73-541: Anton Webern ( German: [ˈantoːn ˈveːbɐn] ; 3 December 1883 – 15 September 1945) was an Austrian composer, conductor, and musicologist. His music was among the most radical of its milieu in its concision and use of then novel atonal and twelve-tone techniques in an increasingly rigorous manner, somewhat after the Franco-Flemish School of his studies under Guido Adler . With his mentor Arnold Schoenberg and his colleague Alban Berg , Webern
146-617: A "voluntary exile" to Prague again. Nonetheless, he continued to raise funds, including his own, for Schoenberg, with whom he spent every day. Yet soon after he arrived, Webern broke his friendship with Schoenberg. The break was multifactorial but involved Webern's dissatisfaction with his career and financial turmoil. Berg learned of the Weberns' ill temperaments and "latent antisemitism" from Schoenberg, and noted that Schoenberg "wouldn't explain" further than "'Webern wants to go to Prague again'". Bailey Puffett argued that Webern's actions in and after
219-648: A 1922 performance of Mahler's Symphony No. 3 that established his reputation, prompting Berg to praise him as "the greatest conductor since Mahler himself". Webern's Mahler interpretations continued to be widely celebrated. From 1927, RAVAG aired twenty-two of Webern's performances. Milieu 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias The social environment , social context , sociocultural context or milieu refers to
292-681: A New Music society, Schoenberg angrily called Webern "secretive and deceitful" upon learning that Webern was instead considering Prague again. They reconciled in October 1918, not long before Webern's father died in 1919. Webern was changed by these events; he slowly began to grow more independent of Schoenberg, who was like a father to him. For his part, Schoenberg was not infrequently dubious of Webern, who he still considered his closest friend. Webern stayed in Vienna and worked with Berg, Schoenberg, and Erwin Stein at
365-420: A breakdown and saw Alfred Adler , who noted his idealism and perfectionism. There were many factors involved. Webern had little time (mostly summers) to compose. There were conflicts at work (e.g., he emphasized that a director called him a "little man" ). His ambivalence toward sales-oriented popular music theater contributed ("I ... stir the sauce", he wrote). "It appears ... improbable that I should remain with
438-490: A church-and-mountain view; they bathed in a pond (where Webern once saved Rosa from drowning). He drove horses to Bleiburg and fought a wildfire encroaching on the estate. These experiences and reading Peter Rosegger 's Heimatkunst [ de ] shaped Webern's distinct and lasting sense of Heimat . After a trip to Bayreuth , Webern studied musicology at the University of Vienna (1902–1906) with Guido Adler ,
511-550: A deterministic constraint ( milieu ) and as a nurturing shell ( ambiance ). Max Scheler distinguishes between milieu as an experienced value-world, and the objective social environment on which we draw to create the former, noting that the social environment can either foster or restrain our creation of a personal milieu. Pierre Janet saw neurosis in part as the product of the identified patient 's social environment – family, social network, work etc. – and considered that in some instances what he termed "social surgery" to create
584-435: A fragrant meadow , dug his hands into the soil, and breathed in the flowers and grass before rising to ask: "Do you sense 'Him' ... as strongly as I, 'Him, Pan '?" In 1934, Webern's lyricist and collaborator Hildegard Jone described his work as "filled ... with the endless love and delicacy of the memory of ... childhood". Webern told her, "through my work, all that is past becomes like a childhood". In 1912–1913, Webern had
657-515: A friend of Mahler , composition student of Bruckner , and devoted Wagnerian who had been in contact with both Wagner and Liszt . He quickly joined the Wagner Society , meeting popular conductors and musicians. Egon Wellesz recalled he and Webern analyzed Beethoven's late quartets at the piano in Adler's seminars. Webern learned the historical development of musical styles and techniques, editing
730-542: A healthier environment could be a beneficial measure. Similar ideas have since been taken up in community psychiatry and family therapy . Christmas gift A Christmas gift or Christmas present is a gift given in celebration of Christmas . Christmas gifts are often exchanged on Christmas Eve (December 24), Christmas Day itself (December 25) or on the last day of the twelve-day Christmas season , Twelfth Night ( January 5 ). The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition,
803-515: A lament sung at a funeral in a Rosegger novel. In "Wiese im Park", he selected a text from Kraus recognizing that the day was "dead", "und alles ... so alt" ("and everything ... so old"). Webern also set several disturbing poems of Georg Trakl , not all of which he could finish. With uninterrupted contrapuntal density, by turns muscular and murmured, he word painted Trakl's "great cities" and "dying peoples", "leafless trees", "violent alarm", and "falling stars" in "Abendland III". During and after
