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34-819: The terrain is mostly flat; rivers include the Baro , which is the only navigable river in Ethiopia, the Alworo and the Gilo ; major bodies of water include Lakes Alworo and Thatha . A notable landmark is the Gambela National Park , which covers a large part of the Zone south of the Baro. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has

68-466: A November 2021 rain and hail storm, flash flooding can drive scorpions from their lairs to deadly effects. Aswan is one of the least humid cities on the planet, with an average relative humidity of only 26%, with a maximum mean of 42% during winter and a minimum mean of 16% during summer. The weather of Aswan is extremely clear, bright and sunny year-round in all seasons, with low seasonal variation and almost 4,000 hours of annual sunshine – very close to

102-647: A total population of 99,556, of whom 50,722 are men and 48,834 women. 52,561 or 52.8% of population are urban inhabitants. A total of 24,490 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 4.07 persons to a household. The largest ethnic groups of the zone were the Anyuak (66.7%), the Oromo (9.14%), the Amhara (9.1%), Kambaata (4.35%), Mezhenger (2.3%), Tigray (2.19%), Welayta (1.52%), Gurage (1.4%), and Hadiya (1.19%); all other ethnic groups made up 3.44% of

136-521: Is 1 refugee camp, housing 29,912 refugees from South Sudan, located in Anywaa Zone. 8°10′N 34°30′E  /  8.167°N 34.500°E  / 8.167; 34.500 Baro River The Baro River ( Amharic : ባሮ ወንዝ ) or Baro/Openo Wenz , known to the Anuak as Openo River , is a river in southwestern Ethiopia , which defines part of Ethiopian border with South Sudan . From its source in

170-793: Is a city in Southern Egypt , and is the capital of the Aswan Governorate . Aswan is a busy market and tourist centre located just north of the Aswan Dam on the east bank of the Nile at the first cataract . The modern city has expanded and includes the formerly separate community on the island of Elephantine . Aswan includes five monuments within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae ; these are

204-868: Is created by the confluence of the Birbir and Gebba Rivers , east of Metu in the Illubabor Zone of the Oromia Region . It then flows west through the Gambela Region to join with the Pibor River, both of them creating the Sobat. Other notable tributaries of the Baro/Openo include the Alwero and Jikawo Rivers . The Baro meets the Pibor river to the west of Jikawo. During the rainy season

238-462: Is dry. Winters are brief and pleasantly mild, though nights may be cool at times. The climate of Aswan is extremely dry year-round, with less than 1 mm (0.04 in) of average annual precipitation. The desert city is one of the driest ones in the world, and rainfall does not occur every year; in early 2001, the last rain in Aswan had been seven years earlier. When heavy precipitation does occur, as in

272-741: Is mentioned by numerous ancient writers, including Herodotus , Strabo , Stephanus of Byzantium , Ptolemy , Pliny the Elder , Vitruvius , and it appears on the Antonine Itinerary . It may also be mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel and the Book of Isaiah . The Nile is nearly 650 m (0.40 mi) wide above Aswan. From this frontier town to the northern extremity of Egypt, the river flows for more than 1,200 km (750 mi) without bar or cataract . The voyage from Aswan to Alexandria usually took 21 to 28 days in favorable weather. In April 2018,

306-466: The Baro/Openo Salient . This area is more closely connected to South Sudan than Ethiopia, both in terms of natural features and people. The Baro Salient was used as a sanctuary by Sudanese insurgents during the country's long civil wars . It was difficult for Sudan to exert authority over a region that is part of Ethiopia, and Ethiopia was reluctant to police this remote region and become involved in

340-677: The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the head of the bust of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius at the Temple of Kom Ombo during work to protect the site from groundwater. In September 2018, the Egyptian Antiquities Minister Khaled el-Enany announced that a sandstone sphinx statue had been discovered at the temple of Kom Ombo. The statue, measuring approximately 28 cm (11 in) in width and 38 cm (15 in)) in height, probably dates to

374-627: The Ethiopian Highlands it flows west for 306 kilometres (190 mi) to join the Pibor River . The Baro-Pibor confluence marks the beginning of the Sobat River , a tributary of the White Nile . The Baro and its tributaries drain a watershed 41,400 km (16,000 sq mi) in size. The river's mean annual discharge at its mouth is 241 m³/s (8,510 ft³/s). The Baro/Openo river

