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134-568: The neighborhood is bordered by: During the late years of the 1800s, Chapultepec was still surrounded by ranches , such as the Anzures, Polanco and La Teja ranches and the La Condesa and Los Morales haciendas . In 1920, the owner of the Los Morales hacienda, Eduardo Cuevas Rubio, dies, leaving in his testament instructions for the partition of the hacienda in five sections. Sections I and II, then

268-510: A cuicacalli , for public shows during religious rituals. The bottom floor had two rooms which were used by the government. One of them was used for Moctezuma's advisors and judges who dealt with the situations of the commoners (likely the Tlacxitlan ). The other room was for the war council (likely the Tequihuacalli ), where high-ranking warriors planned and commanded their battles. As part of

402-583: A speech scroll . The Aztecs did not use regnal numbers ; they were given retroactively by historians to more easily distinguish him from the first Moctezuma, referred to as Moctezuma I . The Aztec chronicles called him Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin , while the first was called Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina or Huehuemotecuhzoma ('Old Moctezuma'). Xocoyotzin ( IPA: [ʃoːkoˈjoːt͡sin̥] ) means 'honored young one' (from xocoyotl 'younger son' + suffix -tzin added to nouns or personal names when speaking about them with deference). Moctezuma II

536-675: A tecpan (palace) of his own. This was a particularly large palace, which was somewhat larger than the National Palace that exists today which was built over it, being about 200 meters long and 200 meters wide. However, little archaeological evidence exists to understand what his palace looked like, but the various descriptions of it and the space it covered have helped reconstruct various features of its layout. Even so, these descriptions tend to be limited, as many writers were unable to describe them in detail. The Spanish captain Hernán Cortés ,

670-611: A comeback at the park with the eradication and relocation of introduced species such as geese and ducks, which were aggressive to other species. The park hosts more than 100 species of this kind of bird, with some reproducing here for the first time in decades. Other native mammals returned in 2005, including the Virginia opossum and the cacomistle . In 2010, projects included renovating jogging tracks, and planting more than 800 trees, including acacia café , pino azul, pino peñonero, holm oak, pino moctezuma, pino prieto and grevilia, as well as

804-467: A few rides and is expected to open in the next few years. This section contains museums such as Papalote Museo del Niño and the Museo de Historia Natural ( es ). El Papalote Museo del Niño is an interactive children's museum which invites children to touch and manipulate the exhibits. The Cárcamo de Dolores hydraulic structure, found in this section, was built between 1942 and 1952 to capture water sent to

938-451: A humiliating defeat at Atlixco during a flower war against Huejotzingo ( see below ), many sites in Oaxaca rebelled, likely under the idea that the empire's forces were weakened. However, Moctezuma was able to raise an army numbering 200,000 and marched over the city of Yancuitlan (today known as Yanhuitlan ), a city which had been previously conquered by Tizoc , and conquered Zozollan in

1072-404: A long conflict of interests between the nobility, merchants, and warrior class. The struggle occurred as the result of the conflicting interests between the merchants and the nobility and the rivalry between the warrior class and the nobility for positions of power in the government. Moctezuma likely sought to resolve this conflict by installing despotist policies that would settle it. However, it

1206-447: A monument near where the alleged remains of the cadets were found. A hundred years after the war, it is believed that Mexico's president, Miguel Alemán , planted the remains. This was to give more relevance to the patriotic story after a visit from then-president Harry Truman to honor the fallen 100 years after the war wasn't well received. The castle remained the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1940, when this function

1340-505: A number of cultural events during the year. One of them is the performance of Swan Lake , which is conducted on a stage in Lago Menor. This performance has been given since 1978 in warmer months. Night tours by train that go around the park are popular around Christmas time, when many of the attractions are lit for the season. The Ballet Folklórico de México also holds performances on occasion at Chapultepec Castle. The second section of

1474-450: A number of large fountains. The Quixote Fountain is surrounded by four benches covered in tile with images of Don Quixote . To the side of this plaza, there are two columns. On the right there is a figure of Quixote with the face of Salvador Dalí and on the other side, there is a depiction of Sancho Panza with the face of Diego Rivera . Both statues were made of bronze by José María Fernández Urbina . The Fuente de las Ranas (Fountain of

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1608-581: A past disease epidemic. One dead specimen is called the Ahuehuete of Moctezuma, commonly referred to as El Sargento (The Sargeant) or as the Centinela (Sentinel). The last two names were given by cadets of the Heroic Military Academy during the 19th century. The 500-year-old tree remains as a monument to the area's history, measuring 50 metres (160 ft) high, forty in circumference. Another tree of

1742-488: A potential threat to the government; among these policies was the obligation of the nobility to reside permanently in Tenochtitlan and abandon their homes if they lived elsewhere. Regarding his economic policies, Moctezuma's rule was largely affected by natural disasters in the early years. As mentioned before, the famine during his first years as tlatoani resulted in a temporary increase in tribute in some provinces to aid

1876-417: A result of astrological predictions halting some Mexica military operations to a degree. Moctezuma would try to campaign against these rebellions one at a time throughout the following years, campaigning against territories in Oaxaca, including Icpatepec again, in 1511 or 1512. Some of these revolts occurred as far south as Xoconochco (today known as Soconusco ) and Huiztlan (today, Huixtla ), far down where

2010-456: A retreat strictly limited to the ruling and religious elite. In the 1420s, ruler Nezahualcoyotl was the first to build a palace in the area. Moctezuma II built reservoirs to raise exotic fish and to store water. He also had trees and plants from various parts of the Aztec Empire planted here. In 1465, Moctezuma I ordered his portrait carved into a rock at the foot of the hill and constructed

2144-471: A rock formation called Chapultepec Hill, one of the park's main functions is as an ecological space in Greater Mexico City . It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs". The area encompassing modern-day Chapultepec has been inhabited and considered a landmark since the pre-Columbian era , when it became a retreat for Aztec rulers. In the colonial period, Chapultepec Castle

2278-456: A sculpture garden. It contains one of the leading collections of modern art of the 20th century of Mexico. Artists include Dr. Atl , Frida Kahlo , David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Remedios Varo . The Casa de Cultura Quinta Colorada was originally a former accommodation for the forest rangers of the area in the early 20th century. The house was made using European style architecture techniques. It hosts various cultural activities for visitors and has

