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77-524: The April Fifth Action Group was formed on the basis of the Trotskyite vanguard party Revolutionary Marxist League which was disbanded in 1990. Legislative Council members "Longhair" Leung Kwok-hung and Leung Yiu-chung were the founding members of the April Fifth Action Group. The group believes that without a democratic China, it would be impossible to have a democratic Hong Kong. The group

154-508: A social democratic party and believes that a just society can be achieved by redistribution of wealth , economic interventionism and direct democracy . Members of the party pioneered the use of theatrics and disruptive tactics in Hong Kong. Heckling and the throwing of projectiles have since become a frequent occurrence at Legislative Council and public meetings. Their members have been ejected from LegCo meetings on numerous occasions. At

231-630: A Legislative council meeting on 15 October 2008, during the Policy Address given by then Chief Executive Donald Tsang , party chairman Wong Yuk-man threw a banana at Tsang in protest at the means test of "fruit money" ( Old Age Allowance ) for the elderly. At the opening of an exhibition at the Museum of History on 2 March 2011, Steve Wong Chun-kit, member of the League of Social Democrats rushed at Donald Tsang. Protesters also threw cooked rice at Tsang, as

308-412: A nomination. The LSD was considered to be the "radical wing" of the pro-democracy camp by its political beliefs and tactics. It was formed by legislators, social activists and grassroots residents. It aims to be a "clear-cut opposition party" and defend the interests of the grassroots. It opposes the wealth inequality created by collusions between the government and corporations. It positions itself as

385-578: A period after the October Revolution , the Bolsheviks (now renamed the Communist Party) operated in the soviets , trade unions, and other working-class mass organisations with other revolutionary parties, such as Mensheviks, Social-Revolutionaries and anarcho-communists , and local soviets often elected non-Bolshevik majorities. Lenin did consider the Bolsheviks the vanguard insofar as they were

462-569: A revolutionary organisation akin to the contemporary Social Democratic Party of Germany, which was open to the people and more democratic in organisation, the Russian autocracy prevented this. Leninists argue that Lenin's ideal vanguard party would have open membership: "The members of the Party are they who accept the principles of the Party program and render the Party all possible support." This party could be completely transparent, at least internally:

539-462: A sharp decline in the 2012 Legislative Council election but resumed a cooperative relationship with the People Power in the issues such as filibustering in the legislature and street activisms. Facing the rise of localism , the two parties formed an electoral coalition in the 2016 Legislative Council election which received seven per cent of the vote with Leung Kwok-hung being re-elected. Leung

616-481: A symbol of the plight of the poor, but missed him. Tsang said his chest was hit by the protestor and had a medical check at the Queen Mary Hospital afterwards. Tsang denounced the protest, saying that violence was unacceptable in Hong Kong, where civilised behaviour and the rule of law were fundamental values. However Leung Kwok-hung said he did not see any physical contact between Tsang and protesters. Steve Wong

693-545: A universal retirement protection scheme. At a political forum on 7 December 2013, one member was captured by the media throwing a Lufsig , a cuddly toy wolf at CY Leung. In May 2012, Leung Kwok-hung, the only LSD member in the Legislative Council joined a weeks-long filibuster staged by Albert Chan and Wong Yuk-man, who were LSD legislators but defected to the People Power , submitting 1306 amendments altogether to

770-606: Is a social democratic party in Hong Kong. Chaired by Chan Po-ying , wife of Leung Kwok-hung , it positions itself as the radical wing of the pro-democracy camp and stresses on "street actions" and "parliamentary struggles". Established in 2006 by a group of pro-grassroots left-leaning activists, the party opposes the perceived moderate and compromising approach of its pro-democratic allies Democratic Party and Civic Party and called for more aggressive tactics to achieve democracy. It often found itself at odds with other pan-democrats due to its confrontational and radical activism in

