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117-447: Apple Jam is the third LP (often described as a " bonus " disc) included in English rock musician George Harrison 's 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass . It consists of four instrumental jams , three of which were recorded during the album sessions, and "It's Johnny's Birthday", a 30th birthday tribute to John Lennon . The disc was Apple Records ' way of placating record buyers for

234-419: A carnival-style organ and two tracks of acoustic slide guitar – along with vocal contributions from Beatles aide Mal Evans and assistant engineer Eddie Klein. Harrison treated the recording with varispeed for comic effect. He presented Lennon with a tape of the song at EMI on 9 October, when Lennon was recording his song " Remember " in one of the studios there, with Voormann and Ringo Starr . "Plug Me In"

351-403: A compilation of songs created by any average listener of music. The songs on a mixtape generally relate to one another in some way, whether it be a conceptual theme or an overall sound. After the introduction of Compact discs, the term "Mixtape" began to apply to any personal compilation of songs on any given format. The sales of Compact Cassettes eventually began to decline in the 1990s, after

468-424: A current or former member of a musical group which is released under that artist's name only, even though some or all other band members may be involved. The solo album appeared as early as the late 1940s. A 1947 Billboard magazine article heralded " Margaret Whiting huddling with Capitol execs over her first solo album on which she will be backed by Frank De Vol ". There is no formal definition setting forth

585-557: A customer buys a whole album rather than just one or two songs from the artist. The song is not necessarily free nor is it available as a stand-alone download, adding also to the incentive to buy the complete album. In contrast to hidden tracks , bonus tracks are included on track listings and usually do not have a gap of silence between other album tracks. Bonus tracks on CD or vinyl albums are common in Japan for releases by European and North American artists; since importing international copies of

702-614: A hit song, following its release as a single to promote the History of Eric Clapton compilation (1972), leading to a critical reappraisal of Derek and the Dominos and belated commercial success. A 1970-recorded live album, In Concert , was similarly well-received when issued in January 1973. Raw Velvet peaked at number 190 on the Billboard 200, however, and it was Whitlock's last album to place on

819-415: A jam jar painted by Wilkes, showing a piece of fruit inside the jar and two apple leaves on the outside. To complete the literal pun on the words "apple jam", he painted the title on the jar's lid. The names of the contributing musicians appeared on the back of the sleeve, separate from the musician credits for the main album, which were printed on the inside of the box housing the three LPs. In many countries,

936-669: A lot longer jamming with his heavyweight friends than anyone could have guessed." The album was a major critical and commercial success, despite its retail price – which was over £5 in the United Kingdom and $ 13.98 in the United States – being considerable for the time. Some of the Capitol Records pressings in North America carried a sticker on the front of the box stating, "2 George Harrison LPs Plus 1 Apple Jam Session" and "3 LPs for

1053-662: A new band, Whitlock and Clapton reunited with Radle and Gordon at a session for P.P. Arnold , before going on to back Harrison on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass . Whitlock has described the latter sessions as "spectacular in every way". Although individual contributions remain hard to ascertain, due to the large cast of musicians on the Phil Spector -produced recording, Harrison biographer Simon Leng identifies Whitlock as one of two "core keyboard players" on All Things Must Pass . Having traditionally favored Hammond organ as his keyboard instrument, Whitlock played piano for

1170-567: A remake of "Tell the Truth", the album included six other songs written or co-written by Whitlock, including "Anyday", "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?", "Keep on Growing" and "Thorn Tree in the Garden". In addition, Whitlock helped Clapton finish " Bell Bottom Blues ", although he was not initially credited as a co-writer on that song. "Keep on Growing" and "Thorn Tree in the Garden" featured Whitlock on lead vocals, while on other tracks he and Clapton shared

1287-418: A remarkable lack of ego in affording Clapton a large share of the spotlight on the jam disc. Author Robert Rodriguez similarly writes of Harrison's graciousness in this regard, citing "I Remember Jeep" as a Clapton "guitar showcase". In a 1972 interview, Harrison said he was pleased that all the musicians benefited financially from the jam disc, since he had arranged for the publishing royalties to be shared among

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1404-893: A single artist, genre or period, a single artist covering the songs of various artists or a single artist, genre or period, or any variation of an album of cover songs which is marketed as a "tribute". Bobby Whitlock Whitlock recorded four solo albums during the 1970s, among them Bobby Whitlock and Raw Velvet , and contributed to albums by Clapton, Dr John and the Rolling Stones . He then withdrew from music until releasing It's About Time in 1999. Following his return, Whitlock has recorded and performed with his wife, CoCo Carmel, and since 2006 with other musicians based in Austin, Texas . Among his and Carmel's projects, Other Assorted Love Songs, Live from Whitney Chapel contains acoustic interpretations of songs originally recorded by Derek and

1521-522: A single case, or a triple album containing three LPs or compact discs. Recording artists who have an extensive back catalogue may re-release several CDs in one single box with a unified design, often containing one or more albums (in this scenario, these releases can sometimes be referred to as a "two (or three)-fer"), or a compilation of previously unreleased recordings. These are known as box sets . Some musical artists have also released more than three compact discs or LP records of new recordings at once, in

1638-441: A single in 1983 on Led Zeppelin 's Swan Song Records . In 1999, Whitlock resumed his solo career with It's About Time , which included contributions from Cropper and saxophonist Jim Horn . Michael Smith of AllMusic described the album as "one of Whitlock's most intriguing creations yet" and a "fine set from a musician we haven't heard enough from in recent years". In April 2000, Whitlock reunited with Clapton to play live on