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408-576: The Ptolemaic Dynasty . Archaeologists discovered 35 mummified remains of Egyptians in a tomb in Aswan in 2019. Italian archaeologist Patrizia Piacentini and El-Enany both reported that the tomb, where the remains of ancient men, women and children were found, dates back to the Greco-Roman period between 332 BC and 395 AD. While the findings assumed belonging to a mother and a child were well preserved, others had suffered major destruction. Other than

442-631: The UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of craft and folk art. Aswan joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2017. Aswan was formerly spelled Assuan or Assouan. Names in other languages include ( Arabic : أسوان , romanized :  ʾAswān ; Ancient Egyptian : Swenett ; Coptic : Ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ , romanized:  Souan ; Ancient Greek : Συήνη , romanized :  Suēnē ; proposed Biblical Hebrew : סְוֵנֵה Sǝwēnê ). The Nubians also call

476-517: The Baro river valley, and published his findings in 1952. The second-longest bridge in Ethiopia crosses the Baro, connecting two parts of the Gambela Region. This bridge is 305 meters long. Aswan Aswan ( / æ s ˈ w ɑː n , ɑː s -/ , also US : / ˈ æ s w ɑː n , ˈ ɑː s -, ˈ æ z -/ ; Arabic : أسوان , romanized :  ʾAswān [ʔɑsˈwɑːn] ; Coptic : Ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ Souan [swɑn] )

510-678: The Old and Middle Kingdom tombs of Qubbet el-Hawa , the town of Elephantine , the stone quarries and Unfinished Obelisk , the Monastery of St. Simeon and the Fatimid Cemetery . The city's Nubian Museum is an important archaeological center, containing finds from the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia before the Aswan Dam flooded all of Lower Nubia . The city is part of

544-618: The Romans during their occupation of Ancient Egypt because of the similar association of their goddesses with childbirth, and of which the import is "the opener". The ancient name of the city also is said to be derived from the Egyptian symbol for "trade", or "market". Because the Ancient Egyptians oriented themselves toward the origin of the life-giving waters of the Nile in the south, and as Swenett

578-605: The Sobat. During the rainy season, between June and October, the Baro River alone contributes about 10% of the Nile's water at Aswan , Egypt . In contrast, these rivers have very low flow during the dry season. The boundary between Sudan and Ethiopia was defined for the region near the Baro/Openo River in 1899 by Major H.H. Austin and Major Charles W. Gwynn of the British Royal Engineers . They had no knowledge of

612-444: The ancient geographers and mathematicians. They believed that it was seated immediately under the tropic , and that on the day of the summer solstice , a vertically positioned staff cast no shadow. They noted that the sun's disc was reflected in a deep well (or pit) at noon. This statement is only approximately correct; at the summer solstice, the shadow was only 1 ⁄ 400 of the staff, and so could scarcely be discerned, and

646-515: The city Dib which means " fortress, palace " and is derived from the Old Nubian name ⲇⲡ̅ⲡⲓ. Aswan is the ancient city of Swenett , later known as Syene , which in antiquity was the frontier town of Ancient Egypt facing the south. Swenett is supposed to have derived its name from an Egyptian goddess with the same name. This goddess later was identified as Eileithyia by the Greeks and Lucina by

680-418: The crumbling temple was decorated with palm leaf carvings and an incomplete sandstone panel that described a Roman emperor. Researcher Abdel Badie states more generally that the church contained ovens used to bake pottery, four rooms, a long hall, stairs, and stone tiles. Northern Tropic boundary The latitude of the city that would become Aswan – located at 24° 5′ 23″ – was an object of great interest to

714-525: The earliest depiction of the White Crown with an estimated dating range between 3200BC and 3100BC. In February 2021, archaeologists from the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced significant discoveries at an archaeological site called Shiha Fort in Aswan, namely a Ptolemaic period temple, a Roman fort, an early Coptic church and an inscription in hieratic script. According to Mostafa Waziri ,

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748-399: The granitic rock called syenite . They furnished the colossal statues, obelisks , and monolithic shrines that are found throughout Egypt, including the pyramids ; and the traces of the quarrymen who worked (alongside domesticated draft animals) in these 3,000 years ago are still visible in the native rock. They lie on either bank of the Nile , and a road, 6.5 km (4.0 mi) in length,