847-567: Is aligned with the pro-democracy camp in its opposition to the governments of China and the HKSAR. The group calls for universal suffrage in Hong Kong, opposes unemployment and poverty, eliminates pro-government parties , terminates one-party dictatorship in China, sets up unemployment benefits and minimum wage and strives for the right to hold plebiscites in Hong Kong. It also calls for release of all dissidents in mainland China and accountability for

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924-414: Is not to champion the degrading of the revolutionary to the level of an amateur, but to raise the amateurs to the level of revolutionaries. If the party is successful in their goal, on the eve of revolution, a critical mass of the working class population would be prepared to usher forth the transformation of society. Furthermore, a great number of them, namely their most dedicated members, would belong to

1001-460: Is to be done? . Lenin argued that Marxism 's complexity and the hostility of the establishment (the autocratic , semi- feudal state of Imperial Russia ) required that a close-knit group of individuals pulled from the working class vanguard to safeguard the revolutionary ideology within the particular circumstances presented by the Tsarist régime ( Russian Empire ) at the time. While Lenin wished for

1078-531: The 2000 LegCo election and 2003 District Council elections . He considered the latter battle a victory because of the number of votes he got in the Kam Ping constituency which traditionally supports pro-Beijing candidates. He finally succeeded in the 2004 LegCo election and became the first member of the April Fifth Action in the Legislative Council. His election was widely viewed as a protest vote against

1155-493: The 2006 Election Committee election , the League was criticised by media for refusing to name a candidate in protest at the "small-circle election". The LSD won six seats its first attempt in the election in the 2007 District Council elections . In late December 2007, the Vice-Chairman of the party, Lo Wing-lok , resigned after a controversy over the lack of documentation on the lease of the party headquarters. According to Lo,

1232-556: The 2017 Chief Executive election , LSD legislator Leung Kwok-hung launched his Chief Executive bid in February 2017 through a "public nomination" mechanism, in which he would seek to secure 37,790 votes from members of the public, one per cent of the city's registered voters before he would canvass for the nominations from the Election Committee . Leung dropped out from the race on 25 February after failed to gain enough nominations from

1309-614: The 2019 District Council elections as part of the electoral landslide by the pro-democracy camp . In spite of this, Leung Kwok-hung was narrowly defeated in his bid to unseat incumbent lawmaker Starry Lee in the To Kwa Wan North in the Kowloon City District Council . Chan Po-ying, Leung Kwok-hung's wife, was elected as the LSD's new chairperson during a special meeting on 25 July 2021, replacing Raphael Wong . Dickson Chau

1386-667: The Bolshevik Party in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Lenin, the first leader of the Bolsheviks, coined the term vanguard party , and argued that such a party was necessary in order to provide the practical and political leadership that would impel the proletariat to achieve a communist revolution . Hence, as a political-science term, vanguard party most often is associated with Leninism ; however, similar ideas (under different names) also are present in other revolutionary ideologies . Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx presented

1463-642: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) continued regarding itself as the institutionalisation of Marxist–Leninist political consciousness in the Soviet Union; therein lay the justification for its political control of Soviet society. Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution refers to the CPSU as the "leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state organizations and public organizations". The CPSU, precisely because it

1540-520: The Legislative Council (Amendment) Bill 2012 , by which the government attempted to forbid resigning lawmakers from participating in by-elections as the government's response to the " Five Constituency Referendum movement" launched by the LSD in 2010. On the morning of 17 May 2012, Jasper Tsang Yok-sing , President of the Legislative Council adopt Article 92 of the Standing Order, which allows

1617-453: The Legislative Council . The party first participated in the 2008 Legislative Council election and won over the 10 per cent of the popular vote and emerged as the new force with three seats. In 2010, the League launched the " Five Constituencies Referendum " campaign to pressure the government to implement universal suffrage no later than 2012 . The plan was joined by the Civics but rejected by

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1694-583: The Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). The group was one of the major supporters of the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 in Hong Kong. Its members went to the New China News Agency Hong Kong branch demanding the PRC government open dialogue with students on democratic reform and rule of law in late April. It condemned the bloody suppression of the protest. The members were prosecuted with

