Misplaced Pages

#380619

98-454: The ground floor housed a farmer's market with fresh meat preserved by ice boxes, vegetables, chickens on the sidewalk out front, and two jail cells, segregated by race. Upstairs had an auditorium, opera stage, dressing rooms and the mayor's office. The building was heated by wood stoves and lighted by oil lamps. The auditorium hosted silent movies, Chautauquas , dramas, and other community cultural events. The Apex Volunteer Fire Department

196-411: A mellah was surrounded by a wall with a fortified gateway. In contrast, rural mellahs were separate villages whose sole inhabitants were Jews. In the middle of the 19th century, J. J. Benjamin wrote about the lives of Persian Jews : …they are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with

294-512: A precedent . 2 years later (with NS-styret in the ministries of Norway) Norwegian police arrested citizens at the addresses where radios had previously been confiscated from Jews. In 1938, under pressure from the Nazis, the fascist regime , which was led by Benito Mussolini , passed a series of racial laws which instituted an official segregationist policy in the Italian Empire , this policy

392-516: A yellow ribbon or a star of David , and along with Romas (Gypsies), they were subjected to discrimination by the racial laws. Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat Aryan patients and Jewish professors were not permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any form of public transportation, besides the ferry, and they were only allowed to shop in Jewish stores from 3–5 pm. After Kristallnacht ("The Night of Broken Glass"),

490-715: A 1965 Beatles concert at the Cow Palace in California specifies that the band "not be required to perform in front of a segregated audience". Iranians in China Iranian people , such as Persians and Sogdians , have lived in China throughout various periods in history. The Parthian Iranian An Shigao introduced Hinayana Buddhism to China, while the Kushan Lokaksema introduced Mahayana Buddhism. Shams al-Din

588-524: A Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If...

686-681: A Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the Katel (Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered. On 16 May 1940 in Norway, the Administrasjonsrådet asked the Rikskommisariatet why radio receivers had been confiscated from Jews in Norway. That Administrasjonsrådet thereafter "quietly" accepted racial segregation between Norwegian citizens, has been claimed by Tor Bomann-Larsen . Furthermore, he claimed that this segregation "created

784-727: A Persian girl because xenophobic feeling against foreigners was strong at that time due to Persian Semu atrocities in the Ispah Rebellion in which the Yuan defeated the Ispah and the Semu were massacred. The branch of the family who held to their Chinese customs felt ashamed so they changed their surname from Lin to Li to avoid associating with their relatives, Lin Nu's descendants with his Persian wife who practiced Islam. Sogdians in China used 9 Chinese surnames after

882-548: A Sogdian recorded in a contract written in Chinese. There was a translator in Xizhou, Di Nanipan who had a Sogdian name but a non-Sogdian surname. Either he was not a Sogdian and was given the name because Sogdian language was prevalent or only his mother was Sogdian was his father was Han. Sogdians opened shops which sold wine and had dance performances by Sogdian women called 胡姬酒肆. The poet Li Bai in his poem Shao Nian Xing wrote about

980-653: A bar tended by a Persian girl." These blue eyed girls were frequented by playboys in Chang'an. The northeastern Iranian Sogdians in Khumdeh, Maimargh, Samarkand, and Kesh in 718, 719, 727, and 729 sent dancing whirling girls as tribute to the Chinese Imperial court. Yuan Chen and Bo Juyi wrote poems on these Sogdian girls. The poem by Bo Juyi says the Iranian girl from Sogdia whirled while drums and strings were played and bowed to

1078-572: A feeling of distrust between [the] races. Feelings between Whites and Blacks were so tense, even the jails were segregated." Elected in 1912, President Woodrow Wilson tolerated the extension of segregation throughout the federal government that was already underway. In World War I , Blacks were drafted and served in the United States Army in segregated units . The U.S. military was still heavily segregated in World War II. The air force and

SECTION 10

#1732891153381

1176-415: A large slave market. The wineshops were staffed with young girls who served wine to customers and danced for them. Most of the slave girls were 14 or 15 years old. They provided services like sex, dancing, singing, and served wine to their customers in Chang'an as ordered their masters. A Sogdian merchant, Kang Weiyi had Indian, Central Asian, and Bactrians among the 15 slave girls he was bringing to sell in

1274-747: A massive role in the Qing conquest of China. Han Chinese Generals of the Ming Dynasty who defected to the Manchu were often given women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage while the ordinary soldiers who defected were given non-royal Manchu women as wives. The Manchu leader Nurhaci married one of his granddaughters to the Ming General Li Yongfang after he surrendered Fushun in Liaoning to