782-657: The land, its inhabitants, or their languages, and were short on supplies. Rather than defining a line based on ethnic groups and traditional territories, essentially along the escarpment that separates the highlands and the plains, they simply proposed drawing the line down the middle of the Akobo River and parts of the Pibor and Baro rivers. This boundary was consummated in the Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1902, resulting in an area in Ethiopian Gambela Region called

816-535: The maximum theoretical sunshine duration. Aswan is one of the sunniest places on Earth. The highest record temperature was 51 °C (124 °F) on July 4, 1918, and the lowest record temperature was −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) on January 6, 1989. In 2012, the Aswan University was inaugurated, which is headquartered in the city. Aswan is also home to the Aswan Higher Institute of Social Work, which

850-432: The mummies, artifacts including painted funerary masks, vases of bitumen used in mummification, pottery and wooden figurines were revealed. Thanks to the hieroglyphs on the tomb, it was detected that the tomb belongs to a tradesman named Tjit. Piacentini commented "It's a very important discovery because we have added something to the history of Aswan that was missing. We knew about tombs and necropoli dating back to

884-501: The northern limb of the Sun's disc would be nearly vertical. More than 2200 years ago, Greek polymath Eratosthenes used this information to calculate Earth's circumference . Aswan has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) like the rest of Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have the hottest summer days of any city in Egypt . Aswan is one of the hottest, sunniest and driest cities in

918-454: The politics of Sudan's internal conflicts. Vittorio Bottego , who explored the area in the later 1890s, proposed naming the river after Admiral Simone Antonio Saint-Bon . The only navigable river in Ethiopia, the Baro's most important city is Gambela , which served as a port from 1907 until the 1990s when civil war in Ethiopia and Sudan forced shipping on the river to be halted. The Italian L. Usoni unsuccessfully prospected for gold in

952-566: The population. Anywaa is spoken as a first language by 66.7%, 11.33% Amharic , 8.59% Oromo , 4.47% speak Kambaata , 1.96% speak Tigrinya , 1.45% speak Wolaytta , 1.1% speak Hadiyya , and 1.09% speak Guragie ; the remaining 3.31% spoke all other primary languages reported. The largest group of the inhabitants said they were Protestant , with 64.81% of the population reporting they embraced that belief, while 29.16% professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , 5.61% were Catholic , 5.3% were Muslim , and 2.2% practiced traditional religions. There

986-531: The river floods to form a huge inundated area to the east and south of Jikawo, previously penetrating as far as Abobo and Gog to the east and south-east. Baro is the wettest lowland river and the most navigable. The Khor Machar is a distributary of the Baro which feeds the Machar Marshes . Of the Sobat River's tributaries, the Baro/Openo River is by far the largest, contributing 83% of the total water flowing into

1020-461: The second and third millennium, but we didn't know where the people who lived in the last part of the Pharaonic era were. Aswan, on the southern border of Egypt , was also a very important trading city". Stan Hendrick, John Coleman Darnell and Maria Gatto in 2012 excavated petroglyphic engravings from Nag el-Hamdulab in Aswan which featured representations of a boat procession, solar symbolism and

1054-471: The world. Average high temperatures are consistently above 40 °C (104.0 °F) during summer (June, July, August and also September) while average low temperatures remain above 25 °C (77.0 °F). Average high temperatures remain above 23 °C (73.4 °F) during the coldest month of the year while average low temperatures remain above 8 °C (46.4 °F). Summers are very prolonged and extremely hot with blazing sunshine although desert heat

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1088-457: Was cut beside them from Syene to Philae . Swenett was equally important as a military station and for its position on a trade route. Under every dynasty it was a garrison town; and here tolls and customs were levied on all boats passing southwards and northwards. Around 330, the legion stationed here received a bishop from Alexandria ; this later became the Coptic Diocese of Syene . The city

1122-560: Was established in 1975. The city is crossed by the Cape to Cairo Road , which connects it to Luxor and Cairo to the north, and Abu Simbel and Wadi Halfa to the south. Also important is the Aswan- Berenice highway, which connects with the ports of the Red Sea . Aswan is linked to Cairo by the Cape to Cairo Railway , which also connects it with Wadi Halfa. The railway is incomplete towards

1156-478: Was the southernmost town in the country, Egypt always was conceived to "open" or begin at Swenett. The city stood upon a peninsula on the right (east) bank of the Nile , immediately below (and north of) the first cataract of the flowing waters, which extended to it from Philae . Navigation to the delta was possible from this location without encountering a barrier. The stone quarries of ancient Egypt located here were celebrated for their stone, and especially for

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