income from the success of Garriott's video game career allowed him to pursue his interest in spaceflight . After

3960-571: The territory surveyed by Lunokhod 2. This may be the first valid claim for private ownership of extraterrestrial territory. Lunokhod 2 held the record for distance traveled on the surface of another planetary body until it was surpassed by NASA's Opportunity Rover in 2014. From 1988 through 1994 Garriott built a haunted house / museum every other year at Britannia Manor , his residence in Austin, Texas . Garriott's haunted houses cost tens of thousands of dollars to create each year and took many months and

4026-492: The user was coined in 1985 by Richard Garriott for the computer game Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar . In this game, Garriott desired the player's character to be their Earth self manifested into the virtual world. Due to the ethical content of his story, Garriott wanted the real player to be responsible for their character; he thought only someone playing "themselves" could be properly judged based on their in-game actions. Because of its ethically nuanced narrative approach, he took

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4092-496: Was advertised by retailers from winter 1981, while Epyx announced a version for IBM PC compatibles to be released in March 1982. Aric Wilmunder coded the Atari program, while Connelley himself is credited for the IBM PC version. In 1983, the game was released for the VIC-20 and Commodore 64 , sold at $ 39.95. Connelley identified Steve Bryson as the programmer of the Commodore 64 version. In 1983, Gessler Educational Software distributed

4158-462: Was awarded the Origins Award for "Best Computer Game of 1980", the first to receive this distinction. Richard Garriott Richard Allen Garriott (born 4 July 1961) is a British-born American video game developer , entrepreneur and private astronaut. Garriott, who is the son of NASA astronaut Owen Garriott , was originally a game designer and programmer , and is now involved in

4224-514: Was first released in August 1979. The original release contained the program cassette and the manual in a plastic bag, an unusually professional packaging for the time. Early advertisements promoted versions for TRS-80 and Commodore PET, but a version for the Apple II followed in 1980. The TRS-80, Apple II, and PET versions were sold for $ 24.95 on cassette and $ 29.95 on disk. A port to Atari 8-bit computers

4290-449: Was originally programmed by Jim Connelley, founder and president of Automated Simulations / Epyx Software, for TRS-80 and Commodore PET, using BASIC . The role-playing system, named Dunjonquest was designed by Jon Freeman , while the level design of the dungeons was provided by Jeff Johnson ( Roadwar 2000 ). According to Connelley, his motivations to create Temple of Apshai were "the popularity of noncomputer role-playing games" and

4356-503: Was the first ever fictional (short) film fully filmed in space (whereas Return from Orbit was only partially filmed in space). Tracy Hickman wrote the screenplay. In 2010 he was featured in a documentary, Man on a Mission: Richard Garriott's Road to the Stars , which covered his spaceflight training and mission into orbit. In January 2021, Garriott was elected president of The Explorers Club . In February 2021, Garriott traveled to

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