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67-467: The discussion became an acrimonious church intrigue, active approximately from 1598 to 1603. The English government saw advantage in its continuation and supported the appellants or opponents of the archpriest; the controversy is also widely known as the Appellant Controversy . It produced a rich pamphlet literature. Interpretations of its underlying substance have differed: one question to the fore

134-576: A "protestation of allegiance". Thirteen of the Appellants publicly asserted their loyalty to Elizabeth in this manner: they were Bishop, Colleton, Mush, Charnock with Roger Cadwallador and Robert Drury (future Catholic martyrs), Francis Barnaby , Anthony Champney , John Boseville, Richard Button, Anthony Hebourn, John Jackson, and Oswald Needham. A bitter pamphlet war followed from the inflammatory manuscript Adversus factiosos in ecclesia circulated in 1598 by Thomas Lister . The royal policy of helping

201-592: A ' Commission of Sewers ' meeting at the Castle, a crowd of soldiers plundered shops of some of his supporters. The town was near the frontier of the Parliamentary and Royalist forces in 1643. The Castle and town were put into a state of readiness and reinforced. A troop of horse was raised. Locally based troops took part in the Siege of Crowland in 1642. The town controlled the route from Lincolnshire to Norfolk particularly during

268-469: A convert, was composer William Byrd . Some of Byrd's most popular motets were actually written as a type of correspondence to a friend and fellow composer, Philippe de Monte . De Monte wrote his own motets in response, such as the "Super Flumina Babylonis". These correspondence motets often featured themes of oppression or the hope of deliverance. Dorothy Lawson was a Catholic noblewoman who used her autonomy, financial independence and social status as

335-507: A crowd formed and smashed the windows of Meacock's residence on the North Brink. The police charged the crowds and cleared the streets. The Wisbech Canal joining the River Nene at Wisbech was subsequently filled in and became the dual carriageway leading into the town from the east (now crossing the bypass). Wisbech War Memorial was unveiled on 24 July 1921. In 1929 The Wisbech Pageant

402-403: A field and the other in a residential area. Two houses and a bungalow were demolished on Ramnoth Road, causing the death of Bob Bowers, his two-year-old son Jonathan Bowers, and former town mayor Bill Trumpess. The 5-mile (8 km), £6 million A47 Wisbech/West Walton bypass opened in spring 1982. The Horsefair shopping centre opened by Noel Edmunds in 1988 is on part of Hill Street and

469-546: A poet and theological polemicist, was a prominent lay Catholic advocate for the appellant side. The approach taken in appealing against Blackwell changed over the space of about four years. The first appeal of 1598/9 was quite clumsy. In 1602 negotiations were backed by a decision of the French theologians of the Sorbonne , and had much greater success. As framed by Thomas Graves Law , the controversy turned on Blackwell's relationship to

536-483: A riot, when 2 were ordered for execution the following Saturday and twelve for transportation. The Wisbech Working Men's Club and Institute was formed as a result of an inaugural meeting in 1864. It was once considered one of the most financially successful of its type in England. It remains one of the oldest. In 1864 the Castle estate was purchased by Alexander Peckover. In 1932 his descendant Alexandrina Peckover gave to

603-576: A son attended a seminary in Douai . The Jacobean poet John Donne was another notable Englishman born into a recusant Catholic family. He later, however, authored two Protestant leaning writings and, at the behest of King James I , was ordained into the Church of England. Guy Fawkes , an Englishman and a Spanish soldier, along with other recusants or converts, including, among others, Sir Robert Catesby , Christopher Wright , John Wright and Thomas Percy ,

670-726: A third (temporary structure) in the High Street are referred to. A new theatre (now part of the Angles Theatre had been built in Deadman's Lane (later Great Church Street, now Alexandra Road) now Angles Theatre c1790. It was used to hold the auction of the contents of the castle, part of the estate of Edward Southwell on 8 November 1791. One of the earliest Female Friendly Societies was the Wisbech Female Friendly Society instituted on 1 February 1796. Wisbech and Ely shared

737-538: A wealthy port handling agricultural produce. It was from this period that much of the town's architectural richness originates. Wisbech sat on the estuary of the River Great Ouse , but silting caused the coastline to move north, and the River Nene was diverted to serve the town. In 1781 Wisbech Literary Society was formed at the house of Jonathan Peckover. Theatres in both Pickard's Lane (a barn) and North End and