1372-460: A minority, which conquered China for the Qing. It was Han Chinese Bannermen who were responsible for the successful Qing conquest of China, they made up the majority of governors in the early Qing and were the ones who governed and administered China after the conquest, stabilizing Qing rule. Han Bannermen dominated the post of governor-general in the time of the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors , and also

1470-582: A permit was made illegal, extending pass laws that had already curtailed black movement. Thirdly, under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act in 1953, amenities in public areas, like hospitals, universities and parks, were labeled separately according to particular races. In addition, the Bantu Education Act in 1953 segregated national education in South Africa as well. Additionally, the government of

1568-468: A person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race. Racial segregation has generally been outlawed worldwide. Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as "the act by which a (natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in conformity with

1666-662: A pivotal essay by Herbert Kier on the recommendations for race legislation which devoted a quarter of its pages to U.S. legislation—from segregation, race-based citizenship, immigration regulations, and anti-miscegenation . This directly inspired the two principal Nuremberg Laws —the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law. The ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation) prohibited sexual relations and marriages between people classified as " Aryan " and "non-Aryan". Such relationships were called Rassenschande (race defilement). At first

1764-630: A political apartheid". Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that "in contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates", this "colonial apartheid society" was unique to Algeria. This "internal system of apartheid" met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the 1954 insurrection and ensuing independence war . The Land Apportionment Act of 1930 passed in Southern Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe )

1862-643: A yellow with purple border and letter " P " (for Polen/Polish) cloth identifying tag sewn to their clothing, subjected to a curfew , and banned from public transportation . While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, Polish laborers, as a rule, were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans – in many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with Germans outside work were forbidden, and sexual relations ( Rassenschande or "racial defilement") were punishable by death. Racial segregation

1960-627: A young man who entered one of these Huji Jiusi shops. Lady Caoyena 曹野那 was a concubine of the Chinese Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and gave birth to the Princess of Shou'an Li Chongniang 李蟲娘 . The historian Ge Chengji identified Caoyena as a Sogdian from the Principality of Ushrusana 曹國 (昭武九姓) as indicated by the surname Cao which was adopted by Sogdians from Ushrusana who came to China since China called Ushrusana "Cao kingdom" and while Yena

2058-507: Is a foreign name to Chinese, it is a unisex Sogdian name which means "most favorite person" in Sogdian. She may have been one of the Sogdian Hu women "胡人女子" or Sogdian whirling dancing girls "胡旋女" who were given as tribute by Sogdians to China. Names like Cao Yena and Cao Yanna were used by Sogdians which appears on historical texts from Turfan. Chinese frequently bought Hu (Sogdian) slave girls in

SECTION 20

#1732891153381

2156-577: Is found in Chinese language documents in Turfan, is believed to be Chan Yansyan. Kuchean girls were sold as slaves in the Jin and Wei dynasties. On the Silk Road , slave girls were a major item and much more expensive than silk. Silk was up to five times less than the value of a slave girl. Central Asian slave girls were exported from Central Asia Iranian areas to China. It is believed wealthy merchants and noblemen of

2254-424: Is known as the nadir of American race relations . While the U.S. Supreme Court majority in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case explicitly permitted " separate but equal " facilities (specifically, transportation facilities), Justice John Marshall Harlan , in his dissent , protested that the decision would "stimulate aggressions ... upon the admitted rights of colored citizens", "arouse race hate", and "perpetuate

2352-626: Is of a voluntary nature." Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crime against humanity under the 2002 Rome Declaration of Statute of the International Criminal Court . Wherever multiracial communities have existed, racial segregation has also been practiced. Only areas with extensive interracial marriage , such as Hawaii and Brazil , seem to be exempt from it, despite some social stratification within them. Several laws which enforced racial segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed by

2450-450: The chen xiang ting zi , a type of drug. Li Xun wrote poems in the tz'u style and was one of its masters. He and his brother Li Xuan traded in the drug business. The family lived in Sichuan. Li Xun was known for his poetry and being the author of Overseas Pharmacopoeia ( 海藥本草 ). He and his brother Li Xuan were also well known perfume merchants who lived in the 900s AD. They lived at

2548-510: The Catholic Church and taken to Belgium. Following its conquest of Ottoman controlled Algeria in 1830, for well over a century, France maintained colonial rule in the territory which has been described as "quasi- apartheid ". The colonial law of 1865 allowed Arab and Berber Algerians to apply for French citizenship only if they abandoned their Muslim identity; Azzedine Haddour argues that this established "the formal structures of