2412-529: A small planetarium. At the foot of the Chapultepec Hill is an extension of the Museum of History called the Museo del Caracol (Snail Museum). This museum narrates the history of Mexico in the winding form of a snail, the shape of the building from which its name comes. The Luis Barragán House and Studio is the former home of architect Luis Barragán . The house was kept nearly intact since 1948, including

2546-453: A tribute to Tenochtitlan, and they received multiple rewards as the result, including the permission to rebuild their main temple (which had been partially destroyed during the Battle of Tlatelolco which occurred during Axayacatl 's reign). This campaign had a highly violent result; Moctezuma, after receiving information on the cities gathered by his spies, ordered for all adults in the sites above

2680-481: A war against Icpatepec is recorded to have happened again in that year. After the campaigns in the Oaxaca region, Moctezuma began to move his campaigns into northern and eastern territories around 1514, conquering the site of Quetzalapan, a Chichimec territory through the Huastec region , taking 1332 captives and suffering minimal casualties, with only 95 reported losses. Likely around this time, many other territories in

2814-478: Is [motɛːkʷˈs̻oːmaḁ] . It is a compound of a noun meaning 'lord' and a verb meaning 'to frown in anger', and so is interpreted as 'he frowns like a lord' or 'he who is angry in a noble manner'. His name glyph , shown in the upper left corner of the image from the Codex Mendoza below , was composed of a diadem ( xiuhuitzolli ) on straight hair with an attached earspool , a separate nosepiece, and

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2948-527: Is also a carousel located in this area, having been relocated from the now defunct Charlestowne Mall in St. Charles, IL, after the mall closed down in 2017. The third section of the park is located on the west side of the second and was inaugurated in 1974. It has a surface area of 242.9 hectares. It is the least developed and least visited; it is filled with trees and wildlife. Although some recreational activities such as archery and horseback riding are practiced there,

3082-438: Is also true that many of his elitist policies were put in place because he did not want to "work with inferior people", and instead wanted to be served by and interact with people he deemed more prestigious, both to avoid giving himself and the government a bad reputation and to work with people he trusted better. However, some of his policies also affected the nobility, as he had intentions of reforming it so that it would not pose

3216-571: Is celebrated in Mexico as an example of exemplary patriotism. Many myths have been woven around the story of "los Niños Héroes," the most famous being that of Juan Escutia, who allegedly jumped to his death wrapped in the Mexican flag rather than surrendering to the American troops. Although this is the most commonly known version of the story, many historians believe it wasn't possible. The six cadets are honored by

3350-721: Is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs", with trees that replenished oxygen to the Valley of Mexico . It is a large unpaved area that allows for aquifer recharge, ameliorates the "heat-island" effect, and attracts rain. It is a refuge for migratory birds from Canada, the U.S. and other regions of Mexico, including the Cooper hawk , the Harris's hawk , wild ducks, and Vireos, Warblers and Kingfishers. Anywhere from 20 to 60 species of birds can be found here during one morning birding, including some native non-migratory species such as

3484-419: Is divided into three sections, the first and oldest surrounded by fencing and closed at night, with the other two left open. It contains nine museums, amusement parks, winding paths, commemorative sculptures, lakes and fountains. Paseo de la Reforma passes most of the park and cuts through a portion on the north side. One of the park's main functions is to be an ecological space for Greater Mexico City . It

3618-553: Is home to a large number of Montezuma cypress , locally called "ahuehuete" trees, with some hundreds of years old. Many of them were planted by the Aztecs . There are also 165 other species, mostly in the third section. It is estimated by city authorities that MXN $ 100 million are needed annually to maintain the ecology of the park. For Mexico City residents, the park is valued as a cultural and historic area as well as green space. The area has vestiges showing human presence as far back as

3752-527: Is lined with bronze busts of famous literary figures. The pathway also has trees that are hundreds of years old. This section of the park also contains the geological formation that gave the park/forest its name: Chapultepec Hill. It is a formation of volcanic rock and andesite , which is common in the Valley of Mexico and contains small caves and sand deposits. "Chapultepec" in Nahuatl means "grasshopper hill" but it

3886-466: Is made up of white stucco structures; this architecture can be seen from Molino del Rey, a former millhouse and site of a battle of the Mexican–American War in 1847 . Los Pinos is on one edge of the park. The National Auditorium is one of Mexico City's principal arenas. It primarily hosts musical ensembles and dance troupes. Singers from Mexico and abroad perform there yearlong. The park hosts

4020-606: Is not clear whether the "Chapul" (grasshopper) part refers to the shape of the hill, or the abundance of grasshoppers in the surrounding woods. This hill was considered special during the pre-Hispanic period from the Toltecs in the 12th century to the Aztecs up to the time of the Conquest by the Spanish . Remains of a Toltec altar have been found at the top of the hill, a number of burials and its use

4154-434: Is that contrary to popular belief, Tlaxcala was not Mexico's most powerful rival in the central Mexican region in this period, and it would not be so until the final years of pre-Hispanic Mexico in 1518–19. In the opening years of the 16th century, Huejotzingo was Mexico's actual military focus, and it proved itself to be one of the most powerful political entities until these final years, as a series of devastating wars weakened

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4288-593: Is the Alcázar. In 1940, the president's residence was moved to the nearby Los Pinos complex, and the castle was converted into the National Museum of History , under the auspices of the federal government, along with the rest of the hill. The museum contains twelve rooms which are open to the public, many of which as they were when the Emperor Maximilian lived there. It also contains a collection of furniture from

4422-553: Is the Baths of Moctezuma, which was a systems of tanks, reservoirs, canals and waterfalls constructed by the Aztecs. The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia has the park, as well as the Castle of Chapultepec on the hill, listed as Mexican heritage sites. They submitted the area for consideration as a World Heritage Site in 2001. The park received an estimated 15 million visitors each year, and daily visits exceed 250,000. Sunday

4556-484: Is the most developed area, and it has a wrought iron fence and gates that extend around its perimeter. These fences mostly separate it from the streets that form its boundaries: Avenida Constituyentes ( es ), Paseo de la Reforma, Calzada Chivatito, and the Anillo Periférico . The interior measures 274.03 hectares (677.1 acres), with 182 hectares (450 acres) of this being undeveloped green space. It contains most of