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#1732891612193876-404: A maternal homeland—built from memories of pilgrimages to his mother's grave, the "mild", "lost paradise" of home, and the "warmth" of her memory—reflected his sense of loss and his yearning for return. Drawing loosely on V. Kofi Agawu 's semiotic approach to classical music, specifically his idea of musical topics , Johnson held that all of Webern's music, though rarely directly representational ,
949-520: A part of Christmas celebrations in countries such as the United Kingdom; in other Christian countries , the practice of gift-giving occurs early in Advent , on Saint Nicholas Day . Some early Christian rulers, however, interpreted this story as indications that it should be their subjects who should give gifts to their superiors, and insisted on tributes and tithes during that period. This changed around
1022-569: A position there for Schoenberg, but Schoenberg could not bear to return to the Akademie für Musik und darstellende Kunst due to his prior experiences in Vienna. At the same time, Webern began a cycle of repeatedly quitting and being taken back by Zemlinsky at the Deutsches Landestheater Prague (1911–1918). He had a short-lived conducting post in Stettin (1912–1913), which, like all
1095-636: A publication contract through Emil Hertzka at Universal Edition and Schoenberg away in Berlin, Webern began writing music of increasing confidence, independence, and scale using twelve-tone technique. He maintained his " path to the new music " while marginalized as a " cultural Bolshevist " in Fascist Austria and Nazi Germany , enjoying some international recognition but relying more on teaching for income. Struggling to reconcile his loyalties to his divided friends and family, he adopted an optimistic outlook on
1168-781: A sold-out 1919 Society concert. There was perhaps some shared influence among Schoenberg, Stravinsky, and Webern at this time. The Society dissolved amid hyperinflation in 1921, having boasted some 320 members and sponsored more than a hundred concerts. Webern obtained work as music director of the Wiener Schubertbund 1921, having made an excellent impression as the vocal coach Schoenberg recommended for their 1920 performance of Gurre-Lieder . They nearly abandoned this project before Webern stepped in. He led them in performances of Brahms, Mahler, Reger, and Schumann, among others. But low salary, mandatory touring, and challenges to Webern's thorough rehearsals prompted him to resign in 1922. He
1241-561: A theatre? ... do I have to perform all this filth? Webern wrote Zemlinsky seeking work at the Berlin or Vienna Volksoper instead. He started at Bad Teplitz 's Civic Theater in early 1910, where the local news reported his "sensitive, devoted guidance" as conductor of Fall's Geschiedene Frau , but he quit within months due to disagreements. His repertoire likely included Fall's Dollarprinzessin , Lehár's Graf von Luxemburg , O. Straus's Walzertraum , J. Strauss II's Fledermaus , and Schumann's Manfred . There were only 22 musicians in
1314-451: Is a ... self-contained ... structural unit ... . ... Isaac uses ... canonic devices in ... profusion ... . ... Added ... is the keenest observation of tone colourings in ... registers of the human voice . This is partly the cause of ... interlacing of voices and ... their movement by leaps . Webern studied art history and philosophy under professors Max Dvořák , Laurenz Müllner [ de ] , and Franz Wickhoff , joining
1387-563: Is a broader concept than that of social class or social circle . The physical and social environment is a determining factor in active and healthy aging in place, being a central factor in the study of environmental gerontology . Moreover, the social environment is the setting where people live and interact. It includes the buildings and roads around them, the jobs available, and how money flows; relationships between people, like who has power and how different groups get along; and culture, like art, religion, and traditions. It includes
1460-509: Is always Sunday in Vienna ... one lives in a world of half-poetry which is very dangerous for the real thing. They can recognize a few waltzes by Lanner and Strauss ... a few Viennese songs ... It is a well-known fact that Vienna has the finest cakes ... and the most cheerful, friendly people. ... But those who are condemned to live here cannot understand all this. "What benefit ... if all operettas ... were destroyed", Webern told Diez in 1908. But in 1912, he told Berg that Zeller's Vogelhändler
1533-599: Is because they don't want children only live in this society of consumption. They will look for other things that bring more joy to the family. In the early 2000s it was estimated that shoppers in the U.S. alone spend over $ 4 billion each day during the Christmas shopping season, with an average individual spending over $ 1,000 on gifts. There are concerns that gift-giving during Christmas is too commercial. Seventy percent of respondents to an online survey of 13,576 people in 14 European countries in 2016 said that too much attention