2646-569: The Former Shu Emperor Wang Zongyan , and a brother older than both of them named Li Xun. They lived at the court of the royal family of Former Shu in Chengdu (modern-day Sichuan ). Li Shunxian also was a poet. Their family had come to China in 880 and were a wealthy merchant family. Li Xuan dealt with Taoist alchemy , perfumes and drugs. The Huang Chao rebellion had earlier made their family flee. Li Susha, an Iranian who dealt in

2744-820: The Han Chinese during the Tang dynasty . In 779, the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced Uyghurs to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from pretending to be Chinese. In 836, when Lu Chun was appointed as governor of Canton , he was disgusted to find Chinese living with foreigners and intermarriage between Chinese and foreigners. Lu enforced separation, banning interracial marriages, and made it illegal for foreigners to own property. Lu Chun believed his principles were just and upright. The 836 law specifically banned Chinese from forming relationships with "Dark peoples" or "People of colour", which

2842-642: The Northern Qi dynasty of China. Huxuan dance was introduced to China through long journeys over thousands of kilometers by girls from Kang in Sogdia. In the T'ang Annals we read that in the beginning of the period K'ai-yuan (a.d. 713-741) the country of K'an (Sogdiana), an Iranian region, sent as tribute to the Chinese Court coats-of-mail, cups of rock-crystal, bottles of agate, ostrich-eggs, textiles styled yüe no, dwarfs, and dancing-girls of Hu-suan 胡旋 (Xwārism).1 In

2940-538: The Population Registration Act in 1950 classified residents in South Africa into four racial groups: "black", "white", " Coloured ", and "Indian" and noted their racial identities on their identifications. Secondly, the Group Areas Act in 1950 assigned different regions according to different races. People were forced to live in their corresponding regions and the action of passing the boundaries without

3038-559: The Southern Han dynasty had a harem, including one Persian girl he nicknamed Mei Zhu, which means "Beautiful Pearl". Liu liked the Persian girl (Mei Zhu) because of her tan skin color, described in French as "peau mate" (olive or light brown skinned). He and the Persian girl also liked to force young couples to go naked and play with them in the palace. and he favored her by "doting" on her. During

Apex Town Hall (historic) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-688: The Waldorf Astoria New York and instead forced to travel up to the event in a freight elevator . The first black Academy Award recipient, actress Hattie McDaniel , was not permitted to attend the premiere of Gone with the Wind at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta because of Georgia's segregation laws. During the 12th Academy Awards ceremony at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, McDaniel

3234-571: The "Huxuan Dance Girl" poem. The "thorn branch" zhezhi dance was another one introduced to China. The Sogdian Kang kingdom is where huxuan dance came from according to the Tong Dian by Du Yu. In Luoyang and Chang'an these Serindian dances were extremely popular. Huxian and Huteng dances had connections to the Zoroastrian beliefs practiced in Sogdiana. Huxian and Huteng were practiced by Central Asians in

3332-732: The 14th and 15th centuries. In the Russian Empire , Jews were restricted to the so-called Pale of Settlement , the Western frontier of the Russian Empire which roughly corresponds to the modern-day countries of Poland, Lithuania , Belarus , Moldova and Ukraine. By the early 20th century, the majority of Europe's Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement. From the beginning of the 15th century, Jewish populations in Morocco were confined to mellahs . In cities,

3430-696: The 1910 Immigration Act permitted the government to prohibit the entry of immigrants "belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupation or character." Racial segregation practices extended to many areas of employment in Canada. Black men and women in Quebec were historically relegated to the service sector regardless of their educational attainment. White business owners and even provincial and federal government agencies often did not hire black people, with explicit rules preventing their employment. When

3528-489: The Chinese capital of Chang'an, were the consumers for the huge number of Central Asian slave women brought by the Sogdians, to sell to the Chinese. The Central Asian foreign women in the Sogdian owned wineshops in the Chinese capital are believed to have been slaves, as Chinese poets depicted then as homesick, sad and melancholy and they would service travelers by keeping them company overnight. Merchants and literati would frequent

3626-424: The Chinese capital of Chang'an. Khotan and Kucha both sold women for sexual services. Shi Randian was a Xizhou Sogdian merchant who had a Chinese military title. He went to Guazhou to trade from Kucha. He went to Shazhou and Yizhou. A local acted as Shi Randian's guarantor. In 731 a Han Chinese called Tang Rong 唐榮 from the capital district bought an 11 year old slave girl Shimaner 失滿兒 from Mi Lushan 米祿山,