1755-433: A solo album for several reasons. A solo performer working with other members will typically have full creative control of the band, be able to hire and fire accompanists, and get the majority of the proceeds. The performer may be able to produce songs that differ widely from the sound of the band with which the performer has been associated, or that the group as a whole chose not to include in its own albums. Graham Nash of

1872-713: A song that Whitlock had begun writing with Clapton in the early 1970s, "Dear Veronica", and a remake of "Layla" that omitted the Gordon-composed ending, which Whitlock had never thought suitable for the track. Vintage (2009) compiled his unreleased songs from the 1990s and included appearances by Cropper and Horn. Whitlock's solo album My Time (2009) featured musical contributions from Cropper, Keltner, Horn, Tim Drummond and Buddy Miller . His subsequent releases with Carmel include Esoteric (2012) and another live album, Carnival: Live in Austin (2013). In 2013, in connection with

1989-534: A strong case for these being the definitive versions." Whitlock and Carmel married on December 24, 2005 in Nashville, Tennessee, and moved to Austin, Texas, in 2006. The couple worked with musicians such as David Grissom , Stephen Bruton and Brannen Temple, and special guest Willie Nelson , on the album Lovers (2008) and Metamorphosis (2010), another live recording. Released on the Domino label, Lovers included

2106-414: A studio. However, the common understanding of a "live album" is one that was recorded at a concert with a public audience, even when the recording is overdubbed or multi-tracked. Concert or stage performances are recorded using remote recording techniques. Albums may be recorded at a single concert , or combine recordings made at multiple concerts. They may include applause, laughter and other noise from

2223-430: A studio. Studios are built to absorb sound, eliminating reverberation , to assist in mixing different takes; other locations, such as concert venues and some "live rooms", have reverberation, which creates a "live" sound. Recordings, including live, may contain editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology , artists can be recorded in separate rooms or at separate times while listening to

2340-422: A style that author Ian Inglis terms " music hall sing-along". Harrison recorded it for John Lennon 's 30th birthday, after Yoko Ono , Lennon's wife, had requested a musical gift from him, Donovan and Janis Joplin to mark the occasion. Recording took place at EMI Studios on 7 October as Harrison was carrying out final mixing on All Things Must Pass . The track features Harrison on vocals and all instruments –

2457-406: A theme such as the "greatest hits" from one artist, B-sides and rarities by one artist, or selections from a record label , a musical genre , a certain time period, or a regional music scene. Promotional sampler albums are compilations. A tribute or cover album is a compilation of cover versions of songs or instrumental compositions. Its concept may involve various artists covering the songs of

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2574-453: A trend of shifting sales in the music industry , some observers feel that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album . An album may contain any number of tracks. In the United States, The Recording Academy 's rules for Grammy Awards state that an album must comprise a minimum total playing time of 15 minutes with at least five distinct tracks or a minimum total playing time of 30 minutes with no minimum track requirement. In

2691-436: A very exciting addition to the album." Among more recent assessments, Damian Fanelli of Guitar Player writes that "Winners abound at every turn" on All Things Must Pass yet the album's "guitar high point" is the jam disc. GQ ' s George Chesterton says that rock "never got more imperial" than on All Things Must Pass but he dismisses Apple Jam as "frankly forgettable", adding that its inclusion "rather illustrates

2808-482: A way of healing and setting each other free ... I have always known that the better part of those songs [on All Things Must Pass ] were directed to Eric, just like Eric's were to George on the Layla record." Between October and December 1970, Derek and the Dominos toured the United States in support of Layla . The Elton John Band was their opening act. In his autobiography, Elton John said, "They were phenomenal. From

2925-430: A way of promoting the album. Albums have been issued that are compilations of older tracks not originally released together, such as singles not originally found on albums, b-sides of singles, or unfinished " demo " recordings. Double albums during the seventies were sometimes sequenced for record changers . In the case of a two-record set, for example, sides 1 and 4 would be stamped on one record, and sides 2 and 3 on

3042-459: Is a hard rock track with Harrison, Clapton and Dave Mason each taking guitar solos. It was taped on 18 June, a session that marked the recording debut of Clapton, Whitlock, Radle and Gordon's short-lived band Derek and the Dominos , which had come together to help Harrison record his album. Harrison also contributed on guitar to both sides of the band's debut single, " Tell the Truth " and "Roll It Over", which were produced by Phil Spector during

3159-580: Is any vocal content. A track that has the same name as the album is called the title track. A bonus track (also known as a bonus cut or bonus) is a piece of music which has been included as an extra. This may be done as a marketing promotion, or for other reasons. It is not uncommon to include singles, B-sides , live recordings , and demo recordings as bonus tracks on re-issues of old albums, where those tracks were not originally included. Online music stores allow buyers to create their own albums by selecting songs themselves; bonus tracks may be included if

3276-552: Is not necessarily just in MP3 file format, in which higher quality formats such as FLAC and WAV can be used on storage media that MP3 albums reside on, such as CD-R-ROMs , hard drives , flash memory (e.g. thumbdrives , MP3 players , SD cards ), etc. The contents of the album are usually recorded in a studio or live in concert, though may be recorded in other locations, such as at home (as with JJ Cale's Okie , Beck's Odelay , David Gray's White Ladder , and others), in

