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34-424: Once part of the municipality of Guaratinguetá , it was emancipated in 1928. Aparecida is located 168 km northeast of São Paulo and 240 km west of Rio de Janeiro . With an average altitude of 544 meters, and elevations varying from 525 to 620 meters, Aparecida has a hot climate with dry winters. Recorded temperatures are a maximum of 35 °C, a minimum of -1 °C and an average of 22 °C. It

68-462: A "welcome beating" on arrival, as in 18th-century Waldheim in Saxony (12, 18 or 24 whip lashes on the bare posterior tied to a pole in the castle courtyard, or by birch rod over the " bock ", a bench in the corner). Still a different penal use of such constructions is to tie the criminal down, possibly after a beating, to expose him for a long time to the elements, usually without food and drink, even to

102-504: A bill to abolish the pillory in Delaware in March 1905. Punishment by whipping-post remained on the books in Delaware until 1972, when it became the last state to abolish it. Delaware was the last state to sentence someone to whipping in 1963; however, the sentence was commuted. The last whipping in Delaware was in 1952. In Portugal today pillory has a different meaning. The Portuguese word

136-492: A daily O Mosaico , Development came with the iron horse in 1877 with the construction made way for the immigrants who came to substitute man power. The end of the 19th century marked the inauguration of a theater Carlos Gomes , Da Ponte Metálica, the Banco Popular, the market, the water supply, the urban net of sewer and the installation of the first pertained Grupo Escolar in the city in the building Dr. Flamínio Lessa . In

170-572: A deterrent, like permanent gallows for authorities endowed with high justice . The pillory was also in common use in other western countries and colonies, and similar devices were used in other, non-Western cultures. According to one source, the pillory was abolished as a form of punishment in the United States in 1839, but this cannot be entirely true because it was clearly in use in Delaware as recently as 1901. Governor Preston Lea finally signed

204-450: A diminutive of Latin pila 'pillar, stone barrier'. Rather like the lesser punishment called the stocks , the pillory consisted of hinged wooden boards forming holes through which the head or various limbs were inserted; then the boards were locked together to secure the captive. Pillories were set up to hold people in marketplaces, crossroads, and other public places. They were often placed on platforms to increase public visibility of

238-419: A pillory, by its physical nature, could double as a whipping post to tie a criminal down for public flagellation (as used to be the case in many German sentences to staupenschlag ), the two as such are separate punishments: the pillory is a sentence to public humiliation , whipping is essentially a painful corporal punishment. The combination of the pillory and the whipping post was one of the various punishments

272-454: Is Pelourinho , and there are examples which are monuments of great importance, in a tradition dating back to Roman times, when criminals were chained to them. They are stone columns with carved capitals, and they are usually located on the main square of the town, and/or in front of a major church or palace, or town hall: they symbolize local power and authority. Pelourinhos are considered major local monuments, several clearly bearing

306-645: Is a device made of a wooden or metal framework erected on a post, with holes for securing the head and hands, used during the medieval and renaissance periods for punishment by public humiliation and often further physical abuse. The pillory is related to the stocks . The word is documented in English since 1274 (attested in Anglo-Latin from c.  1189 ), and stems from Old French pellori (1168; modern French pilori , see below), itself from medieval Latin pilloria , of uncertain origin, perhaps

340-737: Is home to and named after the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida , the patron saint of Brazil, declared so by Pope Pius XI in 1929. Pope Benedict XVI delivered a speech here in May, 2007. It now depends exclusively on tourism generated by the devotees surrounding the statue of the Virgin. Aparecida receives more than 7 million tourists a year making it the most popular religious pilgrimage site in Latin America. These pilgrims come to visit

374-523: Is located in the region of Vale do Paraíba ; prominent individuals from the area include Saint Frei Galvão , Brazilian President Rodrigues Alves and the cardiologist Dr Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini . The name of the city derives from the words in the Tupi language : gûyra ( heron ), tinga ( white ) and etá ( many ), resulting in Gûyrating'etá (meeting of white herons). The municipality contains part of