3724-468: The Chinese name of the states they came from. Xizhou had a Han and Sogdian population. A record from the Astana Cemetery dating to 639 preserves the transaction where a Sogdian slave girl was being sold in Xizhou. The Han Zhang family also owned Chunxiang, a Turk slave woman in Xizhou. He Deli, a Sogdian who knew how to speak Turkic, Chinese and translated. 120 coins of silver were paid for

3822-775: The Emperor Xuanzong. Western singing and dancing girls filled Chang'an taverns. Samarkand and Tashkent dancing girls who came to China were called "hu" which was used by Chinese to refer to Iranian countries. Dancing girls were among the gifts sent in 10 diplomatic embassies from "Persia" to China in the reigns of Kaiyuan (Emperor Ruizong)) and Tianbao (Emperor Xuanzong). Emperor Yan-si ( Emperor Yang of Sui ) received from Persia 10 young girl dancers. Central Asian Iranian girls who performed as acrobats, dancers, musicians, and waitresses were referred to by Chinese poets as Hu ji 胡姬. Tokharestan and Sogdiana style dances like boti, huteng 柘枝, and huxuan 胡旋. The Shi kingdom (Tashkent) brought

3920-511: The Emperor when it was over. It mentioned people already in China learned how to do the whirl like An Lushan and Yang Guifei. Yuan Chen mentioned that a whirling girl was given to the Emperor by the Iranians at the time of An Lushan's rebellion and that the Emperor was enchanted by her dance. The song mentions sashes around her body twirling as she danced. Xuangzang's flight to Sichuan is mentioned at

4018-522: The Gaochang (Turfan) markets. Yena means favorite one in Sogdian. Li Bai wrote a poem about a boy riding a white horse "gently walking in the spring breeze. Where can he be going, after having trodden upon so many fallen flowers? Behold! How he smiles as he enters a tavern attended by a Persian girl!" The dancing girls jumped and whirled with silk gauze clothing. Western caucasian girls ran these wine stores as Li Bai wrote: "... how he smiles as he enters

Apex Town Hall (historic) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-645: The Group Areas Act. In 1994, Nelson Mandela won in the first multiracial democratic election in South Africa. His success fulfilled the ending of apartheid in South African history. In the United States, racial segregation was mandated by law in some states and enforced along with anti-miscegenation laws (prohibitions against interracial marriage ), until the U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren struck down racial segregation. After

4214-618: The Huteng dance to China which involved back flips, leaps and spinning. The Kang kingdom brought the "whirling barbarian" huxuan dance to China. It involved spinning while dressed in shoes of red leather and white pants by a woman. The Jumi, Shi, Wei, and Kang kingdoms in Central Asia sent dance girls to perform the huxuan dance for the Xuanzong Emperor in the Tianbao and Kaiyuan eras. Bai Juyi wrote

4312-511: The Jews were fined 1,000,000,000  ℛ︁ℳ︁ for the damage which was done by Nazi troops and SS members. Jews , Poles , and Roma were subjected to genocide as "undesirable" racial groups in The Holocaust . The Nazis established ghettos in order to confine Jews and sometimes, they confined Romas in tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe , turning them into de facto concentration camps . The Warsaw Ghetto

4410-690: The Manchu in 1618. Jurchen (Manchu) women married most of the Han Chinese defectors in Liaodong. Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese Generals Sun Sike (Sun Ssu-k'o), Geng Jimao (Keng Chi-mao), Shang Kexi (Shang K'o-hsi), and Wu Sangui (Wu San-kuei). A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and Hongtaiji in 1632 to promote harmony between

4508-414: The Manchus followed the governmental structure of the preceding Ming dynasty , their ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han Chinese civilian officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations , and because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials. From 1952, and even more so after

4606-492: The Nazis divided the population into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed housing strips in the cities, public transportation, etc. In an effort to split the Polish people's identity, they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of Kashubians and Gorals ( Goralenvolk ), based on these groups' alleged "Germanic component". During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in Nazi-controlled states were forced to wear something that identified them as Jewish, such as

4704-403: The Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75%. It was this multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only

4802-399: The Ts'e fu yüan kwei the date of this event is more accurately fixed in the year 718.2 The Dunhuang ruler received from the Ganzhou Kaghan 40 Sogdian slaves as tribute. Central Asian rulers from Chach sent dancing girls and from Khuttal sent singing girls to Tang dynasty China. Central Asian rulers sent slave musicians as tribute to China. A female musician troupe was sent from

