Anuṣṭubh ( Sanskrit : अनुष्टुभ् , IPA: [ɐnuˈʂʈubʱ] ) is a metre and a metrical unit, found in both Vedic and Classical Sanskrit poetry, but with significant differences.
58-479: By origin, an anuṣṭubh stanza is a quatrain of four lines. Each line, called a pāda (lit. "foot"), has eight syllables. Arnold distinguishes three varieties of anuṣṭubh in the Vedic corpus: an early free form, with very few restrictions except a general iambic (u – u x) tendency in the cadence ( vṛtta ) of each of the four pāda s; e.g. Next came a mildly trochaic development in the opening of each pāda ; and finally
116-543: A baronetcy offered him by Disraeli in 1865 and 1868, finally accepting a peerage in 1883 at Gladstone 's earnest solicitation. In 1884 Victoria created him Baron Tennyson , of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the Isle of Wight . He took his seat in the House of Lords on 11 March 1884. Tennyson also wrote a substantial quantity of unofficial political verse, from
174-654: A cerebral haemorrhage while on a holiday in Vienna . Hallam's death had a profound effect on Tennyson and inspired several poems, including "In the Valley of Cauteretz" and " In Memoriam A.H.H. ", a long poem detailing the "Way of the Soul". Tennyson and his family were allowed to stay in the rectory for some time, but later moved to Beech Hill Park, High Beach , deep within Epping Forest , Essex , about 1837. Tennyson's son recalled: "there
232-530: A difference of the arms of Thomas Tenison (1636–1715), Archbishop of Canterbury , themselves a difference of the arms of the 13th-century Denys family of Glamorgan and Siston in Gloucestershire, themselves a difference of the arms of Thomas de Cantilupe (c. 1218–1282), Bishop of Hereford , henceforth the arms of the See of Hereford ; the name "Tennyson" signifies "Denys's son", although no connection between
290-453: A "surface" to his poetry's "depths, to the abyss of sorrow". Other poets such as W. H. Auden maintained a more critical stance, stating that Tennyson was the "stupidest" of all the English poets, adding that: "There was little about melancholia he didn't know; there was little else that he did." Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful visual imagery, was a major influence on
348-642: A blessed home, And there to wait a little while till you and Effie come, - To lie within the light of God, as I lie upon your breast, - And the wicked cease from troubling, and the weary are at rest. In 1833 Tennyson published his second book of poetry, which notably included the first version of " The Lady of Shalott ". The volume met heavy criticism, which so discouraged Tennyson that he did not publish again for ten years, although he did continue to write. That same year, Hallam died suddenly and unexpectedly after suffering
406-635: A bolder lad 'll woo me any sum- mer day; And I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother, I'm to be Queen o' the May. If I can, I'll come again, mother, from out my resting-place; Though you'll not see me, mother, I shall look upon your face; Though I cannot speak a word, I shall hearken what you say, And be often, often with you when you think I'm far away. So now I think my time
464-470: A characteristically Victorian manner, Tennyson combines a deep interest in contemporary science with an unorthodox, even idiosyncratic, Christian belief. Famously, he wrote in In Memoriam : "There lives more faith in honest doubt, believe me, than in half the creeds." In Maud , 1855, he wrote: "The churches have killed their Christ". In " Locksley Hall Sixty Years After ", Tennyson wrote: "Christian love among
522-488: A comfort "In Memoriam A.H.H." had been. As source material for his poetry, Tennyson used a wide range of subject matter ranging from medieval legends to classical myths and from domestic situations to observations of nature. The influence of John Keats and other Romantic poets published before and during his childhood is evident from the richness of his imagery and descriptive writing. He also handled rhythm masterfully. The insistent beat of Break, Break, Break emphasises
580-509: A large family and "was a man of superior abilities and varied attainments, who tried his hand with fair success in architecture, painting, music, and poetry. He was comfortably well off for a country clergyman, and his shrewd money management enabled the family to spend summers at Mablethorpe and Skegness on the eastern coast of England". George Clayton Tennyson was elder son of attorney and MP George Tennyson (1749/50-1835), JP , DL , of Bayons Manor and Usselby Hall, who had also inherited
638-597: A monument to him stands on top of Tennyson Down. Lake Tennyson in New Zealand's high country, named by Frederick Weld , is assumed to be named after Lord Tennyson. He was succeeded as 2nd Baron Tennyson by his son, Hallam , who produced an authorised biography of his father in 1897, and was later the second Governor-General of Australia . Although Albert, Prince Consort , was largely responsible for Tennyson's appointment as Laureate, Queen Victoria became an ardent admirer of Tennyson's work, writing in her diary that she
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#1733086298913696-558: A new version of " The Lady of Shalott ", have met enduring fame. " The Princess: A Medley ", a satire on women's education that came out in 1847, was also popular for its lyrics. W. S. Gilbert later adapted and parodied the piece twice: in The Princess (1870) and in Princess Ida (1884). It was in 1850 that Tennyson reached the pinnacle of his career, finally publishing his masterpiece, " In Memoriam A.H.H. ", dedicated to Hallam. Later