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#17328916121931606-561: Is currently in progress. Webern was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary . He was the only surviving son of Carl von Webern, a descendant of minor nobility [ de ] , high-ranking civil servant, mining engineer, and owner of the Lamprechtsberg copper mine in the Koralpe . Much of Webern's early youth was in Graz (1890–1894) and Klagenfurt (1894–1902), though his father's work briefly took
1679-590: Is never lost ... in them God's kingdom ... rises ... more ... in ... memory than ... ever ... in reality; ... children are poets and retrace their steps. Rosegger's account of his mother's death at the book's end ("An meine Mutter") resonated with Webern, who connected it to his Op. 6 orchestral pieces. In a January 1913 letter to Schoenberg, Webern revealed that these pieces were a kind of program music , each reflecting details and emotions tied to his mother's death. He had written Berg in July 1912, "my compositions ... relate to
1752-480: Is put on spending during the Christmas period, 42% said they felt forced to spend more at Christmas, and 10% borrowed money to be able to afford the gifts. Economist Joel Waldfogel noted that because of the mismatch between what the giftee values the gift and the value paid for by the giver, the gifts lose between one-tenth and one-third of their value; he calls it the "deadweight loss of Christmas". This leads to gifts often being returned, sold, or re-gifted. In
1825-628: Is symbolic of the presentation of the gifts by the Three Wise Men to the infant Jesus . Gift-giving in general is an ancient tradition that came to be associated with the Christian feast of Christmas . In ancient Rome , gift giving might have occurred near the winter solstice in December which was celebrated during the Saturnalia holiday. As Christianity became increasingly widespread in
1898-647: The Volksoper in Vienna (1906–1909). Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern became devoted, lifelong friends with similar musical trajectories. Adler, Heinrich Jalowetz , and Webern played Schoenberg's quartets under the composer, accompanying Marie Gutheil-Schoder in rehearsals for Op. 10 . Also through Schoenberg, who painted and had a 1910 solo exhibition at Hugo Heller [ de ] 's bookstore, Webern met Gustav Klimt , Oskar Kokoschka , Max Oppenheimer (with whom he corresponded on ich–Du terms), Egon Schiele , and Emil Stumpp . In 1920, Webern wrote Berg about
1971-591: The Albrecht Dürer Gesellschaft in 1903. His cousin Ernst Diez [ de ] , an art historian studying in Graz, may have led him to the work of Arnold Böcklin and Giovanni Segantini , which he admired along with that of Ferdinand Hodler and Moritz von Schwind . Webern idolized Segantini's landscapes on a par with Beethoven's music, diarying in 1904: I long for an artist in music such as Segantini
2044-674: The Kamp from Rosenburg-Mold to Allentsteig in 1905. He wooed her with John Ruskin essays (in German translation), dedicating his Langsamer Satz to her. Webern diaried about their time together "with obvious literary aspirations": We wandered ... The forest symphony resounded. ... A walk in the moonlight on flowery meadows—Then the night—"what the night gave to me, will long make me tremble."—Two souls had wed. Webern conducted and coached singers and choirs mostly in operetta , musical theater , light music , and some opera in his early career. Operetta
2117-809: The Mödling District (first in Mödling , then in Maria Enzersdorf ). Karl Amadeus Hartmann remembered that Webern gardened "as a devotion" to Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants , and Johnson drew a parallel between Webern's gardening and composing, emphasizing his connection to nature and his structured, methodical approach in both pursuits. Johnson noted that gardens and cemeteries are alike in being cultivated, closed spaces of rebirth and quiet reflection. These habits and preoccupations endured in Webern's life and œuvre . In 1933, Joseph Hueber recalled Webern stopped in
2190-469: The Society for Private Musical Performances (1918–1921), promoting new music through performances and contests. Music included that of Bartók , Berg, Busoni , Debussy , Korngold , Mahler, Novák , Ravel , Reger , Satie , Strauss, Stravinsky , and Webern himself. Webern wrote Berg about Stravinsky's "indescribably touching" Berceuses du chat and "glorious" Pribaoutki , which Schoenberg conducted at
2263-487: The "almost frightening" ocean. He conducted von Flotow 's Wintermärchen , George's Försterchristl , Jones' Geisha , Lehár's Lustige Witwe , Lortzing's Waffenschmied , Offenbach's Belle Hélène , and J. Strauss II's Zigeunerbaron . He particularly enjoyed Offenbach's Contes d'Hoffmann and Rossini's Barbiere di Siviglia , but only Jalowetz was allowed to conduct this more established repertoire. Webern soon expressed homesickness to Berg; he could not bear