4690-405: Is the most popular day to visit because the museums are free, and visitors may spend the entire day in one or more sections viewing the attractions, picnicking, or grilling. Despite its local popularity, however, foreign visitors usually only see the small fraction of the park near the museums. The park is easy to get to via public transportation. Chapultepec metro station provides easy access to

4824-473: The tlatoani of this name ), were killed. All the population of Tototepec, except for the children, was massacred by the Mexica forces, and about 1350 captives were taken. Another campaign was launched in 1515 to conquer Acocozpan and Tetenanco and reconquer Atlitepec, which had been previously conquered by Ahuizotl in 1493. Quetzaltepec was conquered on the same campaign as Tototepec, as both reportedly murdered

4958-888: The Casa del Lago , the National Auditorium , the Centro Cultural del Bosque ( es ), the National Museum of Anthropology , the Rufino Tamayo Museum , and the Museo de Arte Moderno (Modern Art Museum). It also contains the Chapultepec Zoo , the Jardín de la Tercera Edad, and the Audiorama. These are connected by various paved paths, many of which have names such as the Avenue of the Poets, which

5092-589: The Chalco region, was assigned to pay an additional tribute of stone and wood twice or thrice a year for Tenochtitlan's building projects. This tributary policy eventually backfired, as some of the empire's subjects grew disgruntled with Moctezuma's government and launched rebellions against him, which eventually resulted in many of these provinces—including Totonacapan (under the de facto leadership of Chicomacatl ), Chalco and Mixquic (which were near Tenochtitlan)—forming alliances with Spain against him. The famine at

5226-714: The Imperial Gardens in Tokyo , and Central Park in New York City . The name "Chapultepec" means "at the grasshopper hill" in Nahuatl and refers to a large rock formation that is the center of the park's first section. Originally, this area was a forest outside of Tenochtitlan , once considered sacred in pre-Columbian times , but today it is entirely within the city (mostly in the borough of Miguel Hidalgo ), surrounded by some of its primary business and commercial districts. The park

5360-532: The Mexica Empire ), reigning from 1502 or 1503 to 1520. Through his marriage with Queen Tlapalizquixochtzin of Ecatepec , one of his two wives, he was also the king consort of that altepetl . The first contact between the indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign. He was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire when Hernán Cortés ,

5494-453: The Museum of Anthropology , and the Rufino Tamayo Museum , among others. It receives an estimated 15 million visitors per year. This prompted the need for major rehabilitation efforts that began in 2005 and ended in 2010. The government has authorized the construction of business, offices, and big parking lots for cars. According to studies, there has been human presence in the area since at least

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5628-452: The Toltecs with a number ruins from the pre-Columbian through to the colonial period. Archeological studies have unearthed and identified tombs associated with Teotihuacan , a Toltec altar on the summit of Chapultepec Hill, remains of a colonial era aqueduct , paths associated with Nezahualcoyotl , and an area where Aztec priests ingested peyote as part of religious rites. One notable site

5762-456: The tlacxitlan , the criminal court of Tenochtitlan (which aside from judging criminals also had the job of freeing "unjustified" slaves), to free those children and offer food to those noblemen. Another natural disaster, of lesser intensity, occurred in the winter of 1514, when a series of dangerous snowstorms resulted in the destruction of various crops and property across Mexico. During his government, he applied multiple policies that centered

5896-479: The 21st century, the neighborhood has experienced a process of gentrification , resulting in the restoration of old buildings and the construction of new big residential buildings. Chapultepec Chapultepec , more commonly called the " Bosque de Chapultepec " (Chapultepec Forest) in Mexico City , is one of the largest city parks in Mexico, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,700 acres). Centered on

6030-479: The Berylline Hummingbird, Lesser Goldfinch, House Finch, Rufous-backed Robin, Black-backed Oriole, Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer and breeding colonies of Great Egret and Black-crowned Night Heron There are also more than a dozen species of reptiles and amphibians, and a number of species of various types that are in danger of extinction, including the axolotl , Goodeidae , and alandria moths. The park

6164-518: The Compositores, Xochipilli and Las Serpientes fountains. The area contains jogging trails, places for yoga and karate, and other exercise facilities on the tree areas. Around 1,000 people each day go to this section to exercise. The jogging trails were doubled from 2 km to 4 km in the late 2000s. One part of this section was dominated by the Feria de Chapultepec amusement park, located near

6298-619: The Franciscan hermitage was demolished to make way for the Chapultepec Castle, converting the hill and the forest around it into a summer retreat for colonial viceroys. The area was walled off from the general public and was the scene of elegant parties. After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, the Castle became the official residence of the head of state. A number of these, especially Emperor Maximilian I and his wife, embellished and expanded

6432-684: The Frogs) was created in the 1920s, by Miguel Alessio Robles in Seville , Spain. The Nezahualcoyotl Fountain was inaugurated in 1956. It measures 1,250 m (13,500 sq ft) and surrounds a statue of the Aztec ruler nine meters tall in black stone. Throughout the first section, there are different kinds of trees; the most common one is the Montezuma cypress, locally called "ahuehuetes". A number of these are hundreds of years old, although there are far fewer due to

6566-591: The Lago Mayor, just off the Anillo Periférico. The park had a capacity of 15,000 people and was visited by about two million each year. It includes several roller coasters, including the Quimera . The park closed in 2019 after a fatal incident on Quimera. The park will be replaced by Atzlan Parque Urbana, a more verdant park with a larger focus on live entertainment and themed to Mexico City's neighborhood. It will feature

6700-672: The Mexican- Guatemalan border is today. These territories were highly important to the empire and had been previously conquered by his predecessor Ahuizotl , thus Moctezuma had to maintain them under his control. These revolts occurred in so many locations that the empire was unable to deal with all of them effectively. The empire's expansion during Moctezuma's rule was mainly focused on southwestern Mesoamerican territories, in Oaxaca and modern-day Guerrero . The earliest conquests in this territory were held by Moctezuma I . The first important conquest during Moctezuma's rule occurred in

6834-611: The Spanish conquistador , and his men seized the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan . During his reign, the Aztec Empire reached its greatest size. Through warfare, Moctezuma expanded the territory as far south as Xoconosco in Chiapas and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , and incorporated the Zapotec and Yopi people into the empire. He changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy and widened