754-424: A small village between Horncastle and Louth . Tennyson's father "carefully attended to the education and training of his children". Tennyson and two of his elder brothers were writing poetry in their teens and a collection of poems by all three was published locally when Alfred was only 17. One of those brothers, Charles Tennyson Turner , later married Louisa Sellwood, the younger sister of Alfred's future wife ;
812-826: A strong poetic power, which his early readers often attributed to his "Englishness" and his masculinity. Well-known among his longer works are Maud and Idylls of the King , the latter arguably the most famous Victorian adaptation of the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table . A common thread of grief, melancholy, and loss connects much of his poetry (including Mariana , The Lotos Eaters , Tears, Idle Tears , In Memoriam ), possibly reflecting Tennyson's lifelong struggle with debilitating depression. T. S. Eliot famously described Tennyson as "the saddest of all English poets", whose technical mastery of verse and language provided
870-822: A substantial, Romantic song-cycle". Charles Villiers Stanford set "Crossing the Bar" for high voice and piano in April 1880, a year after the poem has been first published. Maude Valérie White (four songs, 1885) and Liza Lehmann (10 songs, 1899) both composed song cycles selecting passages from In Memoriam . Roger Quilter set "Now sleeps the crimson petal" (from The Princess ) for voice and orchestra in 1905. "The splendour falls on castle walls" (also from The Princess ), has been set by many composers, including Arnold Bax , Benjamin Britten , Cecil Armstrong Gibbs , Gustav Holst , Stanford, Vaughan Williams and Charles Wood . Tennyson deplored
928-522: A variety of styles with such an exact understanding of metre ; like many Victorian poets, he experimented in adapting the quantitative metres of Greek and Latin poetry to English. He reflects the Victorian period of his maturity in his feeling for order and his tendency towards moralising. He also reflects a concern common among Victorian writers in being troubled by the conflict between religious faith and expanding scientific knowledge. Tennyson possessed
986-399: Is found, namely: Two rules that apply in every śloka are: Quatrain A quatrain is a type of stanza , or a complete poem , consisting of four lines . Existing in a variety of forms, the quatrain appears in poems from the poetic traditions of various ancient civilizations including Persia , Ancient India , Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , and China , and continues into
1044-510: Is in some ways mine", in 1892. Tennyson continued writing into his eighties. He died on 6 October 1892 at Aldworth, aged 83. He was buried at Westminster Abbey . A memorial was erected in All Saints' Church, Freshwater . His last words were, "Oh that press will have me now!". He left an estate of £57,206. Tennyson Down and the Tennyson Trail on the Isle of Wight are named after him, and
1102-707: Is near; I trust it is. I know The blessed music went that way my soul will have to go. And for myself, indeed, I care not if I go to-day; But Effie, you must comfort her when I am past away. And say to Robin a kind word, and tell him not to fret; There's many worthier than I, would make him happy yet. If I had lived - I cannot tell - I might have been his wife; But all these things have ceased to be, with my desire of life. Forever and forever, all in
1160-677: Is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . Tennyson was born on 6 August 1809 in Somersby, Lincolnshire , England. He was born into a successful middle-class family of minor landowning status distantly descended from John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers , and Francis Leke, 1st Earl of Scarsdale . His father, George Clayton Tennyson (1778–1831), was an Anglican clergyman who served as rector of Somersby (1807–1831), also rector of Benniworth (1802–1831) and Bag Enderby , and vicar of Grimsby (1815). He raised
1218-457: The hazel-tree? He thought of that sharp look, mother, I gave him yesterday, - But I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother, I'm to be Queen o' the May. They say he's dying all for love, - but that can never be; They say his heart is breaking, mother, - what is that to me? There's many
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#17330862989131276-511: The Cambridge Apostles . A portrait of Tennyson by George Frederic Watts is in Trinity's collection. At Cambridge, Tennyson met Arthur Hallam and William Henry Brookfield , who became his closest friends. His first publication was a collection of "his boyish rhymes and those of his elder brother Charles" entitled Poems by Two Brothers , published in 1827. In 1829, Tennyson was awarded
1334-573: The Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, "Timbuktu". Reportedly, "it was thought to be no slight honour for a young man of twenty to win the chancellor's gold medal". He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830. " Claribel " and " Mariana ", which later took their place among Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although decried by some critics as overly sentimental, his verse soon proved popular and brought Tennyson to