1771-689: The People Power with other defected members and radical groups which aimed at sniping Democratic Party in the upcoming 2011 District Council elections . The party lost all its seats in the District Councils in the District Council elections in November, all four of the party's seats were swept by the pro-Beijing candidates, including that of Andrew To for Chuk Yuen North constituency . 23 other League candidates also failed to win. Two days later, Andrew To resigned as chairman, to take responsibility for

1848-515: The Tiananmen massacre of 1989 . The group is well known for its aggressive and civil disobedience -style actions to protest against the governments of China and Hong Kong during celebrations and visits of state leaders, often resulting in confrontations with the Hong Kong police . They usually carry a coffin as their trademark protest prop. Its members have also been prosecuted for disrupting meetings of

1925-555: The division of labour in a bourgeois capitalist society prevented the emergence of a proletarian class consciousness, because of the ten-to-twelve-hour workdays that the workers laboured in factories, which left them no time to learn and apply the philosophic complexities of Marxist theory . Finally, in trying to effect a revolution in Tsarist Imperial Russia (1721–1917), Lenin knew the problem of an autocratic régime that had outlawed almost all political activity. Although

2002-566: The gestor will therefore simply take the leadership into his hands and march in the van." Herzl's principle antedated by some years the Leninist idea of Bolshevism as the vanguard of the revolution by characterizing the "Zionist movement as a vanguard of the Jewish people." The Youth Guard at the forefront of Zionist mobilization in the Yishuv likewise conceived of itself as a revolutionary vanguard, and

2079-554: The kibbutz movement itself is said to have thought of itself as a 'selfless vanguard'. It is occasionally used with of certain Islamist parties. Writers Abul Ala Maududi and Sayyid Qutb both urged the formation of an Islamic vanguard to restore Islamic society. Qutb discussed of an Islamist vanguard in his book Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ( Milestones ) and Maududi formed the radical Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan whose goal

2156-508: The proletariat to remove the false consciousness that had been instilled in them. In its first phase, the vanguard party would exist for two reasons. Firstly, it would protect Marxism from outside corruption from other ideas, as well as advance its plans. Secondly, it would educate the proletariat in Marxism in order to cleanse them of their "false individual consciousness" and instill the revolutionary " class consciousness " in them. Our task

2233-453: The "entire political arena is as open to the public view as is a theatre stage to the audience". A party that supposedly implemented democracy to such an extent that "the general control (in the literal sense of the term) exercised over every party man in the politics brings into existence an automatically operating mechanism which produces what in biology is called the "survival of the fittest"". The party would be completely open while educating

2310-509: The "father your own family and let your families live in a nation with society" rubric by giving the Communist parties formal leadership in society—a provision that was interpreted to either ban other parties altogether or force them to accept the Communists' guaranteed right to rule as a condition of being allowed to exist as an alternative party. Historical Historical In the 20th century,

2387-624: The Beijing government and the pro-Beijing camp in Hong Kong as unconstitutional. The Democratic Party refused to join the movement and sought for a less confrontational way to negotiate with Beijing. The movement was considered as failure with only 17.7 percent of the registered voters voted despite all three LSD legislators successfully returned to the LegCo. The LSD strongly criticised the Democratic Party for its move to negotiate with Beijing and voted for

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2464-609: The Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky , further developed and established the vanguard party with the creation of the Fourth International . Trotsky, who believed in permanent revolution , proposed that a vanguard party must be an international political party. For some in the Frankfurt School such as Herbert Marcuse , the lumpenproletariat (the lowest stratum of the proletariat, usually lacking class consciousness) have

2541-585: The British Hong Kong administration was allowing Hong Kong to be used as a base for subversion of the People's Republic of China. In a protest on 1 June 1997 just a month before the handover of Hong Kong which drew a crowd of 5,000 people in Hong Kong going from Chater Garden to the New China News Agency. The group was blocked off by the Hong Kong police, and did not succeed in presenting a petition to