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2336-637: The "indescribable impression" Klimt's work made on him, "that of a luminous, tender, heavenly realm". He also met Karl Kraus , whose lyrics he later set, but only to completion in Op. 13/i. Webern married Wilhelmine "Minna" Mörtl in a 1911 civil ceremony in Danzig. She had become pregnant in 1910 and feared disapproval, as they were cousins . Thus the Catholic Church only solemnized their lasting union in 1915, after three children. They met in 1902, later hiking along
2409-419: The 1930s suggested that he was not antisemitic, at least in his maturity. She noted that Webern later wrote Schoenberg that he felt "a sense of the most vehement aversion" against German-speaking people who were. After meeting with Webern, Berg saw "the matter in a different light", considering Webern "by and large innocent" in light of what Webern said was Schoenberg's "kick in the teeth": after laying plans for
2482-498: The 1970s, those six weeks before Christmas accounted for 80% of the toy industry's sales. RetailMeNot research found that UK households expect to splurge an average of £473.83 on presents, making far more profligate than European. It was normal to spend as much as £300 per child. Retailers predicted £1.1bn would be spent on toys during Christmastime 2020, with an average of £105 spent on younger children. The relationship between involvement in giving gifts and giving branded items as gifts
2555-464: The 19th century. This also coincided with the desire of some elites to reduce the rowdiness of adult Christmas celebrations, which in some places were tied to begging, as "bands of young men, often rowdy, would wassail from home to home and demand handouts from the gentry". Another related aspect was the growing desire by parents to keep children at home, away from the corrupting influence of the urban streets. Another relatively recent change concerned
2628-621: The 2016 European online survey, 15% of respondents were unhappy about their gifts and 10% could not remember what they had received. Twenty-five percent of respondents said they had re-gifted their presents to someone else, 14% sold the items, 10% tried to return them to the store, and 5% returned the gift to the giver. Seniors were more likely to send their unwanted presents to charity, while those aged 25 to 34 "simply threw them away". Gifts that are least likely to be appreciated rely on personal tastes, and include items like perfumes and cosmetics, ornaments, and clothing. According to researchers from
2701-461: The German Reich, and we along with it, should perish." Yielding in his distrust of Protestant Germany, he compared Catholic France to "cannibals" and expressed pan-German patriotism amid wartime propaganda. He cited his "faith in the German spirit" as having "created, almost exclusively, the culture of mankind". Despite his high regard of French classical music, especially Debussy's, Webern revered
2774-506: The Roman lands, the custom of gift-giving occurred on New Year's Day. Around 336 CE, the date December 25 appears to have become established as the day of Jesus's birth, and the tradition of gift-giving was tied to the story of the Biblical Magi giving gifts to baby Jesus ; together with another story, that of Saint Nicholas , a fourth-century Christian bishop and gift-giver, it slowly became
2847-410: The death of my mother", specifying in addition the "Passacaglia, [String] Quartet, most [early] songs, ... second Quartet, ... second [orchestral pieces, Op. 10] (with some exceptions)". Julian Johnson contended that Webern understood his cultural origins with a maternal view of nature and Heimat , which became central themes in his music and thought. He noted that Webern's deeply personal idea of
2920-755: The end of the war, Webern, like other Austrians, contended with food shortages, insufficient heating, socioeconomic volatility, and geopolitical disaster in defeat. He had considered retreating to the countryside and purchasing a farm since 1917, specifically as an asset better than war bonds at shielding his family's wealth from inflation. (In the end, he lost all that remained of his family's wealth to hyperinflation by 1924.) He proposed to Schoenberg that they might be smallholders together. Despite Schoenberg's and his father's advice that he not quit conducting, Webern followed to Schoenberg to Mödling in early 1918, hoping to be reunited with his mentor and to compose more. But Webern's finances were so poor that he soon explored
2993-464: The entire countryside, all the thousand things there. Now everything is over. ... If only you could ... have seen ... . The seclusion, the quiet, the house, the forests, the garden, and the cemetery. About this time, I had always composed diligently. Shortly after the anniversary of his mother's death, he wrote Schoenberg in September 1912: When I read letters from my mother, I could die of longing for
Anton Webern - Misplaced Pages Continue