3393-402: Is recorded on both the "A" and "B" side of the tape, with cassette being "turned" to play the other side of the album. Compact Cassettes were also a popular way for musicians to record " Demos " or "Demo Tapes" of their music to distribute to various record labels, in the hopes of acquiring a recording contract . Compact cassettes also saw the creation of mixtapes , which are tapes containing

3510-453: The Apple Jam sleeve was the only place where Clapton was listed as a musical contributor to All Things Must Pass , since rivalries between competing record companies prevented Harrison from acknowledging him in the main album credits. As with all the tracks on the third disc, "It's Johnny's Birthday" carried a Harrison songwriting credit on the original UK release of All Things Must Pass . On

3627-659: The BBC 's Later... with Jools Holland . The following year, he contributed piano to Sweet Tea by blues guitarist Buddy Guy . In 2003, Whitlock and his partner, musician CoCo Carmel, collaborated on Other Assorted Love Songs , a live album that again revisited the Dominos' songs, as well as including Harrison's " All Things Must Pass ". Music critic Bruce Eder praised the album, writing: "The classic pieces [from Layla ] hold up magnificently ... [H]ere, acoustic guitar and piano are more than sufficient accompaniment and, indeed, coupled with Whitlock's powerful singing and range, make

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3744-846: The Lyceum Ballroom in London on December 15, 1969. In early 1970, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends backed Clapton on his debut solo album, Eric Clapton , and toured America with the English guitarist. After arguments with the Bramletts over money, the other Friends quit the band and joined Leon Russell on Joe Cocker 's Mad Dogs and Englishmen tour. Whitlock continued to work with Delaney & Bonnie until April, following sessions for their album To Bonnie from Delaney (1970). On Cropper's advice, he then returned to England to stay with Clapton at his home, Hurtwood Edge, in Surrey . Seeking to start

3861-517: The iPod , US album sales dropped 54.6% from 2001 to 2009. The CD is a digital data storage device which permits digital recording technology to be used to record and play-back the recorded music. Most recently, the MP3 audio format has matured, revolutionizing the concept of digital storage. Early MP3 albums were essentially CD-rips created by early CD- ripping software, and sometimes real-time rips from cassettes and vinyl. The so-called "MP3 album"

3978-554: The "jam ending" on the Rolling Stones' 1971 track " Can't You Hear Me Knocking ". The musician credits also list journalist Al Aronowitz , who was in London to write a piece about the All Things Must Pass sessions for the New York Post . According to Spizer, Aronowitz most likely played percussion. "It's Johnny's Birthday" is a 49-second track sung to the tune of Cliff Richard 's 1968 hit " Congratulations " and delivered in

4095-514: The 1970s. Appraising the concept in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said most "are profit-taking recaps marred by sound and format inappropriate to phonographic reproduction (you can't put sights, smells, or fellowship on audio tape). But for Joe Cocker and Bette Midler and Bob-Dylan -in-the-arena, the form makes a compelling kind of sense." Among

4212-415: The 21st-century have mostly focused on CD and MP3 formats. The 8-track tape was the first tape format widely used alongside vinyl from 1965 until being phased out by 1983, being gradually supplanted by the cassette tape throughout the 1970s and early 1980s; the popularity of the cassette reached its peak during the late 1980s before sharply declining during the 1990s. The cassette had largely disappeared by

4329-443: The 25-minute mark. The album Dopesmoker by Sleep contains only a single track, but the composition is over 63 minutes long. There are no formal rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as "albums". If an album becomes too long to fit onto a single vinyl record or CD, it may be released as a double album where two vinyl LPs or compact discs are packaged together in

4446-536: The Beatles' releases, the album allowed him to include longer instrumental breaks than was typically the case in his former band's work; he also welcomed the chance to record with the musicians he had met while a guest on Delaney & Bonnie and Friends ' European tour in December 1969. Harrison recalled that early in the All Things Must Pass sessions, he and his fellow musicians would improvise on an idea and then ask to hear

4563-486: The Blue" closed the album. He said that this was the correct sequence, but it had not been possible in 1970 because of running time considerations for vinyl. The Seattle-based Beatles tribute band Apple Jam took their name after performing a Harrison-themed concert in 2007. In 2009, the band members included Alan White , formerly of Yes and one of the drummers who played on the main All Things Must Pass sessions. Previewing

4680-505: The Dominos' first recording session. According to bassist Klaus Voormann , a friend of the Beatles since their years in Hamburg and one of many musicians who played on George Harrison 's All Things Must Pass album, jamming was commonplace during the sessions and indicative of the free spirit that characterised the project. Aside from giving Harrison the opportunity to record several songs of his that had been overlooked for inclusion on

4797-611: The Dominos. In an article for Mojo magazine in May 2011, music journalist Phil Sutcliffe described Whitlock as having been born in Memphis and learning to play the Hammond organ "peering over Booker T 's shoulder at Stax studios". While still a teenager, Whitlock befriended acts associated with Stax Records , including Albert King , Sam & Dave , the Staples Singers and Booker T. &

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4914-441: The Dominos. AllMusic critic Bruce Eder similarly sees the third disc as "historically important as the sessions that spawned Eric Clapton's band Derek and the Dominos". Sources Album#Bonus tracks An album is a collection of audio recordings (e.g., music ) issued on a medium such as compact disc (CD), vinyl (record), audio tape (like 8-track or cassette ), or digital . Albums of recorded sound were developed in