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804-503: A widow to harbour priests in her household. She was a patroness of the Society of Jesus , who met yearly at her home to discuss the mission in England, employed Catholic servants, held religious services for the local community, and visited recusants who were imprisoned in jail for their beliefs. Her children were raised in the Catholic faith. Three daughters entered convents on the continent and

871-558: Is fewer than 40,000, and includes Anders Arborelius , a convert and the first Swedish bishop since the Reformation. In 2017, he was made a cardinal. Wisbech Wisbech ( / ˈ w ɪ z b iː tʃ / WIZ -beech ) is a market town , inland port and civil parish in the Fenland district in Cambridgeshire , England. In 2011 it had a population of 31,573. The town lies in

938-577: The Catholic Church and refused to attend Church of England services after the English Reformation . The 1558 Recusancy Acts passed in the reign of Elizabeth I , and temporarily repealed in the Interregnum (1649–1660) , remained on the statute books until 1888. They imposed punishments such as fines, property confiscation and imprisonment on recusants. The suspension under Oliver Cromwell

1005-824: The Dukes of Norfolk , the highest-ranking non-royal family in England and hereditary holders of the title of Earl Marshal , is considered the most prominent Catholic family in England. Other members of the Howard family, the Earls of Carlisle, Effingham and Suffolk are Anglican, including a cadet branch of the Carlisles who own Castle Howard in Yorkshire. Recusancy was historically focused in Northern England , particularly Cumberland , Lancashire , Yorkshire and Westmoreland . A geographical exception

1072-648: The Mayflower to the New World with her husband William Bradford later to be Governor Bradford. Across the Eastern Counties, Oliver Cromwell 's powerful Eastern Association was eventually dominant. However, to begin with, there had been an element of Royalist sympathy within Wisbech. Bishop Matthew Wren was a staunch supporter of Charles I but even in 1640 was unpopular in Wisbech, after discovering his absence from

1139-706: The Quaker Peckover banking family in the 1790s. It is now owned by the National Trust (NT). Now known as Peckover House, the house was renamed in honour of the Peckover family by the NT. The Peckover Bank became part of Barclays Bank . In the 17th century, the inhabitants of the Fens became known as the "Fen Tigers" for their resistance to the draining of the common marshes. But the farmland created by drainage transformed Wisbech into

1206-578: The Regency and the reign of George IV (1811–30). The Nuttall Encyclopædia notes that Dissenters were largely forgiven by the Act of Toleration under William   III, while Catholics "were not entirely emancipated till 1829". Early recusants included Protestant dissenters , whose confessions derived from the Calvinistic Reformers or Radical Reformers . With the growth of these latter groups after

1273-595: The Restoration of Charles   II , they were distinguished from Catholic recusants by the terms "nonconformist" or "dissenter". The recusant period reaped an extensive harvest of saints and martyrs . Among the recusants were some high-profile Catholic aristocrats such as the Howards and, for a time, the Plantagenet -descended Beauforts . This patronage ensured that an organic and rooted English base continued to inform

1340-670: The (River) Ouse", Ouse being a common Celtic word relating to water and the name of a river that once flowed through the town. A more scholarly opinion is that the first element derives from the River Wissey , which used to run to Wisbech, and that the name means 'the valley of the river Wissey'. A wide range of spellings is found on trade tokens in the Wisbech & Fenland Museum and in newspapers, books, maps and other documents, e.g. Wisbece , Wisebece , Wisbbece , Wysbeche , Wisbeche , Wissebeche , Wysebeche , Wysbech , Wyxbech , Wyssebeche , Wisbidge , Wisbich and Wisbitch , until

1407-500: The 1853–54 cholera epidemic 176 deaths were reported in the town in 1854. The Wisbech death rate (49 per 10,000) was the fourth highest in the country. The following year saw £8,000 expenditure on sewerage works and £13,400 on water supplies. New public buildings such as the Exchange Hall and Public Hall (1851) provided modern larger venues for theatrical and other events. When Fanny Kemble gave her Shakespearean readings in 1855, it

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1474-585: The Appellants, and he rescinded the instruction that Blackwell was to consult with the Jesuits, instead forbidding such consultation. Relations between the two factions of seminary priests then improved; though there was an attempt to make out the fine print of the brief to disadvantage three appellant clergy (Bluet, Watson and William Clark ). Some Appellants went to the Queen, requesting religious toleration in return for their declaring allegiance to her and for her expelling