3066-460: The family played chamber music, including that of Mozart , Schubert , and Beethoven . Webern learned to play Bach's cello suites and may have studied Bach's polyphony under Komauer. The extended Webern family spent summers, holidays, and vacations at their country estate, the Preglhof. The children played outside in the forest and on a high meadow with pasture grazed by herded cattle and with
3139-564: The family to Olmütz and back to Vienna. His mother Amalie (née Geer) was a pianist and accomplished singer. She taught Webern piano and sang opera with him. He received first drums, then a trumpet, and later a violin as Christmas gifts . With his sisters Rosa and Maria, Webern danced to music and ice-skated the Lendkanal [ de ] to the Wörthersee . Edwin Komauer taught him cello, and
3212-783: The future under Nazi rule that wore on him as it proved wrong, and he repeatedly considered emigrating. A soldier shot and killed Webern in an apparent accident shortly after World War II in Mittersill . His music was then celebrated by composers who took it as a point of departure in a phenomenon known as post-Webernism, closely linking his legacy to serialism . Musicians and scholars like Pierre Boulez , Robert Craft , and Hans and Rosaleen Moldenhauer studied and organized performances of his music, establishing it as modernist repertoire. Broader understanding of his expressive agenda, performance practice , and complex sociocultural and political contexts lagged. An historical edition of his music
3285-621: The immediate milieu of jobs/family/neighborhood with the wider formations of the social structure , highlighting in particular a distinction between "the personal troubles of milieu" and the "public crises of social structure". Emile Durkheim took a wider view of the social environment ( milieu social ), arguing that it contained internalized expectations and representations of social forces/social facts: "Our whole social environment seems to be filled with forces which really exist only in our own minds" – collective representations . Phenomenologists contrast two alternative visions of society, as
3358-402: The immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact. The interaction may be in person or through communication media, even anonymous or one-way, and may not imply equality of social status . The social environment
3431-539: The most common date for gift-giving in the Western culture . With the Christmas season lasting twelve days according to the liturgical calendars of many Christian Churches, a gift is given for each of the twelve days of Christmastide in some cultures, while in other Christian households, gifts are only given on Christmas Day or Twelfth Night , the first and last days of the Christmas season, respectively. The tradition
3504-505: The orchestra, too few to perform Puccini 's operas, he noted. Webern then summered at the Preglhof, composing his Op. 7 and planning an opera. In September, he attended the Munich premiere of Mahler's Symphony of a Thousand and visited with his idol, who gave Webern a sketch of " Lob der Kritik ". Webern then worked with Jalowetz as assistant conductor in Danzig (1910–1911), where he first saw
3577-413: The others, kept him from composing and alienated him. On the verge of a breakdown , he wrote Berg shortly after arriving (Jul. 1912): I find myself under the dregs of mankind ... with ... absurd music; I'm ... seriously ill. My nerves torture me ... . I want to be far away ... . In the mountains. There everything is clear, the water, the air, the earth. Here everything is dismal. I'm poisoned by drinking
3650-432: The physical world and the way people relate to each other and their communities. Where a child grows up and goes to school has a big impact on who they become friends with and how good those friendships are. Most of the time, kids make friends with people in their family or neighborhood. So, where parents choose to live, work, and send their kids to school can affect how healthy and happy their children are. People with
3723-438: The places where all these things have occurred. How far back and ... beautiful. ... Often a ... soft ... radiance, a supernatural warmth falls upon me— ... from my mother. For Christmas in 1912, Webern gifted Schoenberg Rosegger's Waldheimat [ de ] ( Forest Homeland ), from which Johnson highlighted: Childhood days and childhood home! It is that old song of Paradise. There are people for whom ... Paradise
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#17328916121933796-506: The process. All these man-made components are included in human cultural environment, Erving Goffman in particular emphasising the deeply social nature of the individual environment. There are still many people living in villages and this is their social environment. A village is a township with production, living, ecology and culture. The state is trying to solve the problem of integrated rural development, which includes construction, expansion, and road building. C. Wright Mills contrasted