5031-491: The Hollies described his experience in developing a solo album as follows: "The thing that I go through that results in a solo album is an interesting process of collecting songs that can't be done, for whatever reason, by a lot of people". A solo album may also represent the departure of the performer from the group. A compilation album is a collection of material from various recording projects or various artists, assembled with

5148-488: The Long Playing record format in 1948, it was natural the term album would continue. Columbia expected that the record size distinction in 78s would continue, with classical music on 12" records and popular music on 10" records, and singles on 78s. Columbia's first popular 10" LP in fact was Frank Sinatra's first album, the four-record eight-song The Voice of Frank Sinatra , originally issued in 1946. RCA's introduction of

5265-570: The M.G.'s , and was the first white artist signed to the label. His first contribution to a recording was in 1967, when he supplied handclaps on Sam & Dave's single " I Thank You ". Between 1965 and 1968, Whitlock performed regularly in the Memphis area, playing organ with local soul band the Short Cuts before forming the Counts. In his 2010 autobiography, Whitlock writes of this period in Memphis: "It

5382-560: The Moog part live as the final mix was being done. The title for "Thanks for the Pepperoni" came from a line on a Lenny Bruce comedy album. The track is a six-minute jam in the style of Chuck Berry 's " Roll Over Beethoven ". Recorded at the same session as "Plug Me In", it again includes guitar solos by Harrison, Clapton and Mason. Leng comments on Harrison's soloing being "uncannily" similar to Clapton's style, saying that Harrison leads for most of

5499-619: The Price of 2". In the UK, excerpts from "I Remember Jeep" and "Plug Me In" were included in the 10 December Top of the Pops album feature on All Things Must Pass . If people who bought the whole set didn't like the jams, well they still had the [two] proper albums and they hadn't paid any more for the extra disc; and if they did like the jams, then it was a free bonus for them. – Harrison to Record Mirror , April 1972 Leng comments that Harrison displayed

5616-517: The Rolling Stones ' horn section around this time. Although Harrison credited Clapton as the second guitarist on the track, the part was played by Voormann. According to Voormann, "He thought it was Eric, because I was playing a little thing like Eric." The other musicians were keyboard players Bobby Whitlock and Gary Wright , bassist Carl Radle and drummer Jim Gordon . Originally 20 minutes in length and referred to in Harrison's notes as "Jam (3)", it

5733-516: The United Kingdom, the criteria for the UK Albums Chart is that a recording counts as an "album" if it either has more than four tracks or lasts more than 25 minutes. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs . Albums such as Tubular Bells , Amarok , and Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield , and Yes's Close to the Edge , include fewer than four tracks, but still surpass

5850-458: The addition of the Apple Jam disc: "For the jams, I didn't want to just throw [them] in the cupboard, and yet at the same time it wasn't part of the record; that's why I put it on a separate label to go in the package as a kind of bonus." He said he came to appreciate the quality of the jams when mixing the album, especially the "fire" in Eric Clapton 's guitar playing. The title of the third disc

5967-413: The album can be cheaper than buying a domestically released version, Japanese releases often feature bonus tracks to incentivize domestic purchase. Commercial sheet music is published in conjunction with the release of a new album (studio, compilation, soundtrack, etc.). A matching folio songbook is a compilation of the music notation of all the songs included in that particular album. It typically has

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6084-401: The album is an exceptional work, but its admirers tend to overlook how the last 30 minutes comprise "a bunch of instrumental blues jams that nobody listens to more than once". Reviewing for AllMusic , Richie Unterberger describes the inclusion of Apple Jam as "a very significant flaw" but recognises that its content "proved to be of immense musical importance", with the formation of Derek and

6201-563: The album list EMI's Studio 3, based on the recollection of EMI recording engineer Phil McDonald . The title for "I Remember Jeep" originated from the name of Clapton's dog, a Weimaraner named Jeep who had recently gone missing. The line-up on the eight-minute track was Clapton and Harrison on electric guitars, Billy Preston on piano, Voormann on bass and Ginger Baker , Clapton's former bandmate in Cream and Blind Faith , on drums. Harrison also added effects on Moog synthesizer . Inglis comments on

6318-516: The album's artwork on its cover and, in addition to sheet music, it includes photos of the artist. Most pop and rock releases come in standard Piano/Vocal/Guitar notation format (and occasionally Easy Piano / E-Z Play Today). Rock-oriented releases may also come in Guitar Recorded Versions edition, which are note-for-note transcriptions written directly from artist recordings. Vinyl LP records have two sides, each comprising one-half of

6435-465: The album, including another remake of "Tell the Truth", featured new associates such as guitarist Rick Vito and ex- Van der Graaf Generator bassist Keith Ellis . The album was co-produced by Jimmy Miller , whose connection with the Rolling Stones led to Whitlock making an uncredited contribution to the band's Exile on Main St. double album (1972). By this point, Layla ' s title track had become

6552-458: The album. If a pop or rock album contained tracks released separately as commercial singles , they were conventionally placed in particular positions on the album. During the sixties, particularly in the UK, singles were generally released separately from albums. Today, many commercial albums of music tracks feature one or more singles, which are released separately to radio, TV or the Internet as