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6968-466: The Tlaxcalan allies of the Spanish. At the beginning of his rule, he attempted to build diplomatic ties with Tlaxcala, Huexotzinco (today, Huejotzingo ), Chollolan ( Cholula ), Michoacan , and Metztitlán , by secretly inviting the lords of these countries to attend the celebrations for his coronation before the continuation of the flower wars , which were wars of religious nature arranged voluntarily by

7102-596: The Tlaxpana aqueduct, which measured three km. During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, one of the last battles between the Spanish and ruler Cuauhtémoc occurred at Chapultepec Hill in 1521. Shortly thereafter, the Franciscans built a small hermitage over the indigenous altar on Chapultepec Hill. Hernán Cortés appropriated Chapultepec and granted the northern portion to Captain Juan Jaramillo, who would become

7236-471: The Triple Alliance attacking from various locations and having over 200 wooden ladders constructed under Moctezuma's orders. The Mexica eventually emerged victorious, successfully conquering the city. Several military defeats occurred in some of these expansionist campaigns, however, such as the invasion of Amatlan in 1509, where an unexpected series of snowstorms and blizzards killed many soldiers, making

7370-551: The Valley of Mexico from the Lerma River basin in the Toluca Valley . The major parts open to the public consist of a pavilion, covered with an orange half cupola and a fountain with an image of Tlaloc . Originally, the water was stored underground and pumped to the surface when needed. The main building has serpent heads on the four corners and there is a mural painted by Diego Rivera called El agua: origen de la vida . In 2010,

7504-459: The Valley of Mexico, it was inhabited by a people called the Tepanecas of Azcapotzalco . When the Aztecs took over the Valley of Mexico, they considered the hill as both a sacred and strategic site. They began to use the area as a repository for the ashes of their rulers, and the area's springs became an important source of fresh water for the capital of Tenochtitlan. Eventually, the area became

7638-561: The age of 50 to be killed to prevent a rebellion once the cities were conquered, similar to the war in Tlachquiauhco. The conquest was done by dividing the army that was brought in 3 divisions; one from Tlacopan, one from Texcoco, and one from Tenochtitlan, so that each one attacked a different city. The Tenochtitlan company attacked Jaltepec. Moctezuma came out victorious and then returned to Mexico through Chalco, where he received many honors for his victory. This war likely happened in 1511, as

7772-422: The age of five years, as the sons of the kings were expected to receive their education at a much earlier age than the rest of the population. According to some sources, Moctezuma stood out in his childhood for his discipline during his education, finishing his works correctly and being devout to the Aztec religion . Moctezuma was an already famous warrior by the time he became the tlatoani of Mexico, holding

7906-498: The beginning of his reign, while others, such as his tributary policies, were created as the result of various events, like the famine which occurred at the beginning of his rule. His policies, in general, had the purpose of centralizing the government in his person through the means of implementing policies to settle the divide between the nobility and commoners and abolishing some of the more feudal policies of his predecessors, while also making his tributary policies more severe to aid

8040-465: The beginning of his rule also resulted in the abolishment of the huehuetlatlacolli system, which was a system of serfdom in which a family agreed to maintain a tlacohtli ( slave or serf) perpetually. This agreement also turned the descendants of the ones who agreed into serfs. During his campaign against Jaltepec and Cuatzontlan ( see below ), he made negotiations with the Tlatelolca to obtain

8174-532: The beginning of the revolt by Icpatepec as the result. The Xaltepeca had done this before with previous tlatoanis and other nations. Moctezuma and the recently elected ruler of Tlacopan themselves went to the fight, along with Tlacaelel 's grandson and cihuacoatl of Mexico in this period Tlacaeleltzin Xocoyotl. A large portion of the weapons and food was brought by Tlatelolco , though they were initially hesitant to do so, but were ordered by Moctezuma to offer it as

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8308-842: The best known of the park's attractions, such as the Lago Menor (Small Lake), the Nezahuacoyotl Fountain, the Fuente de las Ranas, the Quixote Fountain, the Templanza Fountain, the Altar a la Patria, the Obelisco a los Niños Héroes , the Monumento a las Águilas Caídas (Monument to Fallen Eagles), The Ahuehuete, and the Baths of Moctezuma. The best-known museums in the park are in this section, including Museo Nacional de Historia-Chapultepec Castle ,

8442-433: The castle as well as the forest area around it. The Hill was also the site of the Battle of Chapultepec in 1847, between Mexican and U.S. troops led by General Winfield Scott . Once the overwhelming attack was imminent, a band of cadets was ordered to retreat by their superiors, but they chose to stay and defend the castle. Six of them died in the battle, leading them to be known as "los Niños Héroes," and their story

8576-559: The closest to the center of Mexico City, became the colonia Verónica Anzures. An area that, at the time, was known only as La Verónica, due to the proximity of the Calzada de La Verónica (today Circuito Interior Melchor Ocampo ). In the 1950s, Verónica Anzures started to develop as a residential zone, described by anthropologist Luis Barjau as "an urban zone in the Federal District of middle-class pretentious residents, who wanted to emulate

8710-424: The colonial period to the 19th century, utensils, suits, coins, manuscripts, sculptures in clay ivory and silver, and many other art works. A number of items belonged to figures such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , José María Morelos y Pavón , Agustín de Iturbide , Benito Juárez , Emiliano Zapata , and others. In addition, there are murals by José Clemente Orozco , David Alfaro Siqueiros and Juan O'Gorman . At

8844-429: The conquests of Mazatzintlan and Zacatepec, which formed part of the Chichimec region. The approximate number of military engagements during his rule before European contact was 73, achieving victory in approximately 43 sites (including territories already within the empire), making him one of the most active monarchs in pre-Hispanic Mexican history in terms of military actions. However, his rule and policies suffered

8978-551: The construction of Moctezuma's palace, various projects were made which made it more prestigious by providing entertainment to the public. One of the most famous among these projects was the Totocalli  [ es ] (House of Birds), a zoo which had multiple sorts of animals, mainly avian species, but also contained several predatory animals in their section. These animals were taken care of by servants who cleaned their environments, fed them, and offered them care according to their species. The species of birds held within