2618-523: The Chief Executive and Legislative Council. In response to the electoral reform package proposed by the government, the party joined hand with the Civic Party to launch the " Five Constituency Referendum " by having five legislators resigning and participating in a territory-wide by-election to demand genuine universal suffrage. The claim of by-election as referendum expectedly received serve attacks from

2695-520: The Democrats. The plan to target the Democratic Party in the following District Council election , as well as personal differences, led to a devastating factional struggles between the founding chairman Wong Yuk-man and his successor Andrew To , which resulted in the Wong's faction splitting from the party to form the People Power , leaving the party with only one legislator Leung Kwok-hung. The party suffered

2772-574: The Jamaat-e-Islami has spread wings to other South Asian countries with large Muslim populations, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh and India. The literature of the Baháʼí Faith also frequently refers to those serving to raise the capacities of communities around the world as the "vanguard" of the Cause of Baha'u'llah According to Roger Eatwell, some fascist parties have also operated in ways similar to

2849-603: The Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921, the Party made the de facto reality de jure by outlawing opposition parties and formalising single-Party rule. The impetus for having a vanguard party was used by the Bolsheviks to justify their suppression of other parties. Their rationale was that since they were the vanguard of the proletariat, their right to rule could not be legitimately questioned. Hence, opposition parties could not be permitted to exist. From 1936 onward, Communist-inspired state constitutions enshrined

2926-576: The Summer Offences Ordinance after their demonstrations outside a reception hosted by the New China News Agency on 29 September 1989 to mark the National Day of the People's Republic of China . That raised concern that the British administration might be using out-of-date and repressive colonial laws for the political appeasing the People's Republic of China government after Beijing accusations that

3003-516: The Tsarist autocracy could not enforce a ban on political ideas, until 1905—when Tsar Nicholas II (ruled 1894–1917) agreed to the formation of a national duma —the Okhrana , the Tsarist secret police , suppressed every political group seeking social and political changes, including those with a democratic program. To counter such political conditions, Lenin said that a professional revolutionary organisation

3080-570: The candidates from the pro-Beijing, pro-government flagship party, the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), accusing the Civic Party of applying double standards in its fight for democracy, and being elitist. The party was a member of the Alliance for Universal Suffrage which consisted of all the pro-democracy groups to strive for the 2012 universal suffrage of

3157-620: The capitalist system, educate the public in revolutionary theory, and prepare the workers for the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat that would follow. Yet, unlike his Menshevik rivals, Lenin distinguished himself by his hostility towards the bourgeois intelligentsia , and was routinely criticised for placing too much trust in the intellectual ability of the working class to transform society through its own political struggles. Like other political organisations that sought to change Imperial Russian society, Lenin's Bolshevik Party resorted to conspiracy, and operated in

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3234-846: The concept of a vanguard party. Arts Politics Polemics League of Social Democrats High Court District Court Magistrates' Court Special courts and tribunals: Chief Executive Elections Legislative elections District council elections Consular missions in Hong Kong Hong Kong–China relations Hong Kong–Taiwan relations Hong Kong (pro-democracy) Hong Kong (centrist) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Hong Kong (localist) Macau Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) Hong Kong (pro-democracy) Hong Kong (pro-ROC) Hong Kong (localist) Republic of China (Taiwan) (groups of pro-Chinese identity) Current Former The League of Social Democrats ( LSD )

3311-497: The concept of the vanguard party as solely qualified to politically lead the proletariat in revolution; in Chapter II: "Proletarians and Communists" of The Communist Manifesto (1848), they said: The Communists, therefore, are, on the one hand, practically the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over

3388-495: The founding members. Radio host, author and former journalism professor Wong Yuk-man became the first Chairman of the party. In the participation in the 2007 Chief Executive Election of Alan Leong , the League of Social Democrats refused to co-operate with the Democratic Party and the Civic Party and criticised the two parties for nominating Leong as Chief Executive candidate, saying that they are not qualified as democrats. In