6669-424: The amount of participation a band member can solicit from other members of their band, and still have the album referred to as a solo album. One reviewer wrote that Ringo Starr 's third venture, Ringo , "[t]echnically... wasn't a solo album because all four Beatles appeared on it". Three of the four members of the Beatles released solo albums while the group was officially still together. A performer may record

6786-510: The audience, comments by the performers between pieces, improvisation, and so on. They may use multitrack recording direct from the stage sound system (rather than microphones placed among the audience), and can employ additional manipulation and effects during post-production to enhance the quality of the recording. Notable early live albums include the double album of Benny Goodman , The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert , released in 1950. Live double albums later became popular during

6903-406: The best selling live albums are Eric Clapton 's Unplugged (1992), selling over 26 million copies, Garth Brooks ' Double Live (1998), over 21 million copies, and Peter Frampton 's Frampton Comes Alive! (1976), over 11 million copies. In Rolling Stone ' s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , 18 albums were live albums. A solo album , in popular music , is an album recorded by

7020-503: The chart. Whitlock tried in vain to get Clapton to come out and play; realizing it was not going to happen, after two years of waiting, he went back to the United States. You know I'm indirectly responsible for disco? [Clapton's manager] Robert Stigwood took the Dominos' money, used it to create RSO Records and record the Bee Gees . My deepest apologies to the entire music world. – Bobby Whitlock, December 2006 His next solo album

7137-442: The collaborative set-up reflected in the jam tracks. Many critics viewed the third disc as inessential and some complained that it drove up the price for the album. Don Heckman of The New York Times deemed All Things Must Pass a "blockbuster" and a major artistic statement by the former Beatle, but said of Apple Jam : "Harrison playing guitar with such dynamite contemporaries as Eric Clapton and Dave Mason – nice, but not really

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7254-421: The contributors. Writing in his 2010 autobiography, Whitlock says he still received quarterly payments for Apple Jam , citing this as an example of Harrison's generosity since "He just gave it to us without saying a word." When preparing the 30th anniversary edition of All Things Must Pass in 2000, Harrison changed the order of the Apple Jam tracks so that "It's Johnny's Birthday" became the opener and "Out of

7371-500: The early 1900s, the typical 10-inch disc could only hold about three minutes of sound per side, so almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length. Classical-music and spoken-word items generally were released on the longer 12-inch 78s, playing around 4–5 minutes per side. For example, in 1924, George Gershwin recorded a drastically shortened version of his new seventeen-minute composition Rhapsody in Blue with Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra. The recording

7488-548: The early 1970s: bassist Carl Radle ; drummers Jim Keltner and Jim Gordon ; and a horn section comprising Bobby Keys and Jim Price . Another member was Eric Clapton , who joined the Friends as lead guitarist midway through a U.S. tour in July–August 1969. On this tour, Delaney & Bonnie were supporting Clapton's short-lived supergroup Blind Faith , with Steve Winwood . Clapton later described Whitlock as "without doubt

7605-456: The early 20th century as individual 78 rpm records (78s) collected in a bound book resembling a photo album ; this format evolved after 1948 into single vinyl long-playing (LP) records played at 33 + 1 ⁄ 3   rpm . The album was the dominant form of recorded music expression and consumption from the mid-1960s to the early 21st century, a period known as the album era . Vinyl LPs are still issued, though album sales in

7722-506: The early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78s were bundled in book-like albums (one side of a 78 rpm record could hold only about 3.5 minutes of sound). When LP records were introduced, a collection of pieces or songs on a single record was called an "album"; the word was extended to other recording media such as compact disc, MiniDisc , compact audio cassette, 8-track tape and digital albums as they were introduced. An album (Latin albus , white), in ancient Rome,

7839-465: The excesses of the record industry in 1970 and the baronial power of an ex-Beatle to do whatever the hell he wanted to". Jayson Greene of Pitchfork writes that Harrison's 1970 album "in the cultural imagination ... is the first triple album, the first one released as a pointed statement", adding that "'Plug Me In' and 'I Remember Jeep' and 'Thanks for the Pepperoni' are the sound of a contented artist happily forgetting you are there". He says that while

7956-612: The field – as with early blues recordings, in prison, or with a mobile recording unit such as the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio . Most albums are studio albums —that is, they are recorded in a recording studio with equipment meant to give those overseeing the recording as much control as possible over the sound of the album. They minimize external noises and reverberations and have highly sensitive microphones and sound mixing equipment. Band members may record their parts in separate rooms or at separate times, listening to

8073-447: The first US copies, the only songwriting information on the disc's face labels was the standard inclusion of a performing rights organisation, BMI . In December 1970, "Congratulations" songwriters Bill Martin and Phil Coulter claimed for royalties, with the result that the composer's credit for Harrison's track was changed to acknowledge Martin and Coulter. Apple Records released All Things Must Pass on 27 November 1970. Although not

8190-491: The first decade of the 2000s. Most albums are recorded in a studio , although they may also be recorded in a concert venue , at home, in the field, or a mix of places. The time frame for completely recording an album varies between a few hours to several years. This process usually requires several takes with different parts recorded separately, and then brought or " mixed " together. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed "live", even when done in

8307-400: The first rock triple LP, it was the first triple set issued by a single act. The music press were shocked when the release was first announced. In music historian Dave Thompson 's description, the record soon confirmed these journalists' speculation – namely that Harrison had long been stockpiling his songs, unable to include more than two compositions on each Beatles album, and that "he'd spent