1392-568: The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood . In 1848, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt made a list of "Immortals", artistic heroes whom they admired, especially from literature, notably including Keats and Tennyson, whose work would form subjects for PRB paintings. The Lady of Shalott alone was a subject for Rossetti, Hunt, John William Waterhouse (three versions), and Elizabeth Siddall . A heraldic achievement of Alfred, Lord Tennyson exists in an 1884 stained-glass window in
1450-454: The 21st century, where it is seen in works published in many languages. This form of poetry has been continually popular in Iran since the medieval period, as Ruba'is form; an important faction of the vast repertoire of Persian poetry, with famous poets such as Omar Khayyam and Mahsati Ganjavi of Seljuk Persia writing poetry only in this format. Michel de Nostredame ( Nostradamus ) used
1508-610: The Cup, and in the fire of Spring Your Winter garment of Repentance fling: The Bird of Time has but a little way To flutter—and the Bird is on the Wing. Alfred Lord Tennyson Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson , FRS ( / ˈ t ɛ n ɪ s ən / ; 6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892), was an English poet. He was the Poet Laureate during much of Queen Victoria 's reign. In 1829, Tennyson
1566-428: The English language, including "Nature, red in tooth and claw" ("In Memoriam A.H.H."), "'Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all", "Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die", "My strength is as the strength of ten, / Because my heart is pure", "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield", "Knowledge comes, but Wisdom lingers", and "The old order changeth, yielding place to new". He
1624-526: The Hall of Trinity College, Cambridge , showing arms: Gules, a bend nebuly or thereon a chaplet vert between three leopard's faces jessant-de-lys of the second ; Crest : A dexter arm in armour the hand in a gauntlet or grasping a broken tilting spear enfiled with a garland of laurel ; Supporters : Two leopards rampant guardant gules semée de lys and ducally crowned or ; Motto: Respiciens Prospiciens ("Looking backwards (is) looking forwards"). These are
1682-470: The Indian verse par excellence , occurring, as it does, far more frequently than any other metre in classical Sanskrit poetry. By the 5th century CE, in the poetry of Kalidasa , the śloka had the restricted form shown in the table above. Each half-verse of 16 syllables can take either a pathyā ("normal") form or one of several vipulā ("extended") forms. The pathyā and vipulā half-verses are arranged in
1740-528: The Light Brigade", and excerpts from "The splendour falls" (from The Princess), "Come into the garden" (from Maud ), "Ask me no more", "Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington" and "Lancelot and Elaine". The sound quality is poor, as wax cylinder recordings usually are. Towards the end of his life Tennyson revealed that his "religious beliefs also defied convention, leaning towards agnosticism and pandeism ": In
1798-598: The attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge . In the spring of 1831, Tennyson's father died, requiring him to leave Cambridge before taking his degree. He returned to the rectory, where he was permitted to live for another six years and shared responsibility for his widowed mother and the family. Arthur Hallam came to stay with his family during the summer and became engaged to Tennyson's sister, Emilia Tennyson. The May Queen YOU must wake and call me early, call me early, mother dear; To-morrow 'll be
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1856-486: The attention of well-known writers of the day, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful visual imagery, was a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood . Tennyson also focused on short lyrics, such as " Break, Break, Break ", " The Charge of the Light Brigade ", " Tears, Idle Tears ", and " Crossing the Bar ". Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes, such as " Ulysses ". " In Memoriam A.H.H. "
1914-809: The bellicose "Form, Riflemen, Form", on the French crisis of 1859 and the Creation of the Volunteer Force , to "Steersman, be not precipitate in thine act/of steering", deploring Gladstone's Home Rule Bill . Tennyson's family were Whigs by tradition and Tennyson's own politics fitted the Whig mould, although he would also vote for the Liberal Party after the Whigs dissolved. Tennyson believed that society should progress through gradual and steady reform, not revolution, and this attitude
1972-537: The churches look'd the twin of heathen hate." In his play, Becket , he wrote: "We are self-uncertain creatures, and we may, Yea, even when we know not, mix our spites and private hates with our defence of Heaven". Tennyson recorded in his Diary (p. 127): "I believe in Pantheism of a sort". His son's biography confirms that Tennyson was an unorthodox Christian, noting that Tennyson praised Giordano Bruno and Spinoza on his deathbed, saying of Bruno, "His view of God