3465-411: The great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the lines of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat. According to Lenin,

3542-423: The idea in terms of a class leadership forged out of a proletarian vanguard specifically to describe Marxist–Leninist parties, the term is also used for many kinds of movement shaping themselves as initially guided by a small elite. Theodor Herzl , the theorist of Zionism , believed legitimation from the majority would only hinder from the outset his movement and therefore advised that "we cannot all be of one mind;

3619-463: The late 19th century. Contrary to what Karl Marx had predicted, capitalism had become stronger in the last third of the 19th century. In Western Europe, the working class had become poorer; the workers and their trade unions , although they had continued to militate for better wages and working conditions, had failed to develop a revolutionary class consciousness , as predicted by Marx. To explain that undeveloped political awareness, Lenin said that

3696-565: The loss, but pledged not to alter the LSD's ideology for the sake of winning elections. Leung Kwok-hung replaced To as the Chairman of the LSD. In February 2016, the party selected its sixth Executive Committee and new leaders. Avery Ng succeeded Leung as the new chairman and Raphael Wong and Derek Chan Tak-cheung as vice-chairman. In the 2016 Legislative Council election , the LSD formed an electoral alliance with another radical democrat People Power as they were facing serious challenges from

3773-447: The lumpenproletariat with suspicion and as a reserve army of labour with a primarily counter-revolutionary character unlike the proletariat, whose role in production led Marx see them as the primary agents of change. For others, the lumpenproletariat existing outside the capitalist production process gives them the unique ability to attack the capitalist system from outside which other revolutionary elements can not. Although Lenin honed

3850-440: The missing element for escalating the class struggle to revolution was a political organisation that could relate to the radicalism of political vanguard of the working class, who then would attract many workers from the middling ranks of the reformist leaders of the trade unions. It is often believed that Lenin thought the bearers of class consciousness were the common intellectuals who made it their vocation to conspire against

3927-468: The most consistent defenders of Soviet power (which he considered the dictatorship of the proletariat or 'Commune-state'). However, the situation changed drastically during the Russian Civil War and economic collapse, which decimated the working class and its independent institutions, and saw the development of irreconcilable conflicts between the Bolsheviks and their rivals. At the 10th Congress of

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4004-605: The newly emerging radical localist camp . The alliance won two seats in total with sole League legislator Leung Kwok-hung and People Power's Ray Chan being re-elected in the New Territories East . Former LSD legislator Albert Chan failed to help LSD's Raphael Wong to be elected despite him standing as a second candidate in the New Territories West . LSD chairman Avery Ng also lost his bid in Kowloon West . In

4081-526: The news office. While the event led Hong Kong news headlines, China's main CCTV station promoted the opposite propaganda on the mainland by featuring children in Wan Chai waiving PRC flags. Critics have questioned the effectiveness of the group, since Beijing has continued to censor news of the group's activities entirely in the mainland. The group's most famous member, Leung Kwok-hung , unsuccessfully contested both

4158-485: The other democratic parties during the campaign. In Kowloon East Andrew To Kwan-hang has accused the Democratic Party of wrongly backing the government's move to privatise the Link Reit Investment Trust , thus paving the way for hefty rent rises in public housing commercial and parking facilities. In Kowloon West, Chairman Wong Yuk-man lambasted the Civic Party's Claudia Mo Man-ching in the same way he did

4235-448: The party cadres as professional revolutionaries , and would be elected to leadership positions by the mass party membership. Thus the organisation would quickly include the entire working class. A vanguard party is a political party at the fore of a population-wide political movement and of a revolution . In the praxis of revolutionary political science the vanguard party was composed of professional revolutionaries, first effected by

4312-525: The political underground. Against Tsarist repression, Lenin argued for the necessity of confining membership to people who were professionally trained to overthrow the Okhrana; however, at its core, the Bolshevik Party was an exceptionally flexible organisation who pragmatically adapted policy to changing political situations. After the Revolution of 1905 , Lenin proposed that the Bolshevik Party "open its gates" to