9112-533: The dead bodies of sacrificial victims were also used to feed these animals, and after the battle known as La Noche Triste , which occurred during the early stages of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in June 1520 (during which Moctezuma died ), the bodies of dead Spaniards may have been used to feed them. This place was highly prestigious, and all sorts of important people are said to have used to visit this place, including artists, craftsmen, government officials, and blacksmiths . The Totocalli , however,

9246-562: The divide between pipiltin (nobles) and macehualtin (commoners) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces. Though two other Aztec rulers succeeded Moctezuma after his death, their reigns were short-lived and the empire quickly collapsed under them. Historical portrayals of Moctezuma have mostly been colored by his role as ruler of a defeated nation, and many sources have described him as weak-willed, superstitious, and indecisive. However, depictions of his person among his contemporaries are divided; some depict him as one of

9380-450: The division between the commoner and noble classes, which included the refusal to offer certain honors to various politicians and warriors for being commoners. He also prohibited any commoners or illegitimate children of the nobility from serving in his palace or high positions of government. This was contrary to the policies of his predecessors, who did allow commoners to serve in such positions. Moctezuma's elitism can be attributed to

9514-405: The enemies, though the fight was brief, as the people of Ayotlan surrendered to the Mexica shortly after he arrived. Approximately in the year 1490, Moctezuma obtained the rank of tequihua , which was reached by capturing at least 4 enemy commanders. The year in which Moctezuma was crowned is uncertain. Most historians suggest the year 1502 to be most likely, though some have argued in favor of

9648-406: The first section of the park was closed for renovations, effectively evicting all vendors from the area. When it reopened months later, permits for selling were strictly limited, and police began to crack down on vendors in the park. However, some vendors continue to operate illegally and exchange information on the police's steps with radio communication equipment. At the entrances to the park, where

9782-456: The foot of the hill, there is a large monument to the Niños Héroes (also called the Altar a la Patria), who reportedly threw themselves to their death at the Castle rather than surrendering to invading US troops in 1847 . This monument consist of six marble columns surrounding a mausoleum with the remains of the six cadets, and a figure of a woman who represents Mexico. The Chapultepec Zoo is

9916-437: The government of the empire on his person, though it is difficult to tell exactly to which extent those policies were applied, as the records written about such policies tend to be affected by propaganda in favor of or against his person. According to Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, among Moctezuma's policies were the replacement of a large portion of his court (including most of his advisors) with people he deemed preferable, and increasing

10050-580: The greatest leaders Mexico had, a great conqueror who tried his best to maintain his nation together at times of crisis, while others depict him as a tyrant who wanted to take absolute control over the whole empire. Accounts of how he died and who were the perpetrators (Spaniards or natives) differ. His story remains one of the most well-known conquest narratives from the history of European contact with Native Americans, and he has been mentioned or portrayed in numerous works of historical fiction and popular culture. The Classical Nahuatl pronunciation of his name

10184-454: The high rank of tlacatecuhtli (lord of men) and/or tlacochcalcatl (person from the house of darts) in the Mexica military , and thus his election was largely influenced by his military career and religious influence as a priest, as he was also the main priest of Huitzilopochtli 's temple. One example of a celebrated campaign in which he participated before ascending to the throne was during

10318-525: The husband of La Malinche . However, in 1530, Charles V decreed the area as the property of the Mexico City and open to it to the public. The Spanish continued to use the Aztec aqueduct, but in 1771, another one was deemed necessary for the growing population of Mexico City. The Chapultepec aqueduct led water from the springs of the forest to an area in what was the south of the city, called Salto del Agua. It flowed over 904 arches and 3,908 meters. In 1785,

10452-421: The importance of this area is primarily as an ecological preserve for various species of flora and fauna, such as snakes and lizards. In 1992, it was decreed as a Protected Natural Area. In 2010, there were reports of feral dogs attacking visitors in the third section. Approximately 150 feral dogs were living in the small canyon areas of this section that year. The fourth section is the westernmost zone and it

10586-464: The last stages of the conquest of Ayotlan, during Ahuizotl's reign in the late 15th century. During this campaign, which lasted 4 years, a group of Mexica pochteca merchants were put under siege by the enemy forces. This was important because the merchants were closely related to Ahuizotl and served as military commanders and soldiers themselves when needed. To rescue the merchants, Ahuizotl sent then-prince Moctezuma with many soldiers to fight against

10720-402: The main commander of the Spanish troops that entered Mexico in the year 1519, himself stated in his letters to the king of Spain that he would not bother describing it, claiming that it "was so marvelous that it seems to me impossible to describe its excellence." The palace had a large courtyard that opened into the central plaza of the city to the north, where Templo Mayor was. This courtyard

10854-505: The major pre-Hispanic civilizations in Mexico, including the Aztec, Maya , Toltec, and Olmec . The permanent collection is quite large, and many visitors spend several hours seeing it. There are also temporary exhibits displayed year-round. The Rufino Tamayo Museum is in the first section on Paseo de la Reforma. The permanent collection mostly focuses on the namesake, but there are also works by other Mexican and foreign artists that Tamayo donated. During his lifetime, Tamayo collected one of

10988-409: The merchants sent by Moctezuma in the area. The Mexica managed to raise an army of 400,000 and first conquered Tototepec. Quetzaltepec was also conquered, but it rebelled along with various sites across Oaxaca soon after when the Mexica lost the Battle of Atlixco against Huejotzingo . Being a fortified city with six walls, the Mexica put the city under siege for several days, with the each of groups of

11122-454: The most important Mexican species at the facility include a rabbit native to only a few volcanoes in Mexico, the volcano rabbit , the Mexican wolf , ocelot , jaguar and axolotl . Today, it has 16,000 animals of 270 species, separated into four sections according to habitat: tropical forest, temperate forest, desert, and grassland. About one third of the animals are native to Mexico. Most of

11256-445: The most important collections of 20th-century art, which included art works from Andy Warhol , Picasso , Miró , Fernando Botero , Magritte , and about 100 others. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is located on Paseo de la Reforma and Calle Gandhi, and it hosts various temporary exhibits. The museum's complex was constructed using modern architecture techniques, which consisted of two circular buildings surrounding