4900-494: The black population in Canada was significantly less than the black population in the United States, severe restrictions on black people existed in all forms, particularly in immigration, employment access and mobility. Unlike in the United States, racial segregation in Canada applied to all non-whites and was historically enforced through laws, court decisions and social norms with a closed immigration system that barred virtually all non-whites from immigrating until 1962. Section 38 of

4998-411: The building in 1978 to 205 Saunders St. The building was condemned. The town refurbished it and it served as home to the Apex Parks and Recreation department through 2007. The Halle Cultural Arts Center has occupied the building since dedication January 10, 2008. It offers an art gallery downstairs and a performance hall upstairs, with the original flooring from the original auditorium. Additions to

SECTION 50

#1732891153381

5096-403: The building include a glass-enclosed grand staircase and elevator on the south side and an extension on the back. The renovations were recognized by the AIA-Triangle Merit Award and the 2008 Anthemion Award from Capital Area Preservation. Racial segregation Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. Segregation can involve

5194-475: The court of the Former Shu. Li Xuan also, in addition to being an "alchemist", "naturalist" and "chess master", composed poetry like his brother. From the tenth to twelfth century, Persian women were to be found in Guangzhou (Canton), some of them in the tenth century like Mei Zhu in the harem of the Emperor Liu Chang , and in the twelfth century large numbers of Persian women lived there, noted for wearing multiple earrings and "quarrelsome dispositions". It

5292-570: The eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend." The apartheid system carried out by Afrikaner minority rule enacted a nationwide social policy "separate development" with the National Party victory in the 1948 general election , following the "colour bar"-discriminatory legislation dating back to the beginning of the Union of South Africa and the Boer republics before which, while repressive to Black South Africans along with other minorities, had not gone nearly so far. Apartheid laws can be generally divided into following acts. Firstly,

5390-414: The end of British rule in 1962, Indian people living in Uganda existed in segregated ethnic communities with their own schools and healthcare. Indians constituted 1% of the population but earned a fifth of the national income and controlled 90% of the country's businesses. In 1972, the President of Uganda Idi Amin ordered the expulsion of the country's Indian minority with disastrous consequences for

5488-702: The end of the song. Chinese cities saw high demand for dancers from Central Asia and in the wineshops of the cities the Iranian waitresses were admired over by young Chinese poets. China and India had major appetite for Iranian dancers. Blue eyed waitresses in the pleasure quarters poured wine. Giant balls were used to dance on by the Sogdian whirling girls and dancers from Tashkent. Tashkent dancing girls, according to Bai Juyi , bared their shoulders by pulling their blouses and came out of lotuses when starting their dance. The twirling girls from Sogdia danced on rolling balls and wore boots made of deerskin which were colored red, green pants, and crimson robes and they were sent to

5586-417: The ending of apartheid and suggested fighting against racial segregation by various methods. During the following decades, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred, including those of the Black Consciousness Movement , students' protests, labor strikes, and church group activism etc. In 1991, the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including

5684-401: The fascist propaganda director, art critic and journalist Margherita Sarfatti , who was one of Mussolini's mistresses. Rita Levi-Montalcini , who would successively win the Nobel Prize for Medicine , was forbidden to work at the university. Upon the passage of the racial law, Albert Einstein cancelled his honorary membership in the Accademia dei Lincei . After 1943, when Northern Italy

5782-408: The first year of his reign, he was not over sixteen years old when he had a taste for intercourse with Persian girls. The Persian girl was called a "princess". The Wu Tai Shï says that Liu Ch'ang [劉鋹], Emperor of the Southern Han dynasty reigning at Canton, about A.D. 970. "was dallying with his palace girls and Persian [波斯] women in the inner apartments, and left the government of his state to

5880-465: The greatest severity, and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt… For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If

5978-440: The incense trade, is speculated to be the grandfather of the three siblings. Lo Hsiang-lin wrote a biography of the three siblings. The family were Nestorian Christians . The two brothers then became Taoist . Li Xun was also a poet who wrote in the manner of Chinese Song poetry . Li Xuan used urine to concoct "steroid sex hormones". Iranians dominated the drug trade in China. In 824, Li Susha presented to Emperor Jingzong ,

SECTION 60

#1732891153381

6076-432: The introduction of the 'provvedimenti per la difesa della razza' (norms for the defence of the race), many of the best Italian scientists quit their jobs, and some of them also left Italy. Amongst these scientists were the internationally-known physicists Emilio Segrè , Enrico Fermi (whose wife was Jewish), Bruno Pontecorvo , Bruno Rossi , Tullio Levi-Civita , mathematicians Federigo Enriques and Guido Fubini and even