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408-454: Is reported in England and among its troops. It fitted over the entire body, with the head sticking out from a hole in the top. The criminal is put in either an enclosed barrel, forcing him to kneel in his own filth, or an open barrel, also known as "barrel shirt" or "drunkards collar" after the punishable crime, leaving him to roam about town or military camp and be ridiculed and scorned. Although

442-591: The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony applied to enforce religious and intellectual comformity on the whole community. Sometimes a single structure was built with separate locations for the two punishments, with a whipping post on the lower level and a pillory above (see image at right). When permanently present in sight of prisoners, whipping posts were thought to act as a deterrent against bad behaviour, especially when each prisoner had been subjected to

476-574: The São Paulo Museum of Art . Aparecida was the source of a proposal endorsed by Pope Francis in 2020 to establish a collaborative ministry among the local churches of the various South American countries in the Amazon basin, with differentiated priorities. In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company

510-399: The " pilori " was usually limited to two hours. It was replaced in 1789 by "exposition", and abolished in 1832. Two types of devices were used: Like other permanent apparatus for physical punishment, the pillory was often placed prominently and constructed more elaborately than necessary. It served as a symbol of the power of the judicial authorities, and its continual presence was seen as

544-478: The "whipping post") or even permanent mutilation such as branding or having an ear cut off ( cropping ), as in the case of John Bastwick . In Protestant cultures (such as in the Scandinavian countries ), the pillory would be the worldly part of a church punishment. The delinquent would therefore first serve the ecclesiastical part of his punishment on the pillory bench in the church itself, and then be handed to

578-526: The 20th century lands became exhausted from over farming, and coffee production declined. The fall extensive farming brought a new economic focus of industrialization and the return to commerce . Education became another focus with the installation of the Escola de Especialista de Aeronáutica (School of Specialist of Aeronautics), the campus of UNESP with the Faculdade de Engenharia (College of Engineering) of

612-616: The 292,000 hectares (720,000 acres) Mananciais do Rio Paraíba do Sul Environmental Protection Area , created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Paraíba do Sul river. Since early times, Guaratinguetá was known by the Indians of the region for the abundance of herons that lived on the edges of the Paraíba do Sul river. The first Portuguese settlers arrived at the end of the 16th century, after rumours of mineral wealth hidden in Serra da Mantiqueira , in

646-566: The Basilica containing the statue of Our Lady of Aparecida. This statue, thought to have been found in the Paraíba River in October 1717, is made of clay and measures 40 centimeters in height. The dark colour was produced by the years of exposure to candles and lamps around the altar. In 1978 it was attacked and reduced to hundreds of fragments which were meticulously put back together by specialists from

680-520: The Faculdade de tecnologia (College of Technology FATEC ), and the SENAC . Tourism is also important, with the increase of popularity of Frei Galvão , the visitation of caves, and the local churches and monasteries. Inside the city itself, there are many colonial houses with the beautiful architecture of the last century. In addition to this, Agricultural tourism and Eco-Tourism are becoming popular, owing to

714-564: The beauty of the wilderness and agricultural areas. The city is served by Edu Chaves Airport . (Source: IBGE/ 2014 - IBGE ) Total population: 118 378 hab. (SP: 62º) In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). Pillory The pillory

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748-499: The coat of arms of a king or queen. The same is true of its former colonies, notably in Brazil (in its former capital, Salvador , the whole old quarter is known as Pelourinho ) and Africa (e.g. Cape Verde's old capital, Cidade Velha ), always as symbols of royal power. In Spain, the device was called picota . There was a variant (rather of the stocks type), called a barrel pillory , or Spanish mantle, used to punish drunks, which