11390-415: The most visited attraction of the park, especially on Sundays. It is estimated that half of all park visitors come to the zoo. The zoo was established by Alfonso L. Herrera , a biologist, and opened in 1924. Herrera's intention was to reestablish the zoo tradition of the old Aztec emperors and improve upon it. He began with species native to Mexico and then added others from the rest of the world. He modeled

11524-618: The museums in the first section are located along Paseo de la Reforma. Of all of the museums in the park, the most famous is the National Museum of Anthropology, considered one of the most famous archeological museums in the world. The museum has a number of antecedents beginning from the colonial period, but the current institution was created in the 1960s with the building and grounds designed by architect Pedro Ramírez Vázquez . This museum has an area of 44,000 m (470,000 sq ft) and 25 exhibit halls with sections devoted to each of

11658-517: The official residence of Mexico's heads of state, including the Emperor Maximilian , who had the Paseo de la Reforma built to connect this area with the historic center of the city. During this time, the Castle and the gardens around it were enlarged and embellished a number of times, giving the Castle a floorspace of 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft). The most outstanding of the patios and garden

11792-417: The park from Mexico City Metro Metro Line 1 and Mexico City Metrobús Line 7 , while Constituyentes metro station and Auditorio metro station provide access from Mexico City Metro Line 7 . There is also access have stations at park entrances to the east and south respectively. Several bus lines along Paseo de la Reforma. The oldest and most visited portion of the park is called the "first section". It

11926-486: The park was closed section by section for restoration and rehabilitation projects. The first section was closed for eight months in 2005, for work that included dredging lakes, pruning and removing trees, picking up tons of debris, and expelling hundreds of vendors. Shortly thereafter, projects on the second and third sections of the park began, mostly to control or eliminate rats, feral dogs and cats, pigeons, and other introduced species. In 2005, migratory birds began to make

12060-559: The park was created in 1964 by expanding over former farmlands. This section is separated by Anillo Periférico road and measures 160.02 hectares. It is not as developed as the first section, but it is also dedicated to recreational activities. Lago Mayor overlaps with the second section; this part of the lake contains the Monumental Fountain, the largest one in Latin America. It is surrounded by several restaurants and cafés. Nearby are

12194-447: The parties involved with no territorial purposes, but instead to capture and sacrifice as many soldiers as possible. During this period, Mexico and Tlaxcala still were not at war, but the tension between these nations was high, and the embassy sent for this purpose was put in a highly risky situation, for which reason Moctezuma chose as members of the embassy only experts in diplomacy , espionage , and languages. Fortunately, his invitation

12328-467: The political establishments founded during the pre-Hispanic era, leaving just a few in place. Among the few policies that lasted was the divide between the nobility and the commoners, as members of the pre-Hispanic nobility continued to enjoy various privileges under the Viceroyalty of New Spain , such as land ownership through a system known as cacicazgo . Moctezuma, like many of his predecessors, built

12462-416: The population during natural disasters and to compensate for a less expansionist focus in his military campaigns. Most of the policies implemented during his rule would not last long after his death, as the empire fell into Spanish control on 13 August 1521 as a result of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , one year after he died. The new Spanish authorities implemented their laws and removed many of

12596-470: The population. Moctezuma and the lords of Texcoco and Tlacopan, Nezahualpilli , and Totoquihuatzin, attempted to aid the population during the disaster, including using all available food supplies to feed the population and raising tributes for one year. The drought and famine ultimately lasted three years, and at some point became so severe that some noblemen reportedly sold their children as slaves in exchange for food to avoid starvation. Moctezuma ordered

12730-404: The population. Some provinces, however, ended up paying more tribute permanently, most likely as the result of his primary military focus shifting from territorial expansion to stabilization of the empire through the suppression of rebellions. Most of the provinces affected by these new tributary policies were in the Valley of Mexico . For example, the province of Amaquemecan , which formed part of

12864-575: The pre-Classic period. The first identified culture archaeologists have evidence for is the Toltecs. The Toltecs named the area "grasshopper hill", which would later become Nahuatl "Chapoltepēc" ("at the grasshopper hill"). Remains of a Toltec altar have been found on the hill's summit. In the Classic Period, the area was occupied by people of the Teotihuacan culture. When the Mexicans, or Aztecs arrived in

12998-615: The process. Abundant territorial expansion was carried out following this. Another notable rebellion occurred in Atlixco (in modern-day Puebla ), a city neighboring Tlaxcala which had previously been conquered by Ahuizotl. This rebellion occurred in 1508, and was repressed by a prince named Macuilmalinatzin. This wasn't the first conflict that occurred in this region, as its proximity with Tlaxcala and Huejotzingo would cause multiple conflicts to erupt in this area during Moctezuma's reign. A large series of rebellions occurred in 1510, likely as

13132-457: The region and probably turned the Kingdom of Tlachinollan (modern-day Tlapa ) into a tributary province during the rule of Lord Tlaloc between 1461 and 1467 (though the kingdom would not be invaded and fully conquered until the reign of Ahuizotl in 1486, along with Caltitlan, a city neighboring west of Tlapa). In between the years of 1503 and 1509, a campaign was launched against Xipetepec, and another

13266-484: The region were also conquered. He also went to war against the Tarascan Empire for the first time since Axayácatl was defeated in his disastrous invasion. This war caused high casualties on both sides. The Mexica succeeded at taking a large amount of captives, but failed to conquer any territory. Among the final military campaigns carried out by Moctezuma, aside from the late stages of the war against Tlaxcala, were

13400-694: The removal of dead or severely infected trees. These rehabilitation efforts of the 2000s were funded by a combination of government and private funds from groups like Probosque. Chapultepec Park is the second largest city park in Latin America , after the Santiago Metropolitan Park in Chile , measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,700 acres). It is classed as one of the world's largest and most visited urban parks, along with Bois de Boulogne in Paris ,

13534-456: The rest were sacrificed in his honor on the fourth day of his coronation. In Nopala, Mexica soldiers committed a massacre and burned down the temples and houses, going against Moctezuma's wishes. After the campaign, celebrations for his coronation continued in Tenochtitlan. Moctezuma's territorial expansion, however, would not truly begin until another rebellion was suppressed in Tlachquiauhco (today known as Tlaxiaco ), where its ruler, Malinalli,