6174-515: The labour movement took hold in Canada near the end of the 19th century, workers began organizing and forming trade unions with the aim of improving the working conditions and quality of life for employees. However, black workers were systematically denied membership to these unions, and worker's protection was reserved exclusively for whites. In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, people of Wendish , i.e. Slavic , origin were not allowed to join some guilds . According to Wilhelm Raabe , "down into

6272-437: The laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were later extended to " Gypsies , Negroes ". Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in a Nazi concentration camp , while non-Aryans could face the death penalty. To preserve the so-called purity of the German blood, after the war began, the Nazis extended the race defilement law to include all foreigners (non-Germans). Under the General Government of occupied Poland in 1940,

6370-480: The local economy. The government confiscated some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates, along with cars, homes and other household goods. Jews in Europe were generally forced, by decree or by informal pressure, to live in highly segregated ghettos and shtetls . In 1204, the papacy required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and it also required them to wear distinctive clothing. Forced segregation of Jews spread throughout Europe during

6468-405: The marines had no Blacks enlisted in their ranks. There were Blacks in the Navy Seabees . The army had only five African-American officers. In addition, no African-American would receive the Medal of Honor during the war, and their tasks in the war were largely reserved to noncombat units. Black soldiers had to sometimes give up their seats in trains to the Nazi prisoners of war . A club which

6566-686: The ministers." The History of the Five Dynasties (Wu Tai Shih) stated that- "Liu Chang then with his court- ladies and Po-ssu woman, indulged in amorous affiurs in the harem". Guangzhou (Canton) had a community which included Persian women in the 10th-12th centuries, found in Liu Chang's harem in the 10th century and in Song dynasty era Guangzhou in the 12th century the Persian women (波斯婦) there were observed wearing many earrings. The Muslim women in Guangzhou were called either Persian women 波斯婦 or Pusaman 菩薩蠻 菩萨蛮 according to Zhu Yu (author) 's book "Pingzhou ke tan" 萍洲可談 which may be from "Mussulman" or "Bussulman" which means Muslim in Persian. Pusaman

6664-404: The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing Slavery in the United States , Jim Crow laws were introduced to codify racial discrimination . The laws mandated strict segregation of the races. Though many of these laws were passed shortly after the Civil War ended, they only became formalized after the end of the Reconstruction era in 1877. The period that followed the Reconstruction era

6762-423: The post of governors, largely excluding ordinary Han civilians from the posts. To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Manchu Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it

6860-432: The proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation". According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues, "The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation if the assignment to such classes and schools

6958-549: The slave girl from Samarkand. The contract was written in Sogdian. Translated by Yoshida Yutaka. The slave girl was from the Chuyakk family and born in Central Asia. Upach was her name and the buyer's name was written as Yansyan in Sogdian from the Chan family. The seller of the slave was from Samarqand called Wakhushuvirt and his father was Tudhakk The contract said they could they do anything they wanted to Upach, give her away, sell her, abuse her, beat her and she belonged to Yansyan's family forever. Zhang Yanxiang 張延相, whose name

7056-525: The spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Specifically, it may be applied to activities such as eating in restaurants, drinking from water fountains, using public toilets, attending schools, going to films, riding buses, renting or purchasing homes or renting hotel rooms. In addition, segregation often allows close contact between members of different racial or ethnic groups in hierarchical situations, such as allowing

7154-618: The subject. Liu had free time with the Persian women by delegating the task of governing to others. Multiple women originating from the Persian Gulf lived in Guangzhou's foreign quarter, they were all called "Persian women" (波斯婦 Po-ssu-fu or Bosifu). Some scholars did not differentiate between Persian and Arab, and some say that the Chinese called all women coming from the Persian Gulf "Persian Women". The young Chinese Emperor Liu Chang of

7252-561: The time enforced the pass laws , which deprived Black South Africans of their right to travel freely within their own country. Under this system Black South Africans were severely restricted from urban areas, requiring authorisation from a white employer to enter. Uprisings and protests against apartheid appeared immediately when apartheid arose. As early as 1949, the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC) advocated

7350-449: The times of Wudai (907–960) the emperors preferred to marry Persian women, and the Song dynasty official families liked to marry women from Dashi [Arabia]" was written by Chen Yuan. Many Iranians took the Chinese name Li to use as their last name when they moved to China. One prominent Iranian family included Li Xuan ( 李玹 ) and Li Xun  [ zh ] . Sources say that either one of them