4389-489: The potential to be supporters of the revolution. For others in the Frankfurt School such as Jürgen Habermas , they held views similar to that of Marx and classical marxists who viewed the lumpenproletariat as likely counter-revolutionaries. The argument is that this underclass has the potential to help change the status quo because they are excluded from it and survive largely outside of the capitalist system. Marx viewed

4466-441: The premises belonged to an alleged triad member who claimed to be a merchant. In the 2008 LegCo elections , the party emerged as the sixth largest party in the legislature by gaining over 10 percent of the vote and winning total of three seats with chairman Wong Yuk-man winning a seat in the Kowloon West geographical constituency and Leung Kwok-hung and Albert Chan retained their seats respectively. The LSD fiercely criticised

4543-617: The president follow foreign parliament rules for unregulated behaviours to terminate the debate. In the end, all amendments were defeated and the Bill was passed. In May 2013, the LSD and People Power staged a month-long filibuster by moving a total of 710 amendments on the Budget Appropriation Bill debate, to press for a universal pension scheme and a HK$ 10,000 cash handout to be included in John Tsang's budget. The government warned that

4620-574: The public, secured only 20,234 nominations. In July 2017, Leung Kwok-hung was unseated with three other pro-democracy legislators due to their manners at the oath-taking ceremony at the inaugural meeting, where Leung had used it as a platform to protest since he was first elected in 2004, which made the LSD lost its only seat in the legislature. In 2019, in the aftermath of the massive Hong Kong pro-democracy protests two prominent members of LSD namely, political and LGBT activist Jimmy Sham and Citizens' Radio founder Tsang Kin-shing were elected in

4697-410: The purpose of the vanguard party is to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat ; a rule of the working class . The change of ruling class, from the bourgeoisie to the proletariat, makes possible the full development of society . In early 20th-century Russia, Lenin argued that the vanguard party would lead the revolution to depose the incumbent Tsarist government, and transfer government power to

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4774-414: The reform package and attacked the Democratic Party in the following 2010 July 1 march . The party was also heavily devastated from the intra-party struggles. The former chairman Wong Yuk-man disagreed with the policies of the incumbent chairman Andrew To including the ways of dealing with the Democratic Party. In November 2010, Wong Yuk-man's protege Edward Yum led a no-confidence motion against To which

4851-514: The service would shut down if the budget bill do not pass. Jasper Tsang ordered to end the filibuster on 13 May after 55 hours spent to debate 17 of the 148 amendments. The Appropriation Bill was passed on 21 May 2013 with 684 amendments negatived. The LSD was founded on 1 October 2006. The two Legislative Councillors, Leung Kwok-hung , activist from the April Fifth Action Group , and Albert Chan , former Democratic Party member, were

4928-567: The two aspects of a revolution, the economic campaign (labour strikes for increased wages and work concessions), which featured diffused leadership; and the political campaign (socialist changes to society), which featured the decisive revolutionary leadership of the Bolshevik vanguard party. As he surveyed the European milieu in the late 1890s, Lenin found several theoretic problems with the Marxism of

5005-503: The unhappiest of the working class, who were rapidly becoming political radicals, in order for the Party to become a mass political party with genuine roots in the working class movement. The notion of a 'vanguard', as used by Lenin before 1917, did not necessarily imply single-party rule. Lenin considered the Social-Democrats (Bolsheviks) the leading elements of a multi-class (and multi-party) democratic struggle against Tsarism. For

5082-454: The unpopular administration of then Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa . Leung attracted controversy by refusing to take the standard oath required for all legislators, instead reciting his own expanded version. Leung Kwok-hung gained most of his voter popularity owing to his relatively radical stance on various issues, criticising the indecision and inefficiency that paralysed the Hong Kong government due to weak leadership under Tung Chee-hwa. Leung