782-630: The end of the century on Sundays, holidays, and religious celebrations. Guaratinguetá entered a more religious significance in 1717. In 1757, it held the second biggest party in Louvor to a Saint in the city. Diogo Antônio de Feijó , future priest and regent of the empire of Dom Pedro II , studied in Guaratinguetá with the Manoel Frank Gonçalves during the years of 1795 and 1798. In the 19th century, Guaratinguetá grew in coffee production, at

816-565: The farms, the city grew, and the children of the farmers were sent to study. Commercial merchandise came by donkey to the port of Parati and grew even more. Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves , born on July 7, 1848, was the council member of the empire, a member of the Chamber of Deputies , president of the Province of São Paulo and twice President of the Republic (Brazil). He was inaugurated by

850-568: The lands known today as Minas Gerais . The settlement of the region began in 1628, with the donation of lands by Jacques Felix and his children. On June 13, 1630, construction began of a chapel, that was registered first in Livro-Tombo da Matriz of Santo Antonio. On February 13, 1651, by intervention of Captain Domingos Leme , a village was raised for the Saint Antonio of Guaratinguetá, with

884-450: The opening of the main road. By tradition, the pillory was also raised. During the 18th century, Guaratinguetá became the main point of supply for the gold miners coming from Minas Gerais as commerce on the route developed. During that period, the foreign travellers who had passed through there perpetuated the image of Guaratinguetá, as much in books as in paintings, and the village grew. The few narrow streets were filled by people at

918-411: The person; often a placard detailing the crime was placed nearby. These punishments generally lasted only a few hours. In being forced to bend forward and stick their head and hands out in front of them, offenders in the pillory would have been extremely uncomfortable during their punishment. However, the main purpose in putting criminals in the pillory was to humiliate them publicly. On discovering that

952-490: The pillory because crowds could get too violent and pelt the offender with stones, bricks and other dangerous objects. However, when Daniel Defoe was sentenced to the pillory in 1703 for seditious libel , he was regarded as a hero by the crowd and was pelted with flowers. The criminal could also be sentenced to further punishments while in the pillory: humiliation by shaving off some or all hair or regular corporal punishment (s), notably flagellation (the pillory serving as

986-429: The pillory was occupied, people would excitedly gather in the marketplace to taunt, tease and laugh at the offender on display. Those who gathered to watch the punishment typically wanted to make the offender's experience as unpleasant as possible. In addition to being jeered and mocked, the criminal might be pelted with rotten food, mud, offal, dead animals, and animal excrement. Sometimes people were killed or maimed in

1020-468: The pillory—a punishment which is never inflicted." However, the stocks remained in use, though extremely infrequently, until 1872. The last person to be pilloried in England was Peter James Bossy, who was convicted of "wilful and corrupt perjury" in 1830. He was sentenced to seven years penal transportation , six months in prison at Newgate and one hour in the pillory in the Old Bailey. In France, time in

1054-414: The point of starvation. While the pillory has left common use, the image remains preserved in the figurative use, which has become the dominant one, of the verb "to pillory" (attested in English since 1699), meaning "to expose to public ridicule, scorn and abuse", or more generally to humiliate before witnesses. Corresponding expressions exist in other languages, e.g., clouer au pilori "to nail to

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1088-493: The same time as it suffered a decline of sugar production. During the Brazilian independence, Dom Pedro I spend the night in the city on August 18 of 1822, stimulating more economic development, and more growth in the coffee industry. The village became a city in 1844, and was incorporated in 1852. During this time, coffee was used as a hard currency, and the daily life of the city was changed forever. It raised man power in

1122-458: The worldly authorities to be bound to the Skampåle (literally: "Shame Pole") for public humiliation. In 1816, use of the pillory was restricted in England as punishment for perjury or subornation . The pillory was formally abolished as a form of punishment in England and Wales in 1837, after Lord John Russell had said "I shall likewise propose to bring in a Bill to abolish the punishment of

1156-515: Was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). Guaratinguet%C3%A1 Guaratinguetá is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte . The population is 122,505 (2020 est.) in an area of 752.64 km . It

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