1541-634: The Borough council a piece of land to be laid out as an ornamental garden adjoining the War memorial. The town hosted the British Archaeological Association 's annual Congress in 1878. In August 1883 Wisbech and Upwell Tramway opened. It eventually closed in 1966 (passenger services finished in 1927). The steam trams were replaced by diesels in 1952. The Wisbech Standard newspaper was founded in 1888 and ceased printing in 2022. In April 1904

1608-468: The Borromeo testament is a 17th-century artefact (at the earliest dating from 1638), was not printed for missionary work, and could never have been in the possession of John Shakespeare. John Shakespeare was listed as one who did not attend church services, but this was "for feare of processe for Debtte", according to the commissioners, not because he was a recusant. Another notable English Catholic, possibly

1675-522: The Burgesses of Wisbech. Thomas Steed Watson, Mayor, 1858. The Isle of Ely and Wisbech Advertiser was founded in 1845. The new Wisbech & Fenland Museum building opened in 1847 and continues to collect, care for and interpret the natural and cultural heritage of Wisbech and the surrounding area. On 1 March 1848 Eastern Counties Railway opened Wisbeach ( sic ) station (later renamed Wisbech East railway station ). It closed on 9 September 1968. In

1742-657: The Catholic Church as martyrs of the English Reformation . Today, recusant applies to the descendants of Roman Catholic families of the British gentry and aristocracy . It derives from the Latin word recūsant , meaning to demur or object. After the English Reformation , from the 16th to the 19th centuries those guilty of such nonconformity , termed "recusants", were subject to civil penalties and sometimes, especially in

1809-554: The Isle of Ely Assizes , as a result the 1819 trial of Israel Garner and James Colbank, two local men, took place in Ely and sentence of hanging took place in Wisbech. Wisbech Regatta was first held in 1850. June 1858 The Russian Gun. —During the past week a brass plate has been added to the Russian Gun, bearing the inscription: — "This trophy of the late Russian War, presented by Queen Victoria to

1876-544: The Jesuits as laid down by Caetani, and this was the central thrust of the appeal of 1600. It was dated 17 November 1600 from Wisbech (where in Wisbech Castle around 30 priests were interned). In 1602, the Pope settled the quarrel by reaffirming Blackwell's authority in a brief of 11 October, but making concessions to the Appellants. He ordered that the next three vacancies among Blackwell's assistants were to be filled from among

1943-464: The Jesuits from England. Seeing a chance to divide the Catholics, Elizabeth initially welcomed these approaches, and her government gave some of the Appellants access to printers during the pamphlet war. However, in 1602, disappointed at the Pope's settlement of the dispute, Elizabeth issued a proclamation accusing the Appellants of disloyalty, offering them mercy only if they gave themselves up and signed

2010-512: The North Brink, which includes the National Trust property of Peckover House and the Crescent , part of a circus surrounding Wisbech Castle . The place name "Wisbech" is first attested in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 656, where it appears as Wisbeach . It is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Wisbeach . The name Wisbech is popularly believed to mean "on the back of

2077-419: The Pope excluded Bishop from both Rome and England. Some of the seminary priests supported Blackwell, with others continuing to appeal to Rome for his removal. The latter group came to be known as "Appellants". Their leaders included Christopher Bagshaw , Thomas Bluet, John Colleton , the layman Anthony Copley , John Mush and William Watson . Bagshaw and Parsons had been at odds since 1574. Henry Constable ,

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2144-836: The Protestant world around the same time beginning with the Revised Standard Version ). Various other translations were used by Catholics around the world for English-language liturgies, ranging from the New American Bible and the Jerusalem Bible to the Revised Standard Version Second Catholic Edition . There were dozens of recusant families, some no longer extant. For example, the Howard family , some of whose members are known as Fitzalan-Howard,

2211-504: The Roman Catholic Church in post-Reformation England. The Jesuits saw England as a missionary field, almost a clean slate, while many of the secular clergy saw their church's survival as a continuation of the institutions of the past. There were also suspicions in England that Jesuit missionaries supported Spanish foreign-policy aims, endangering English Catholics through their political entanglements In 1598, some four years after

2278-760: The Siege of King's Lynn in 1643 as it prevented reinforcements by land of the Royalists holding the Norfolk port. A town library was founded c.  1653 . In 1656 the bishop's palace was replaced by Thurloe 's mansion however after the Restoration the property reverted to the See of the bishop of Ely. Soap was taxed and manufacturers such as the Wisbech Soap Company required a licence. Based in an Old Market property facing