3869-881: The relatively cosmopolitan people of Vienna. At the time, antisemitism was resurging in Austria, fueled by Catholic resentment after Jewish emancipation in the 1867 December Constitution . Initially, Webern viewed his Jewish peers as ostentatious and unfriendly, but his attitude shifted by 1902. He quickly and durably made many close friends, most of them Jewish; Kathryn Bailey Puffett wrote that this likely affected his views. In 1904, Webern approached Hans Pfitzner for composition lessons but left angrily when Pfitzner criticized Mahler and Richard Strauss . Adler admired Schoenberg's work and may have sent Webern to him for composition lessons. Thus Webern met Berg, another Schoenberg pupil, and Schoenberg's brother-in-law Alexander Zemlinsky , through whom Webern may have worked as an assistant coach at
3942-517: The same social environment often develop a sense of social solidarity ; people often tend to trust and help one another, and to congregate in social groups . They will often think in similar styles and patterns, even though the conclusions which they reach may differ. In order to enrich their lives, people have used natural resources, and in the process have brought about many changes in the natural environment . Human settlements, roads, farmlands, dams, and many other elements have all developed through
4015-411: The second volume of Heinrich Isaac's Choralis Constantinus as his doctoral thesis. Hans and Rosaleen Moldenhauer noted Webern's scholarly engagement with Isaac's music as a formative experience for Webern the composer. Webern especially praised Isaac's voice leading or "subtle organization in the interplay of parts": The voices proceed ... in ... equality ... . Each ... has its own development and
4088-672: The separation from Schoenberg and their world in Vienna. He returned after resigning in spring 1911, and the three were pallbearers at Mahler's funeral in May 1911. Then in summer 1911, a neighbor's antisemitic abuse and aggression caused Schoenberg to quit work, abandon Vienna, and go with his family to stay with Zemlinsky on the Starnbergersee . Webern and others fundraised for Schoenberg's return, circulating more than one hundred leaflets with forty-eight signatories, including G. Adler, H. Bahr, Klimt, Kraus, and R. Strauss, among others. But Schoenberg
4161-718: The surrounding mountains, summering in resort towns like Mürzzuschlag and backpacking (sometimes summiting ) the Gaisstein , Grossglockner , Hochschober , Hochschwab , and Schneealpe (among others) throughout his life. The alpine climate and föhn , glaciers, pine trees , and springs "crystal clear down to the bottom" fascinated him. He treasured this time "up there, in the heights", where "one should stay". He collected and organized "mysterious" alpine herbs and cemetery flowers in pressed albums, and he tended gardens at his father's home in Klagenfurt and later at his own homes in
4234-657: The theatre. It is ... terrible. ... I can hardly ... adjust to being away from home", he had written Schoenberg in 1910. Miserably ill and alienated, he had first sought medical advice and took rest at a sanatorium in Semmering [ de ] . Adler evaluated his symptoms as psychogenic responses to unmet expectations. Webern wrote Schoenberg that Adler's psychoanalysis was helpful and insightful. As World War I broke out and nationalist fervor swept Europe, Webern found it "inconceivable", he wrote Schoenberg in August 1914, "that
4307-411: The time of Christmas gift-giving. For many centuries, gift-giving took place on December 6 around Saint Nicholas Day or in early January after New Year's Eve . The popularity of this custom grew after the positive reception of the 1823 poem The Night Before Christmas and the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol . By the end of the 19th century, Christmas Eve replaced early December or January dates as
4380-455: The tradition as centered on counterpoint and form, and as mainly German since Bach. Webern served intermittently for nearly two years. The war cost him professional opportunities, much of his social life, and the necessary leisure time to compose (he completed only nine Lieder ). Moving frequently and tiring, he began to despair, explaining to Schoenberg in November 1916 that the reality of war
4453-640: The turn of the millennium following the popularity of the Good King Wenceslas story based on the life of another historical person claimed to be a gift-giver, Saint Wenceslaus . Christmas gift-giving to superiors became less common, and around the time of the Protestant Reformation , customs of gift-giving to children became increasingly widespread in Europe. The custom spread to the United States in
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#17328916121934526-498: The water. Webern's father sold the Preglhof in 1912, and Webern mourned it as a "lost paradise ". He revisited it and the family grave in nearby Schwabegg his entire life, associating these places with the memory of his mother, whose 1906 loss profoundly affected him. In July 1912, he confided in Schoenberg: I am overwhelmed with emotion when I imagine everything ... . My daily way to the grave of my mother. The infinite mildness of