7448-512: The triumphant visit of King Baudouin to the colony in 1955, Governor-General Léon Pétillon (1952–1958) worked to create a "Belgian-Congolese community", in which Black and White people were to be treated as equals. Regardless, anti-miscegenation laws remained in place, and between 1959 and 1962 thousands of mixed-race Congolese children were forcibly deported from the Congo by the Belgian government and

7546-537: The two ethnic groups. Geng Zhongming , a Han bannerman, was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to have both his sons Geng Jingzhong and Geng Zhaozhong become court attendants under Shunzhi and marry Aisin Gioro women, with Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong and Prince Abatai's (Hong Taiji) granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong. The Qing differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were made out of Han Chinese who defected to

7644-427: The upper Oxus country of Khuttal by its king in 733 to China. The Tang dynasty Chinese Xuanzang (Hsüan Tsung) emperor's court received Sogdian girls who danced on rolling balls and dressed in boots of red deerskin, pantoloons made of green damask and crimson robes as tribute from Samarkand, Maimargh, Kish and Kumadh in the beginning of the 8th century. They were called "Western Twirling Girls" and these female dancers were

7742-449: The wineshops. The Sogdians reaped massive profits from selling slave girls and so did the Chinese government by taxing the sale of the slaves. Slave girls were one of the major products Chinese bought from Sogdians. Persian poets often wrote about wine and women since the wineservers were often girls and this wine culture with girl servers seems to have spread to China. There were many Sogdian wineshops and Persian shops in Chang'an along with

7840-676: Was occupied by the Nazis , Italian Jews were rounded up and became victims of the Holocaust . German praise for America's system of institutional racism , which was expressed in Adolf Hitler 's Mein Kampf , was continuous throughout the early 1930s. The U.S. was the global leader of codified racism, and its race laws fascinated the Germans. The National Socialist Handbook for Law and Legislation of 1934–35, edited by Hitler's lawyer Hans Frank , contains

7938-470: Was a provincial governor of Yunnan during the Yuan dynasty succeeded by his brother 忽先 Hu-sien (Hussein). Sassanian royals like Peroz III and his son Narsieh fled the Arab Islamic invasion of Sassanid Persia for safety in Tang dynasty China where they were granted asylum. The Chinese pirate Feng Ruofang stored Persian slaves on Hainan whom he captured when raiding ships in the 8th century. Hainan

8036-465: Was a segregationist measure that governed land allocation and acquisition in rural areas, making distinctions between Blacks and Whites. One highly publicised legal battle occurred in 1960 involving the opening of a new theatre that was to be open to all races; the proposed unsegregated public toilets at the newly built Reps Theatre in 1959 caused an argument called "The Battle of the Toilets" . After

8134-682: Was also the name of a tune 樂府 about female dancers sent as tribute to China. Of the Han Chinese Li family in Quanzhou, Lin Nu , the son of Li Lu, visited Hormuz in Persia in 1376, married a Persian or an Arab girl, and brought her back to Quanzhou . Li Nu was the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty reformer Li Chih . Lin Nu and his descendants were erased from the family genealogy by his relatives who were angry at him for converting to Islam and marrying

8232-616: Was an Iranian of Khwarezmian origin from Bukhara , and was appointed by the Mongols to serve as the first provincial governor of Yunnan , in southwestern China. He was allegedly descended from 'Alī bin Abī Tālib and the Prophet, Sayyid Ajall's father was Kamāl al-Dīn and his grandfather was Shams al-Dīn 'Umar al-Bukhārī . He served the court of the Yuan dynasty at Yanjing (modern day Beijing). Later, he

8330-567: Was an administrative division and not related to the Mongol Bannermen in the Eight Banners). These restrictions did not apply to Han Bannermen , who were settled in Manchuria by the Qing. Han bannermen were differentiated from Han civilians by the Qing and treated differently. The Qing Dynasty started colonizing Manchuria with Han Chinese later on in the dynasty's rule, but the Manchu area

8428-564: Was central to the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s, the Cotton Club in Harlem , New York City was a whites-only establishment, where Blacks (such as Duke Ellington ) were allowed to perform, but they were only allowed to perform in front of a white audience. In the reception to honor his success at the 1936 Summer Olympics , Jesse Owens was not permitted to enter through the main doors of

8526-434: Was especially directed against Italian Jews . This policy enforced various segregationist norms, like the laws which banned Jews from teaching or studying in ordinary schools and universities, banned Jews from owning industries that were reputed to be very important to the nation, banned Jews from working as journalists, banned Jews from joining the military, and banned Jews from marrying non-Jews. As an immediate consequence of