2345-585: The appellants print pamphlets was implemented by Richard Bancroft as bishop of London . Leading printers were used: Robert Barker , Thomas Creede , Richard Field , James Roberts and three others. The authors included the French writers against the Jesuits, Antoine Arnauld and Étienne Pasquier . Bancroft cultivated his contacts with individual appellant priests. He supported Thomas Bluet's wish to travel to Rome and see Pope Clement VIII, with permission and contacts in Parliament. In September 1601 William Watson

2412-554: The borough council contracted with the National Electric Construction Company Ltd for the installation of electric street lighting. On 30 October 1913 the Riot Act was read by the mayor in response to civil unrest in response to the death of the popular surgeon Doctor Horace Dimock. He had been arrested on charges of criminal libel on the information of Dr Meacock. On hearing that Dimock had taken his own life

2479-637: The church and much of the rural part in Norfolk. The suburb of New Walsoken is now largely built up. A boundary marker in Wisbech Park was erected to record the event. Ring's End was transferred from Wisbech to Elm. In 1939 Wisbech Society and Preservation Trust was founded to safeguard the history and heritage of Wisbech. In 1949 the borough celebrated the 400th anniversary of receiving its charter. The Pageant in Sibalds Holme Park, Barton Road featured over 600 performers. The first Wisbech Rose Fair

2546-640: The country's Catholicism. In the English-speaking world , the Douay-Rheims Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate by expatriate recusants in Rheims, France , in 1582 (New Testament) and in Douai, France in 1609 (Old Testament). It was revised by Bishop Richard Challoner in the years 1749–52. After Divino afflante Spiritu , translations multiplied in the Catholic world (just as they multiplied in

2613-567: The death of Cardinal William Allen in 1594, the Cardinal Protector of England appointed an archpriest to oversee the mission in England, with the permission of Pope Clement VIII. Enrico Caetani had taken on the role of Cardinal Protector, given that the obvious successor to Allen in terms of involvement in the English mission, Robert Parsons , was not broadly acceptable. There were early misgivings about Caetani's choice, however. The archpriest

2680-610: The earlier part of that period, to criminal penalties. Catholics formed a large proportion, if not a plurality, of recusants, and it was to Catholics that the term initially was applied. Non-Catholic groups composed of Reformed Christians or Protestant dissenters from the Church of England were later labelled "recusants" as well. Recusancy laws were in force from the reign of Elizabeth I to that of George III , but were not always enforced with equal intensity. The first statute to address sectarian dissent from England's official religion

2747-474: The end of the 18th century and freedom of religion was re-established in the mid-19th century (although there were individual cases of Catholic sympathies occurring even in the 17th and 18th centuries). Notable converts were Christina, Queen of Sweden , daughter of Gustavus Adolphus ; and Sigrid Undset , Nobel Prize-winning author of Kristin Lavransdatter . The number of ethnic Swedes who are Roman Catholic

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2814-470: The established Church of England, Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden , was a member of a particularly conspicuous and determinedly Catholic family in Warwickshire . Some scholars also believe there is evidence that several members of Shakespeare's family were secretly recusant Catholics. The strongest evidence is a tract professing secret Catholicism signed by John Shakespeare , father of the poet. The tract

2881-520: The far north-east of Cambridgeshire, bordering Norfolk and only 5 miles (8 km) south of Lincolnshire . The tidal River Nene running through the town is spanned by two road bridges. Wisbech is in the Isle of Ely (a former administrative county) and has been described as "the Capital of The Fens". Wisbech is noteworthy for its fine examples of Georgian architecture , particularly the parade of houses along

2948-517: The first authentic references to Wisbech occurs in a charter dated 664 granting the Abbey at Medeshamstede (now Peterborough ) land in Wisbech and in 1000, when Oswy and Leoflede, on the admission of their son Aelfwin as a monk, gave the vill to the monastery of Ely . The folktale of Tom Hickathrift or Wisbech Giant is sometimes set about the time of the Norman Invasion . In 1086, when Wisbech

3015-465: The kingdom, including the Arundells , Blundells , Cliffords , Erringtons , Gillows , Haydocks , Petres , Ropers , Shireburns , Smythes , Stourtons , Throckmortons , Vaughans and Vavasours . The Acton (also known as Dalberg-Acton and Lyon-Dalberg-Acton) family is another well-known recusant family. Although William Shakespeare (1564–1616) and his immediate family were conforming members of