4599-412: Was " Old Testament " and "' Eye for eye '", "as if Christ had never existed". Webern was discharged in December 1916 for myopia, which had disqualified him from frontline service. His 1917 Lieder show that he reflected on his patriotism and processed his sorrow. He treated the loss of life and, with the 1916 death of Franz Joseph I of Austria , the end of an era. In "Fahr hin, o Seel'", he selected
4672-517: Was "quite nice" and Schoenberg that J. Strauss II's Nacht in Venedig was "such fine, delicate music. I now believe ... Strauss is a master." A summer 1908 engagement with Bad Ischl 's Kurorchester [ de ] was " hell ". Webern walked out on an engagement in Innsbruck (1909), writing in distress to Schoenberg: a young good-for-nothing ... my 'superior!' ... what do I have to do with such
4745-601: Was also chorusmaster of the Mödling Männergesangverein (1922–1926) until he resigned in controversy over hiring a Jewish soprano, Greta Wilheim, as a stand-in soloist for Schubert's Mirjams Siegesgesang . From 1922, Webern led the mixed-voice amateur Singverein der Sozialdemokratischen Kunstelle and Arbeiter-Sinfonie-Konzerte through David Josef Bach , Director of the Sozialdemokratische Kunststelle . Webern won DJ Bach's confidence with
4818-432: Was also embraced by retailers, for whom the weeks and, eventually, the entire month before Christmas became a very profitable period. Around the turn of the 20th century retailers started directing marketing efforts at children in the hopes that they would entice the parents to buy more goods. It can divide the gifts given by parents into involvement in parental Christmas gift giving and giving branded items as gifts. Up to
4891-586: Was at the core of those within the broader circle of the Second Viennese School . Webern was arguably the first and certainly the last of the three to write music in a style that was both expressionist and aphoristic , reflecting his instincts and the idiosyncrasy of his compositional process. He treated themes of loss, love, nature, and spirituality, working from his experiences. Unhappily peripatetic and typically assigned light music or operetta in his early conducting career, he aspired to conduct what
4964-481: Was enriched by its associative references and more specific musical and extra-musical meanings. In this he claimed to echo Craft, Jalowetz, Krenek, the Moldenhauers, and Webern himself. In particular, Webern associated nature with his personal (often youthful and spiritual) experiences, forming a topical nexus that recurred in his diaries, letters, and music, sometimes explicitly in sketches and set texts. He frequented
5037-470: Was in its Viennese Silver Age . Much of this music was regarded as low- or middlebrow ; Kraus, Theodor Adorno , and Ernst Krenek found it "uppity" in its pretensions. In 1924 Ernst Décsey recalled he once found operetta, with its "old laziness and unbearable musical blandness", beneath him. J. P. Hodin contextualized the opposition of the "youthful intelligentsia " to operetta with a quote from Hermann Bahr 's 1907 essay Wien : everyone knows ... it
5110-533: Was in painting. ... [F]ar away from all turmoil of the world, in contemplation of the glaciers , of eternal ice and snow, of ... mountain giants. ... [A]n alpine storm , ... the radiance of the summer sun on flower-covered meadows —all these ... in the music, ... of alpine solitude. That man would ... be the Beethoven of our day. Webern also studied nationalism and Catholic liturgy , shaped by his mostly provincial Catholic upbringing, which provided little exposure to
5183-469: Was investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A composite mean for involvement in gift giving was calculated at 5.81 with a standard deviation of 1.32. A calculated composite mean for involvement in brands as gifts was 1.74 and a standard deviation of 1.09. However, if parents' assuming it was normal for children to receive a lot of gifts, note that we also made a point to shop for other kids for donations. Besides, if parents plan to give no gifts, it
5256-428: Was resolved to move to Berlin, and not for the first or last time, convinced of Vienna's fundamental hostility. Webern soon joined him (1910–1912), finishing no new music in his devoted work on Schoenberg's behalf, which entailed many editing and writing projects. He gradually became tired, unhappy, and homesick. He tried to persuade Schoenberg to return home to Vienna, continuing the fundraising campaign and lobbying for
5329-457: Was seen as more respectable, serious music at home in Vienna. Following Schoenberg's guidance, Webern attempted to write music of greater length during and after World War I , relying partly on the structural support of texts in many Lieder . He rose as a choirmaster and conductor in Red Vienna with David Josef Bach 's support, championing Gustav Mahler 's music at home and abroad. With
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