8424-416: The first time on a studio recording during the session for Harrison's " Beware of Darkness ". In June 1970, early in the All Things Must Pass sessions, Clapton, Whitlock, Radle and Gordon formed the blues-rock band Derek and the Dominos . Their first release was a US-only single, " Tell the Truth ", produced by Spector and written primarily by Whitlock. In August, once their work on Harrison's album

8541-494: The form of a prototype. Compact Cassettes became especially popular during the 1980s after the advent of the Sony Walkman , which allowed the person to control what they listened to. The Walkman was convenient because of its size, the device could fit in most pockets and often came equipped with a clip for belts or pants. The compact cassette used double-sided magnetic tape to distribute music for commercial sale. The music

8658-480: The form of boxed sets, although in that case the work is still usually considered to be an album. Material (music or sounds) is stored on an album in sections termed tracks. A music track (often simply referred to as a track) is an individual song or instrumental recording. The term is particularly associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks; the term is also used for other formats such as EPs and singles . When vinyl records were

8775-415: The front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight compositions per album. By the mid-1930s, record companies had adopted the album format for classical music selections that were longer than the roughly eight minutes that fit on both sides of a classical 12" 78 rpm record. Initially the covers were plain, with

8892-407: The group recorded songs intended for their debut single that same day. Other tracks on Apple Jam include musical contributions from Billy Preston , Klaus Voormann , Ginger Baker , Gary Wright and Bobby Keys . Music critics have traditionally viewed the jams as dispensable next to the two LPs of songs. Some writers nevertheless recognise the disc's historical importance as a document of Derek and

9009-444: The high retail price of All Things Must Pass , which was one of the first triple albums in rock history. It was given a dedicated design by Tom Wilkes , with a logo depicting a jam jar and apple leaves. Two of the jams date from a 18 June 1970 session that marked the official formation of Eric Clapton 's band Derek and the Dominos as recording artists. Augmented by Harrison and guitarist Dave Mason , and produced by Phil Spector ,

9126-539: The husband-and-wife team Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett . Whitlock recalls that he was performing at a club with the Counts when the Bramletts invited him to join a soul-revue band they were forming in Los Angeles. Whitlock contributed on keyboards and vocals to two Delaney & Bonnie albums in 1969, Home and Accept No Substitute . Their touring band, known as Delaney & Bonnie and Friends, included musicians he would continue to work with on projects through to

9243-486: The jam played back, only to discover that the engineer had failed to capture the performance on tape. As a result, a stereo tape was left running throughout the subsequent sessions to capture any impromptu recordings, leading to the tracks that appear on Apple Jam . All Things Must Pass was originally scheduled for release with the catalogue number STBO-639, indicating a two-record set. In a December 2000 interview with Billboard editor Timothy White , Harrison explained

9360-456: The jam tracks are an indulgence, they nevertheless contribute to the album's legacy as a convention-defying release and provided the forerunner to the Clash including children's versions of their songs on the band's 1980 triple album Sandinista! Clapton biographer David Bowling picks "Thanks for the Pepperoni" as the best track and says that while Clapton's presence typically inspired such jams, it

9477-553: The jam's similarity to Cream's songs, describing it as a "musically sophisticated fusion of jazz/blues tempos within a contemporary rock format". The main session took place at Olympic Sound Studios on 29 March 1969, shortly before Harrison started production on Preston's first Apple Records album, That's the Way God Planned It . On 12 May that year – at which point the track was titled "Jam Peace" – Harrison, Lennon and Ono overdubbed handclaps at EMI Studios, and Harrison added

9594-403: The members, particularly with Gordon, all contributed to the break-up of the Dominos in May 1971. Whitlock recorded his debut solo album, Bobby Whitlock (1972), at London's Olympic Studios in 1971, with Andy Johns as his co-producer. The recording took place before the abortive sessions for the Dominos' second studio album; a press release for the 2013 reissue of Bobby Whitlock gives

9711-479: The mid-1960s to the late 1970s when the Compact Cassette format took over. The format is regarded as an obsolete technology, and was relatively unknown outside the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Stereo 8 was created in 1964 by a consortium led by Bill Lear of Lear Jet Corporation , along with Ampex , Ford Motor Company , General Motors , Motorola , and RCA Victor Records . It

9828-468: The most energetic sideman I had ever seen". Along with all the other members of Delaney & Bonnie, Whitlock flew to England in November 1969 to prepare for a highly publicized European tour, financed by Clapton. In his autobiography, Whitlock states that their arrival in London changed the dynamics within the band, as the Bramletts now considered themselves "big stars" and the ones solely responsible for

9945-481: The name of the selection and performer in small type. In 1938, Columbia Records hired the first graphic designer in the business to design covers, others soon followed and colorful album covers cover became an important selling feature. By the later '30s, record companies began releasing albums of previously released recordings of popular music in albums organized by performer, singers or bands, or by type of music, boogie-woogie , for example. When Columbia introduced

10062-575: The new-found success. Once in London, Whitlock participated in a session for a solo album by the American soul singer Doris Troy , on the Beatles ' Apple record label. The album, Doris Troy (1970), was co-produced by George Harrison , who, having championed Delaney & Bonnie in the British press, accepted Clapton's invitation to join the tour. Through Harrison, Whitlock and the band then played at John Lennon 's " Peace for Christmas " concert, held at