13668-454: The same year; Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl states that the coronation took place on 24 May 1503. However, most documents say Moctezuma's coronation happened in the year 1502, and therefore most historians believe this to have been the actual date. After his coronation, Moctezuma set up thirty-eight more provincial divisions, largely to centralize the empire. He sent out bureaucrats, accompanied by military garrisons, who made sure tax

13802-686: The second section of the park underwent rehabilitation, funded in part by a private charity group called Probosque de Chapultepec. Most of the work was done on the jogging track, the Tlaloc Fountain, the Cárcamo de Dolores building, the El agua: origen de la vida mural, and the construction of an agora . These works together form the Museo Jardín del Agua (Water Garden Museum). In addition, a large number of dead trees were removed and about 800 new ones planted. There

13936-399: The species, still living, is El Tlatoani, which is more than 700 years old and is the oldest tree in the park. In addition to these trees, there are sequoias, cedars, palms, poplars , pines, ginkgos , and more. Los Pinos has been the official residence of the presidents of Mexico since 1941. Though the presidential residence is inside the park, there is no public access to it. The residence

14070-426: The state into being conquered by Tlaxcala. During his reign, he married the queen of Ecatepec , Tlapalizquixochtzin , making him king consort of this altepetl , though according to the chronicle written by Bernal Díaz del Castillo , very few people in Mexico knew about this political role, being only a few among his closest courtiers among those who knew. The first military campaign during his rule, which

14204-456: The surviving ones too low in numbers to fight. An important campaign was the conquest of Xaltepec (today known as Jaltepec ) and Cuatzontlan and the suppression of the last revolt in Icpatepec, all in Oaxaca. This war started as the result of provocations given by Jaltepec against Moctezuma through killing as many Mexicas as they could find in their area, as some sort of way to challenge him, and

14338-413: The then sumptuous Polanco , but smaller". Verónica Anzures has, mainly, residential buildings of art deco and colonial revival styles. The colonia also houses several commercial buildings, Torre Ejecutiva Pemex , headquarters of state-owned Pemex , one of the largest petroleum companies in the world and shopping center Plaza de las Estrellas , being the two most important. From the first decade of

14472-530: The use of force and often ended with violent results. As mentioned previously, the first campaign during his reign, which was done in honor of his coronation, was the suppression of a rebellion in Nopallan (today known as Santos Reyes Nopala ) and Icpatepec (a Mixtec town that no longer exists which was near Silacayoapam ), both in modern-day Oaxaca . The prisoners taken during this campaign were later used as slaves or for human sacrifice . After Mexico suffered

14606-469: The vendor restrictions are not in place, some vendors sometimes block the entrances and cover signs so that visitors are forced to pass through their stands. Maintenance issues have closed parts of the park from time to time. In 1985, the park was closed to exterminate rats and other pests. In 2005, the park was filled with trees in poor condition, had scum in the lakes, and had trash piles in several locations, including fountains. From that year until 2010,

14740-481: The weapons and resources needed. As a result of these negotiations, Tlatelolco was given more sovereignty; they were permitted to rebuild their main temple which was partially destroyed in the Battle of Tlatelolco in a civil war during Axayácatl 's reign, act largely independently during military campaigns, and be absolved from paying tribute. Many of these policies were planned together with his uncle Tlilpotonqui , cihuacoatl of Mexico and son of Tlacaelel , at

14874-418: The workshop. It also exhibits artworks from the 19th and 20th century. One of the most popular features in the first section is an artificial lake called the Lago Menor (Smaller Lake). It is one of two lakes in the park; the larger one, Lago Mayor, is in the second section. Lagor Menor, however, attracts more visitors than the other. Visitors can rent paddleboats and small rowboats at the lake. The Lago Menor

15008-685: The year 1503. A work currently held at the Art Institute of Chicago known as the Stone of the Five Suns is an inscription written in stone representing the Five Suns and a date le 11 reed, which is equivalent to 15 July 1503 in the Gregorian calendar . Some historians believe this to be the exact date on which the coronation took place, as it is also included in some primary sources. Other dates have been given from

15142-413: The year 1504 when the city of Achiotlan (today known as San Juan Achiutla ) was conquered. This war, according to some sources, was supposedly mainly caused by "a small tree which belonged to a lord of the place which grew such beautiful flowers Moctezuma's envy couldn't resist it", and when Moctezuma asked for it, the lord of the city refused to offer it, thus starting the war. After the conquest, this tree

15276-603: The year 1507, the year of the New Fire Ceremony , abundant military action occurred. Among the towns that are listed to have been conquered this year are: Tecuhtepec (from which multiple prisoners were sacrificed for the ceremony), Iztitlan, Nocheztlan (an important town northeast of Achiutla), Quetzaltepec, and Tototepec. The conquest of Tototepec formed part of the conquests of some of the last few Tlapanec territories of modern-day Guerrero, an area which had already been in decline since Moctezuma I began his first campaigns in

15410-522: The zoo after the Bioparco di Roma in Rome, Italy. Between 1950 and 1960, the zoo expanded and added new species. In 1975, the zoo obtained two pandas from China. Since then, at least eight panda cubs have been born at the zoo, making it the first institution outside of China to breed the species. From 1992 to 1994, the zoo was completely remodeled, categorizing exhibits by habitat rather than type of species. Some of

15544-520: The zoo were widely varied, holding animals like quetzals , eagles , true parrots , and others, and also included water species like roseate spoonbills and various others that had their pond . The section with animals other than birds, which was decorated with figures of gods associated with the wild, was also considerably varied, having jaguars , wolves , snakes , and other smaller predatory animals. These animals were fed on hunted animals like deer , turkeys , and other smaller animals. Allegedly,

15678-439: Was a place where hundreds of courtiers would hold multiple sorts of activities, including feasts and waiting for royal business to be conducted. This courtyard had suites of rooms that surrounded smaller courtyards and gardens. His residence had many rooms for various purposes. Aside from his room, at the central part of the upper floor, there were two rooms beside it which were known as coacalli (guest house). One of these rooms

15812-654: Was accepted, and Moctezuma used this opportunity to show his greatness to the lords who attended. However, because the invitation was secret to avoid a scandal for inviting his rivals to this ceremony, Moctezuma ordered that no one should know that the lords were present, not even the rulers of Tlacopan (today known as Tacuba) and Texcoco, and the lords saw themselves often forced to pretend to be organizers to avoid confusion. Though Moctezuma would continue to hold meetings with these people, where various religious rituals were held, it did not take long for large-scale conflicts to erupt between these nations. An important thing to note