2030-503: The development of the "epic anuṣṭubh" (mostly in the Atharvaveda ) prefiguring the classical śloka form. Although in these hymns the iambic cadence of the first verse is still the most frequent (25%) of all varieties, it is already very nearly equalled (23%) by the normal and characteristic cadence of the first verse in the epic anuṣṭhubh ( śloka ), where the iambic cadence in the first verse has entirely disappeared. It has been shown that
2088-520: The estates of his mother's family, the Claytons, and married Mary, daughter and heiress of John Turner, of Caistor , Lincolnshire. George Clayton Tennyson was however pushed into a career in the church and passed over as heir in favour of his younger brother, Charles Tennyson d'Eyncourt . Alfred Tennyson's mother, Elizabeth (1781–1865), was the daughter of Stephen Fytche (1734–1799), vicar of St. James Church, Louth (1764) and rector of Withcall (1780),
2146-711: The future King Edward VII . In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best-known works, " The Charge of the Light Brigade ", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War . Other esteemed works written in the post of Poet Laureate include "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington" and "Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition". Tennyson declined
2204-408: The happiest time of all the glad new-year, - Of all the glad new-year, mother, the maddest, merriest day; For I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother, I'm to be Queen o' the May. As I came up the valley, whom think ye should I see But Robin leaning on the bridge beneath
2262-513: The influence of Carlyle and his ideas. Tennyson moved to London in 1840 and lived for a time at Chapel House, Twickenham . On 14 May 1842, while living modestly in London, Tennyson published the two volume Poems , of which the first included works already published and the second was made up almost entirely of new poems. They met with immediate success; poems from this collection, such as " Locksley Hall ", " Break, Break, Break ", and " Ulysses ", and
2320-404: The intensity of the consciousness of individuality, individuality itself seemed to dissolve and fade away into boundless being, and this was not a confused state but the clearest, the surest of the sure, utterly beyond words…" Tennyson was a student of King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth from 1816 to 1820. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge , in 1827, where he joined a secret society called
2378-498: The other was Frederick Tennyson . Another of Tennyson's brothers, Edward Tennyson, was institutionalised at a private asylum. The noted psychologist William James , in his book The Varieties of Religious Experience , quoted Tennyson concerning a type of experience with which Tennyson was familiar: "A kind of waking trance I have frequently had, quite up from boyhood, when I have been all alone. This has often come upon me through repeating my own name. All at once, as it were out of
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2436-504: The percentage of long (or heavy) syllables in 8-syllable lines in the Rigveda as a whole in each position is as follows: Thus the first half of the line tends to be iambic, while the second half is almost always iambic. In those lines where the 2nd syllable is short, the third syllable is almost always long. In classical Sanskrit the anuṣṭubh developed into its specific epic form known as śloka , as described above, which may be considered
2494-464: The poet John Clare . An unwise investment in Dr Allen's ecclesiastical wood-carving enterprise soon led to the loss of much of the family fortune, and led to a bout of serious depression. According to Tennyson's grandson Sir Charles Tennyson , Tennyson met Thomas Carlyle in 1839, if not earlier. The pair began a lifelong friendship, and were famous smoking companions. Some of Tennyson's work even bears
2552-448: The quatrain form to deliver his famous " prophecies " in the 16th century. There are fifteen possible rhyme schemes , but the most traditional and common are ABAA , AAAA , ABAB , and ABBA . An example can be found in the following of Thomas Gray 's " Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ". The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves
2610-492: The relentless sadness of the subject matter. Tennyson's use of the musical qualities of words to emphasise his rhythms and meanings is sensitive. The language of "I come from haunts of coot and hern" lilts and ripples like the brook in the poem and the last two lines of "Come down O maid from yonder mountain height" illustrate his telling combination of onomatopoeia , alliteration , and assonance : The moan of doves in immemorial elms And murmuring of innumerable bees. Tennyson
2668-813: The same year, he was appointed Poet Laureate , succeeding William Wordsworth . In the same year (on 13 June), Tennyson married Emily Sellwood , whom he had known since childhood, in the village of Shiplake . They had two sons, Hallam Tennyson (b. 11 August 1852)—named after his friend—and Lionel (b. 16 March 1854). Tennyson rented Farringford House on the Isle of Wight in 1853, eventually buying it in 1856. He eventually found that there were too many starstruck tourists who pestered him in Farringford, so he moved to Aldworth , in West Sussex in 1869. However, he retained Farringford, and regularly returned there to spend