10179-443: The other parts of the track with headphones to keep the timing right. In the 2000s, with the advent of digital recording , it became possible for musicians to record their part of a song in another studio in another part of the world, and send their contribution over digital channels to be included in the final product. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing or multi-tracking are termed "live", even when done in

10296-438: The other parts using headphones ; with each part recorded as a separate track . Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, and lyrics or librettos . Historically, the term "album" was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage, the word was used for collections of short pieces of printed music from

10413-414: The other. The user would stack the two records onto the spindle of an automatic record changer, with side 1 on the bottom and side 2 (on the other record) on top. Side 1 would automatically drop onto the turntable and be played. When finished, the tone arm's position would trigger a mechanism which moved the arm out of the way, dropped the record with side 2, and played it. When both records had been played,

10530-478: The paper cover in small type were the words "Record Album". Now records could be stored vertically with the record not touching the shelf, and the term was applied to the collection. In the early nineteenth century, "album" was occasionally used in the titles of some classical music sets, such as Robert Schumann 's Album for the Young Opus 68, a set of 43 short pieces. With the advent of 78 rpm records in

10647-487: The power of the Dominos' music, Clapton's inspiration for the songs on Layla was his unrequited love for Pattie Boyd , Harrison's wife. Whitlock began a relationship with Boyd's sister Paula at this time, and was therefore, as he has described it, "in the inner circle ... in the middle of it with all of them". He comments on a musical dialogue between Harrison and Clapton in their songs: "There were subliminal messages, going back and forth, between two good friends as

10764-406: The primary medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves and many album covers or sleeves included numbers for the tracks on each side. On a compact disc the track number is indexed so that a player can jump straight to the start of any track. On digital music stores such as iTunes the term song is often used interchangeably with track regardless of whether there

10881-432: The publishers of photograph albums. Single 78 rpm records were sold in a brown heavy paper sleeve with a large hole in the center so the record's label could be seen. The fragile records were stored on their sides. By the mid-1920s, photo album publishers sold collections of empty sleeves of heavier paper in bound volumes with stiff covers slightly larger than the 10" popular records. (Classical records measured 12".) On

10998-404: The record industry as a standard format for the "album". Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, it has remained the standard format for vinyl albums. The term "album" was extended to other recording media such as 8-track tape , cassette tape , compact disc , MiniDisc , and digital albums, as they were introduced. As part of

11115-628: The recording date as starting in March 1971, while Dominos biographer Jan Reid writes of sessions happening in January that year. Whitlock played acoustic or electric rhythm guitar on much of the album, which also included musical contributions from all the Dominos (often recorded separately), the Bramletts, Harrison, Keys, Price and Keltner. Among its tracks, "Where There's a Will" was a Whitlock–Bonnie Bramlett collaboration that had featured in Delaney & Bonnie's live shows in 1969–70, and "A Day Without Jesus"

11232-452: The release and distribution Compact Discs . The 2010s saw a revival of Compact Cassettes by independent record labels and DIY musicians who preferred the format because of its difficulty to share over the internet . The compact disc format replaced both the vinyl record and the cassette as the standard for the commercial mass-market distribution of physical music albums. After the introduction of music downloading and MP3 players such as

11349-482: The release of the latter album, Whitlock and Carmel gave an interview for Tracy Thibodeaux's Pods o' Pop in which he spoke in depth about the formation of Derek and the Dominos, composing with Clapton, and playing on Harrison's All Things Must Pass . In 2010, Bobby Whitlock: A Rock 'n' Roll Autobiography , written with music historian Marc Roberty, was published, with a foreword by Eric Clapton. Whitlock's first two solo albums appeared, remastered, as Where There's

11466-406: The same session. Whitlock recalls "Plug Me In" as an early example of him playing piano, the style of which he credits to Jerry Lee Lewis and Little Richard , as well as a rare contribution from Mason during the All Things Must Pass sessions. Although acknowledging that the location for the 18 June 1970 recording has been given as Apple Studio, the compilers of the 2021 Archival Notes book for

11583-434: The side of the stage, I took mental notes of their performance ... it was their keyboard player Bobby Whitlock that I watched like a hawk. ... You watched and you learned, from people that had more experience than you." But the Layla album made little commercial impact on release, failing to chart in the UK. Clapton's despondency at being rejected by Boyd, the band's drug consumption, and personal conflicts between

11700-417: The singing in a style reminiscent of Sam & Dave. After the recording [of Layla ], we were on the road, and we scored an enormous amount of drugs to take with us. That was the beginning of the end ... [Still], on our worst night we were the best band on the planet. It was impossible for us to play badly. – Bobby Whitlock discussing the demise of Derek and the Dominos, December 2006 Adding to

11817-448: The smaller 45 rpm format later in 1948 disrupted Columbia's expectations. By the mid-1950s, 45s dominated the singles market and 12" LPs dominated the album market and both 78s and 10" LPs were discontinued. In the 1950s albums of popular music were also issued on 45s, sold in small heavy paper-covered "gate-fold" albums with multiple discs in sleeves or in sleeves in small boxes. This format disappeared around 1960. Sinatra's "The Voice"