3082-405: The population was that of a large village. Some were farmers and others were fishermen. Richard I gave Wisbech a charter. King John of England visited the castle on 12 October 1216 as he came from Bishop's Lynn . Tradition has it that his baggage train was lost to the incoming tide of The Wash . Treasure hunters still seek the lost royal treasure. On 12 November 1236 the village of Wisbech

3149-430: The reformed Church of Ireland and the dissenting churches, remaining loyal to the Roman Catholic Church, suffering the same penalties as recusants in Great Britain . The situation was exacerbated by land claims, paramilitary violence, and ethnic antagonisms on all sides. Recusancy in Scandinavia is not considered to have survived much past the period of the Liturgical Struggle until anti-Catholicism lessened towards

3216-427: The river, they were able to receive oil from the blubber yards of King's Lynn as well as coal, wood for casks and olive oil used in making the coarse, sweet and grey (speckled) soaps they produced from 1716 to about 1770. Wisbech's first workhouse located in Albion Place opened in 1722, it could accommodate three hundred inmates and cost £2,000. Bank House , with its walled garden, was built in 1722 and purchased by

3283-417: The spelling of the name of the town was fixed by the local council in the 19th century. During the Iron Age , the area where Wisbech would develop lay in the west of the Brythonic Iceni tribe's territory. Icenian coins have been found in both March and Wisbech. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire, Wisbech was part of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia . It served as a port on The Wash . One of

3350-454: The town to a corporation. In the same year Wm. Bellman gave a plot of land for the Wisbech Grammar School schoolhouse. In 1333–4 the kiln in the town was producing 120,000 bricks. There were several fisheries belonging to the manor of Wisbech and in the 1350s the reeves of Walton and Leverington each sent a porpoise to Wisbech Castle, and the reeve of Terrington a swordfish. During the reigns of Elizabeth I , James I , and Charles I , there

3417-406: The training of English Catholic clergy on the European mainland. These priests came principally from two backgrounds: Jesuits and seminary priests . The seminary priests were trained at the English College, Douai in Northern France, an establishment set up by Cardinal Allen and associated to the University of Douai . The root of the controversy stemmed from two different views of the state of

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3484-412: Was a branch of the Welds from Shropshire who migrated via London to Oxfordshire and Dorset . The three sons of Sir John Weld (1585–1622), founder of the Weld Chapel in Southgate , all married into recusant families and were technically "converts" in the 1640s. The eldest, Humphrey , began a lineage, referred to as the "Lulworth Welds". They became connected by marriage to Catholic families across

3551-441: Was a state ecclesiastical prison in Wisbech for Catholics, many of whom died there owing to the insanitary conditions. A dispute arising amongst the Catholic prisoners was widely known as the Wisbech Stirs . In 1588 it is claimed that Robert Catesby and Francis Tresham were committed to Wisbeach Castle on the approach of the Spanish Armada . Among those held there was John Feckenham , the last Abbot of Westminster . The palace

3618-408: Was arrested and charged with attempting to blow up Parliament on 5 November 1605. The plot was uncovered and most of the plotters, who were recusants or converts, were tried and executed. The term "recusancy" is primarily applied to English, Scottish, and Welsh Catholics, but there were other instances in Europe. The vast majority of native Irish , while subject to the British crown , rejected both

3685-420: Was at the Public Hall, not the old Georgian theatre . On Sunday 29 June 1857 a mob entered the town and broke the Corn Merchants windows and seized corn and demanded money from shopkeepers. On July the gentry and traders by beat of drum recruited about 500 men and went to Upwell and took 60 and placed them in irons. On 4 September a Report was made to the Lords Justices of 14 malefactors condemned at Wisbech for

3752-409: Was demolished and replaced with John Thurloe 's mansion in the mid-17th century, and Thurloe's mansion demolished in 1816 by Joseph Medworth , who also developed The Circus comprising The Crescent , Union Place and Ely Place with Museum Square and Castle Square familiar as the settings in numerous costume dramas. In 1620 former Wisbech residents William White and Dorothea Bradford (née May) sailed on