2726-452: The table above in order of frequency of occurrence. The most common is the pathyā . Out of 2579 half-verses taken from Kalidasa , Bharavi , Magha , and Bilhana , each of the four admissible forms of shloka in this order claims the following share: 2289, 116, 89, 85; that is, 89% of the half-verses have the regular pathyā form. In earlier epic, such as the Mahabharata , a fourth vipula
2784-496: The two families is recorded. A list of works by Tennyson follows: Michael William Balfe 's setting of "Come Into the Garden, Maud" was a popular success in 1857, as sung by the celebrated tenor Sims Reeves . Arthur Somervell 's Maud (1898) used thirteen poems (not all of them complete) for his song cycle, enough "to retain a cogent narrative". Stephen Banfield believes it is "the nearest an English composer ever came to writing
2842-400: The use of unauthorised repetition in song settings, a device used by many composers, and so tried to circumvent this by supplying his own, as in "Break, Break, Break" (set by Sidney Lanier in 1871 and Cyril Rootham in 1906), and the repetition of "dying" in "The splendour falls", which as Trevor Hold points out, "has been a god-send to every composer who has set it". Tennyson's "Ulysses"
2900-516: The winters. In 1850, after William Wordsworth's death and Samuel Rogers ' refusal, Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate ; Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Leigh Hunt had also been considered. He held the position until his death in 1892, the longest tenure of any laureate. Tennyson fulfilled the requirements of this position, such as by authoring a poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry
2958-606: The world to darkness and to me. An example can be found in Robert Burns , " A Red, Red Rose ". O, my luve’s like a red, red rose, That's newly sprung in June; O, my luve’s like the melodie That's sweetly played in tune. An example can be found in Alfred Lord Tennyson 's " In Memoriam A.H.H. ". So word by word, and line by line, The dead man touch’d me from the past, And all at once it seem’d at last The living soul
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#17330862989133016-470: Was "much soothed & pleased" by reading " In Memoriam A.H.H. " after Albert's death. The two met twice, first in April 1862, when Victoria wrote in her diary, "very peculiar looking, tall, dark, with a fine head, long black flowing hair & a beard, oddly dressed, but there is no affectation about him." Tennyson met her a second time just over two decades later, on 7 August 1883, and the Queen told him what
3074-421: Was a craftsman who polished and revised his manuscripts extensively, to the point where his efforts at self-editing were described by his contemporary Robert Browning as "insane", symptomatic of "mental infirmity". His complex compositional practice and frequent redrafting also demonstrates a dynamic relationship between images and words, as can be seen in the many notebooks he worked in. Few poets have used such
3132-410: Was a pond in the park on which in winter my father might be seen skating, sailing about on the ice in his long blue cloak. He liked the nearness of London, whither he resorted to see his friends, but he could not stay in town even for a night, his mother being in such a nervous state that he did not like to leave her...". Tennyson befriended a Dr Allen, who ran a nearby asylum whose patients then included
3190-414: Was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces, "Timbuktu". He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems, Chiefly Lyrical , in 1830. " Claribel " and " Mariana ", which remain some of Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were included in this volume. Although described by some critics as overly sentimental, his poems ultimately proved popular and brought Tennyson to
3248-678: Was flash’d on mine. An example can be found in William Blake 's " The Tyger ". (These are the first and last stanzas of the poem) Tyger Tyger, burning bright, In the forests of the night; What immortal hand or eye, Could frame thy fearful symmetry? ... Tyger Tyger burning bright, In the forests of the night: What immortal hand or eye, Dare frame thy fearful symmetry An example can be found in “ La Belle Dame sans Merci ” by John Keats . I saw pale kings and princes too, Pale warriors, death-pale were they all; They cried—‘La Belle Dame sans Merci Thee hath in thrall!’ Come, fill
3306-621: Was reflected in his attitude toward universal suffrage, which he did not outright reject, but recommended only after the masses had been properly educated and adjusted to self-government. Upon passage of the 1832 Reform Act , Tennyson broke into a local church to ring the bells in celebration. Virginia Woolf wrote a play called Freshwater , showing Tennyson as host to his friends Julia Margaret Cameron and G. F. Watts . Colonel George Edward Gouraud , Thomas Edison 's European agent, made sound recordings of Tennyson reading his own poetry, late in his life. They include recordings of "The Charge of
3364-417: Was written to commemorate his friend Arthur Hallam , a fellow poet and student at Trinity College, Cambridge , after he died of a stroke at the age of 22. Tennyson also wrote notable blank verse , including Idylls of the King , "Ulysses", and " Tithonus ". During his career, Tennyson attempted drama, but his plays enjoyed little success. A number of phrases from Tennyson's work have become commonplace in
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