8624-637: Was filled with Persian slaves by Feng from his raids on their shipping. Persians sought a hardwood grown in Guangdong province. In 758 there was a raid on Canton by Persians and Arabs and then there was an attack in 760 in Yangzhou upon Persians and Arabs. On Hainan 100 katis of incense were burned in a single go by Feng. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (Wudai) (907–960), there are examples of Chinese emperors marrying Persian women. "In

8722-425: Was formed in 1927 and took its first residence the town hall, parking a fire engine in the left bay of the building, which parked there through 1957. The Fire Department built a separate building across the street in 1958. Apex had a public works building attached to the back for a time, but it was removed to make parking spaces. The DMV had an office in the building for a time. The Town Hall function moved from

8820-450: Was in charge of Imperial finances in 1259, sent to Yunnan by Kublai Khan after conquering the Kingdom of Dali in 1274. After his death, Sayyid was given the posthumous name Zhongyi (忠懿). Later, the imperial court conferred the title "Prince of Xianyang " (咸陽王) and the posthumous name Zhonghui (忠惠) to him. Nasr al-Din (Persian: نصرالدین; Chinese: 納速剌丁, pinyin: Nàsùládīng;) (died 1292)

8918-881: Was only later in the dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. The Qing implemented a policy of segregation between the Bannermen of the Eight Banners (Manchu Bannermen, Mongol Bannermen, Han Bannermen) and Han Chinese civilians . This ethnic segregation had cultural and economic reasons: intermarriage was forbidden to keep up the Manchu heritage and minimize sinicization . Han Chinese civilians and Mongol civilians were banned from settling in Manchuria. Han civilians and Mongol civilians were banned from crossing into each other's lands. Ordinary Mongol civilians in Inner Mongolia were banned from even crossing into other Mongol Banners (a banner in Inner Mongolia

9016-607: Was recorded that "The Po- ssu-fu at Kuang-chou make holes all round their ears. There are some who wear more than twenty ear-rings." Descriptions of the sexual activities between Liu Chang and the Persian woman in the Song dynasty book the "Ch'ing-i-lu" by T'ao Ku were so graphic that the "Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issue 2" refused to provide any quotes from it while discussing

9114-641: Was required to sit at a segregated table at the far wall of the room; the hotel had a no-blacks policy, but allowed McDaniel in as a favor. Her final wish to be buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery was denied because the graveyard was restricted to Whites only. On 11 September 1964, John Lennon announced the Beatles would not play to a segregated audience in Jacksonville , Florida . City officials relented following this announcement. A contract for

9212-459: Was responsible for writing the Hai Yao Ben Cao ( Chinese : 海藥本草 ; Wade–Giles : Hai Yao Pen Ts'ao ), translating to "Overseas Pharmacopoeia". Li Xun was interested in foreign drugs and his book, The Haiyao Bencao , was all about foreign drugs. His family sold drugs for a living. Li Xuan had an older sister Li Shunxian , who was known for being beautiful and was a concubine of

9310-526: Was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the Outer Willow Palisade , which kept the Manchu and the Mongols in the area separate. The policy of segregation applied directly to the banner garrisons, most of which occupied a separate walled zone within the cities in which they were stationed. Manchu Bannermen, Han Bannermen, and Mongol Bannermen were separated from the Han civilian population. While

9408-656: Was the largest of these ghettos, with 400,000 people. The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000. Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour (in all, about 12 million forced laborers were employed in the German war economy inside Nazi Germany ). Although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles , along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior, were subject to deeper discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear

9506-441: Was used to describe foreigners, such as " Iranians , Sogdians , Arabs , Indians , Malays , Sumatrans ", among others. The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who form the majority of the Chinese population, but by Manchus , who are today an ethnic minority of China. The Manchus were keenly aware of their minority status, however, it was only later in the dynasty that they banned intermarriage. Han defectors played

9604-932: Was widespread and deeply imbedded into the fabric of Canadian society prior to the Canadian constitution of 1982. Multiple court decisions, including one from the Supreme Court of Canada in 1939, upheld racial segregation as valid. The last black specifically segregated school closed in Ontario in 1965, while the last black specifically segregated school closed in Nova Scotia in 1983. The last racially segregated Indigenous school closed in 1996 in Saskatchewan. Canada has had multiple white only neighbourhoods and cities, white only public spaces, stores, universities, hospitals, employment, restaurants, theatres, sports arenas and universities. Though

#380619