5159-428: The working class can develop only a trade-union consciousness"; and that under reformist, trade-union leadership, the working class could only engage spontaneous local rebellions to improve their political position within the capitalist system, and that revolutionary consciousness developed unevenly. Nonetheless, optimistic about the working class's ability to develop a revolutionary class consciousness , Lenin said that

5236-436: The working class in revolutionary politics and to strengthen proletarian political power against the bourgeoisie . This theory serves as the underpinning of the leading role of the Communist party , usually enshrined in the constitution, after communists seize power of the state. Vladimir Lenin popularised political vanguardism as conceptualised by Karl Kautsky , detailing his thoughts in one of his earlier works, What

5313-468: The working class. In the pamphlet What is to be Done? (1902), Lenin said that a revolutionary vanguard party, mostly recruited from the working class, should lead the political campaign, because it was the only way that the proletariat could successfully achieve a revolution; unlike the economist campaign of trade union struggle advocated by other socialist political parties and later by the anarcho-syndicalists . Like Karl Marx, Lenin distinguished between

5390-505: Was also elected as vice chairman (external affairs), replacing Leung Kwok-hung, who was jailed for his role in the 2019 protests. On 6 January 2021, vice-chair persons of the party Leung Kwok-hung and Jimmy Sham were arrested for violation of the national security law. They were released on bail the next day but charged with subversion on 28 February 2021. As of 12 March 2021, both Leung and Sham remain in custody after being denied bail twice and were in prison until their next hearing on

5467-407: Was arrested and released on bail. At CY Leung 's first question-and-answer session as Chief Executive at the Legislative Council in Hong Kong on 16 July 2012, "Long Hair" Leung Kwok-hung threw an effigy of Pinocchio at CY Leung. Leung Kwok-hung threw a cloud-shaped cushion at Financial Secretary John Tsang during his budget report in the Legislative Council on 27 February 2013 to demand for

5544-424: Was defeated by 111 to 170 at an extraordinary general party meeting. After the failure of toppling To's chairmanship, on 24 January 2011, two of the three legislators of the party, Wong Yuk-man and Albert Chan quit the party with many party's leading figures, citing disagreement with leader Andrew To and his faction. About two hundreds of their supporters joined them, leaving the LSD in disarray. Wong and Chan formed

5621-464: Was necessary to organise and lead the most class-conscious workers into a politically cohesive movement. Concerning the Russian class struggle , in the book What Is to Be Done? (1902), against the "economist" trend of the socialist parties (who proposed that the working class would develop a revolutionary consciousness from demanding solely economic improvements), Lenin said that the "history of all countries bears out that, through their own powers alone,

5698-520: Was re-elected with an increased majority in 2008 under the League of Social Democrats banner, becoming the candidate with the most votes in his constituency. Vanguard party Vanguardism , in Leninist struggle , is a strategy where the most class-conscious members of the working-class , known as the revolutionary vanguard, lead institutions to advance communist goals. The vanguard works to engage

5775-524: Was subsequently disqualified over his oath-taking manner in 2017, leaving the party without any elected representation. In the massive pro-democracy protests in 2019, its party member Jimmy Sham , who was also the convenor of the Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF), won one of two seats for the party in the following District Council election , and also won the nomination in the 2020 pro-democracy primaries where Leung Kwok-hung failed to secure

5852-481: Was the bearer of Marxist–Leninist ideology, determined the general development of society, directed domestic and foreign policy, and "imparts a planned, systematic, and theoretically substantiated virtuosity" to the struggle of the Soviet people for the victory of communism . Nonetheless, the politics of the vanguard party, as outlined by Lenin, is disputed among the contemporary communist movement . Lenin's contemporary in

5929-478: Was to establish a pan- Ummah worldwide Islamist ideological state starting from Pakistan, administered for God ( Allah ) solely by Muslims "whose whole life is devoted to the observance and enforcement" of Islamic law ( Shari'ah ), leading to the world becoming the House of Islam . The party members formed an elite group (called arkan ) with "affiliates" ( mutaffiq ) and then "sympathizers" ( hamdard ) beneath them. Today,

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