3819-716: Was enacted in 1593 under Elizabeth I and specifically targeted Catholics, under the title "An Act for restraining Popish recusants". It defined "Popish recusants" as those convicted for not repairing to some Church, Chapel, or usual place of Common Prayer to hear Divine Service there, but forbearing the same contrary to the tenor of the laws and statutes heretofore made and provided in that behalf. Other Acts targeted Catholic recusants, including statutes passed under James   I and Charles I , as well as laws defining other offences deemed to be acts of recusancy. Recusants were subject to various civil disabilities and penalties under English penal laws , most of which were repealed during

3886-553: Was found in the 18th century in the rafters of a house which had once been John Shakespeare's and was seen and described by the reputable scholar Edmond Malone . Malone later changed his mind and declared that he thought the tract was a forgery. Although the document has since been lost, Anthony Holden writes that Malone's reported wording of the tract is linked to a testament written by Charles Borromeo and circulated in England by Edmund Campion , copies of which still exist in Italian and English. Other research, however, suggests that

3953-515: Was given control of secular priests in the Spanish Netherlands other than those answerable to the nuncio there, and was told to co-operate with Blackwell, and to act against disruptive English priests. Affronted, and fearing their loss of independence, a vocal minority of seminary priests refused Blackwell's authority. William Bishop and Robert Charnock travelled to Rome to represent their views and appeal against Blackwell's appointment. They arrived in December 1598; but Parsons had them arrested; and

4020-424: Was held at Sibalds Holme Park on 4–5 September. The Pageant Master was Sir Arthur Bryant who had experience with the Cambridgeshire Pageant 1924, Oxfordshire Pageant 1926 and London Empire Pageants of 1928 and 1929. The Wisbech total attendance was estimated in excess of 25,000 people. In 1934 part of Walsoken parish, Norfolk was merged with Wisbech, bringing with it the schools, shops and public houses but leaving

4087-413: Was held by the abbot, there may have been some 65 to 70 families, or about 300 to 350 persons, in Wisbech manor. However, Wisbech (which is the only one of the Marshland vills of the Isle to be mentioned in the Domesday Book ) probably comprised the whole area from Tydd Gote down to the far end of Upwell at Welney . A castle was built by William I to fortify the site. At the time of Domesday (1086)

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4154-417: Was held in 1963 when local rose growers sold rose buds in the parish church in aid of its restoration. The following year the borough twinned with Arles and set up a Wisbech-Arles twinning club. The first purpose-built council-run Caravan Site that accommodates travellers in the UK was built in 1975. On 21 September 1979, two Harrier jump jets on a training exercise collided over Wisbech; one landed in

4221-548: Was inundated by the sea. Hundreds were drowned, entire flocks of sheep and herds of cattle were destroyed, trees felled and ships lost. The castle was "utterly destroyed" but was rebuilt by 1246 when the constable or keeper was Wm Justice. King Edward II visited Wisbech in 1292, 1298, 1300 and 1305. The register of Bishop John Fordham of Ely appoints a Master of the Grammar Scholars in 1407 ( Wisbech Grammar School dates back to 1379 or earlier). Edward IV visited Wisbech in 1469. The Charter of Edward VI , 1 June 1549, raised

4288-421: Was mainly intended to give relief to nonconforming Protestants rather than to Catholics, to whom some restrictions applied into the 1920s, through the Act of Settlement 1701 , despite the 1828–1829 Catholic emancipation . In some cases those adhering to Catholicism faced capital punishment , and some English and Welsh Catholics who were executed in the 16th and 17th centuries have been canonised by

4355-424: Was resident at Fulham Palace , under the protection of Bancroft. Francis Barnaby was another appellant contact of Bancroft's, who communicated for him with Christopher Bagshaw, in Paris, and had worked with William Clark in writing a 1603 pamphlet against the English Jesuits. Recusant Recusancy (from Latin : recusare , lit.   'to refuse' ) was the state of those who remained loyal to

4422-428: Was the allegiance of recusants to the English crown, but it is now argued that internal church matters were central. Other factors were the role of the Jesuits in the English mission and tensions between Catholic clerics and laymen. At the time, under Queen Elizabeth I 's Protestant religious settlement, the Roman Catholic faith suffered legal disabilities. Foreign powers, most notably Spain and France , supported

4489-409: Was to have authority over all secular clergy in England, and George Blackwell was chosen: he was close to the Jesuits, and his letter of appointment included instructions to co-operate with them. The new nuncio in Brussels was Ottavio Mirto Frangipani who had jurisdiction over the archpriest, and he believed the arrangement gave excessive control to the Jesuits. At the same time, Richard Barret

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