11934-410: The track, which includes his "hottest licks" since the Beatles' " The End ". According to Leng, the sequence of guitar solos is: Harrison up to the 1:30 mark; Mason, 1:40–3:00; Harrison, 3:00–3:17; Clapton, 3:18–4:46; Harrison, 4:47–5:52. In his artwork for All Things Must Pass , Tom Wilkes gave Apple Jam a separate design treatment from the first two LPs. The disc's sleeve and face labels contained

12051-485: The triple LP for the Detroit Free Press in 1970, Mike Gormley said that Apple Jam contained "some exceptional hard rock and roll" and "Plug Me In" was "one of the best rock tunes ever heard". He concluded: "The album should sell for around $ 10. It's worth $ 50." Less impressed with Harrison's religious stance in the main body of songs, Peter Reilly of Stereo Review wrote that "he seems freer and more involved" in

12168-461: The user would pick up the stack, turn it over, and put them back on the spindle—sides 3 and 4 would then play in sequence. Record changers were used for many years of the LP era, but eventually fell out of use. 8-track tape (formally Stereo 8: commonly known as the eight-track cartridge, eight-track tape, or simply eight-track) is a magnetic tape sound recording technology popular in the United States from

12285-514: Was One of a Kind , co-produced with Bill Halverson and released in 1975 on Capricorn Records . Rock Your Sox Off followed in 1976, opening with a new recording of "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?" Whitlock then withdrew from the music industry; he told Mojo contributor Harry Shapiro in 2001: "I had my own problems to deal with." Speaking to The Austin Chronicle in 2006, Whitlock said of his retirement, "It wasn't hard to stop, because there

12402-452: Was a board chalked or painted white, on which decrees, edicts, and other public notices were inscribed in black. It was from this that in medieval and modern times, album came to denote a book of blank pages in which verses, autographs, sketches, photographs and the like are collected. This in turn led to the modern meaning of an album as a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item. The first audio albums were actually published by

12519-540: Was a further development of the similar Stereo-Pak four-track cartridge created by Earl "Madman" Muntz . A later quadraphonic version of the format was announced by RCA in April 1970 and first known as Quad-8, then later changed to just Q8. The Compact Cassette was a popular medium for distributing pre-recorded music from the early 1970s to the early 2000s. The first "Compact Cassette" was introduced by Philips in August 1963 in

12636-434: Was a great time and town for music then, especially soul music. It was real rhythm and blues . Albert King R&B, that's what I'm talking about. It was loose and all about music everywhere that you turned." With established Stax musicians such as Steve Cropper as his mentor, and Donald "Duck" Dunn and Don Nix preparing to produce a pop album by him on a Stax subsidiary label, Whitlock instead left Memphis after meeting

12753-499: Was a pun combining the idea of a jam session and the Beatles' Apple Studio to create a reference to a fruit preserve . "Out of the Blue" opens abruptly, with the musicians already playing a mid-tempo groove . Lasting eleven minutes, the jam is a blues instrumental; in author Simon Leng's description, the improvisation is achieved through guitar riffs and "shifting dynamics" over a single-chord theme. The contributors include Bobby Keys and Jim Price , both of whom began working as

12870-458: Was co-written by Whitlock and Don Nix. The record peaked at number 140 on the US Billboard 200 chart, the same magazine praising it as "a persuasively powerful first album". Whitlock's second solo album, also on ABC-Dunhill Records , was Raw Velvet , released in November 1972. It included appearances by Clapton and Gordon, on "Hello L.A., Bye Bye Birmingham", although the majority of

12987-488: Was complete, Derek and the Dominos toured the UK, playing to small venues. That summer, Whitlock and his bandmates also participated in London sessions for Dr John 's album The Sun, Moon & Herbs (1971). Unhappy with Spector's treatment of their sound, the band went to Criteria Studios in Miami to work with producer Tom Dowd , on what became a double album – Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970). As well as

13104-399: Was issued in 1952 on two extended play 45s, with two songs on each side, in both packagings. The 10-inch and 12-inch LP record (long play), or 33 + 1 ⁄ 3   rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. A single LP record often had the same or similar number of tunes as a typical album of 78s, and it was adopted by

13221-508: Was issued on both sides of a single record, Victor 55225 and ran for 8m 59s. By 1910, though some European record companies had issued albums of complete operas and other works, the practice of issuing albums was not widely taken up by American record companies until the 1920s. By about 1910, bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album"

13338-460: Was nothing going on in music", and rued the popularity of disco . For much of the 1980s and 1990s, Whitlock lived on a farm in Mississippi, raising his children, Ashley Faye, and Beau Elijah, and doing occasional session work. He had his own television show with Steve Cropper. A rare music release during this period was "Put Angels Around You", a duet with Scottish singer Maggie Bell , issued as

13455-462: Was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them. In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78s by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on

13572-495: Was recorded at EMI Studios on 2 July 1970, the penultimate day of full band sessions for All Things Must Pass . Leng compares "Out of the Blue" to the extended jams typical of the San Francisco scene and comments that many of those bands would have issued it as a genuine album track. Beatles historian Bruce Spizer highlights Harrison's guitar playing, the "rollicking" piano, and Keys' saxophone contribution, which he likens to

13689-434: Was the "informal and relaxed settings" when making All Things Must Pass that "seem to have brought out the best in him". Roger Catlin of MusicHound and Tom Moon , in his entry for All Things Must Pass in 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die , both view the jam disc as a complement to the high-quality, spiritual-themed songs on the first two LPs. In the 2004 The Rolling Stone Album Guide , Mac Randall states that

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