15946-476: Was also Nezahualcóyotl 's grandson; he was a son of emperor Axayácatl and one of Nezahualcóyotl's daughters, Izelcoatzin or Xochicueyetl. Two of his uncles were Tízoc and Ahuizotl , the two previous emperors. As was customary among Mexica nobles, Moctezuma was educated in the Calmecac , the educational institution for the nobility. He would have been enrolled into the institution at a very early age, likely at

16080-539: Was being paid, national laws were being upheld and served as local judges in case of disagreement. Moctezuma's reign began with difficulties. In the year 1505, a major drought resulted in widespread crop failure , and thus a large portion of the population of central Mexico began to starve. One of the few places in the empire not affected by this drought was Totonacapan , and many people from Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco sought refuge in this region to avoid starvation. Large amounts of maize were brought from this area to aid

16214-403: Was built for the lords of Tlacopan and Texcoco, the other two members of the Triple Alliance, who came to visit. The other room was for the lords of Colhuacan , Tenayohcan (today known as Tenayuca ) and Chicuhnautlan (today, Santa María Chiconautla  [ es ] ). The exact reason why this room had this purpose remains uncertain, though a few records like Codex Mendoza say the reason

16348-411: Was built here, eventually becoming the official residence of Mexico's heads of state. It would remain so until 1934, when Los Pinos , in another area of the park, became the presidential residence. Bosque de Chapultepec is divided into four sections, with the first section being the oldest and most visited. This section contains most of the park's attractions, including the castle, the Chapultepec Zoo ,

16482-563: Was burnt and destroyed, along with many other constructions, in the year 1521 during the Siege of Tenochtitlan , as the Spanish captain Hernán Cortés ordered for many of the buildings that formed part of the royal palaces to be burnt to demoralize the Mexica army and civilians. Though Cortés himself admitted that he enjoyed the zoo, he stated that he saw it as a necessary measure in his third letter to King Charles I of Spain . Another construction

16616-510: Was created in the late 19th century, when the first section (then the entire park) was redesigned. At the same time Lago Menor was created, the Casa del Lago was constructed. It is shallow with an average depth of a little over one meter. The Casa del Lago, also called the Restaurante del Lago, is now a restaurant that serves continental food and some Mexican dishes. In addition to the lake, there are

16750-474: Was done in honor of his coronation, was the violent suppression of a rebellion in Nopala and Icpatepec. For this war, a force of over 60,000 soldiers from Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tepanec lands, Chalco , and Xochimilco participated, and Moctezuma himself went to the frontlines. Approximately 5100 prisoners were taken after the campaign, many of whom were given to inhabitants of Tenochtitlan and Chalco as slaves, while

16884-573: Was inaugurated in 2021. It has a surface of 74 hectares. It was donated by the SEDENA . 19°24′47″N 99°11′52″W  /  19.41306°N 99.19778°W  / 19.41306; -99.19778 Moctezuma II Moctezuma Xocoyotzin ( c.  1466 – 29 June 1520), retroactively referred to in European sources as Moctezuma II , was the ninth emperor of the Aztec Empire (also known as

17018-479: Was killed after trying to start the rebellion. In this campaign, all adults above the age of 50 within the city were killed under Moctezuma's orders as he blamed them for the rebellion. A characteristic fact about Moctezuma's wars was that a large portion of them had the purpose of suppressing rebellions rather than conquering new territory, contrary to his predecessors, whose main focus was territorial expansion. During his reign, multiple rebellions were suppressed by

17152-534: Was launched (as mentioned previously) in 1507 against Tototepec, which had previously been a territory conquered by Tlachinollan in the mid-14th century. The campaign in Tototepec occurred as the result of a large group of Mexica merchants sent by Moctezuma being killed after they attempted to trade for some of the resources of the area on his behalf. During the conquest of Tototepec, two important Mexica noblemen, Ixtlilcuechahuac and Huitzilihuitzin (not to be confused with

17286-466: Was moved to the Los Pinos residence, and the Castle was converted into a museum. Since then, the park has been expanded twice, adding the second section in 1964 and the third section ten years later. Since then, the focus has been on the maintenance of the area. By 1998, the paths of the park, especially in the first section, were saturated with over 3,000 peddlers with few regulations or norms. In 2005,

17420-567: Was reserved only for Aztec emperors and other elite. After the Conquest, a small chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael was built on the hill by Claudio de Arciniega in the middle of the 16th century. In the 18th century, the Spanish built the Chapultepec Castle, which initially was a summer retreat for viceroys . After the Independence , the Castle remained for the elite, becoming

17554-587: Was supposedly taken to Tenochtitlan. The second conquest occurred in Zozollan, a place neighboring east of Achiutla, on 28 May 1506, during the campaign against the Yanhuitlan rebellion. This conquest had a particularly violent result, as a special sacrifice was held after the campaign where the prisoners captured in Zozollan were the victims. "The Mexicans killed many of the people from Zozola [ sic ] which they captured in war", according to old sources. In

17688-409: Was that these lords were personal friends of Moctezuma. There was also another room which became known as Casa Denegrida de Moctezuma (Spanish: Moctezuma's Black House), a room with no windows and fully painted black which was used by Moctezuma to meditate . Remains of this room have been found in recent years in modern Mexico City . The upper floor had a large courtyard which was likely used as

17822-597: Was the Chapultepec aqueduct , built in 1506 to bring fresh water directly from Chapultepec to Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco. This water was driven to the merchant ports of the city for people to drink and to the temples. This aqueduct was destroyed less than a year after Moctezuma's death, during the Siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521, as the Spaniards decided to destroy it to cut Tenochtitlan's water supply. Some Mexica warriors attempted to resist its destruction, but were repelled by

17956-503: Was the great-grandson of Moctezuma I through his daughter Atotoztli II and her husband Huehue Tezozómoc (not to be confused with the Tepanec leader ). According to some sources, Tezozómoc was the son of emperor Itzcóatl , which would make Moctezuma his great-grandson, but other sources claim that Tezozómoc was Chimalpopoca 's son, thus nephew of Itzcóatl, and a lord in Ecatepec . Moctezuma

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