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127-609: In July 2018, Davis was contacted by Special Counsel Robert Mueller in connection with his investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 US presidential election campaign. In 1994, Davis began working in an administrative position at Brookhaven Capital Management in Menlo Park, California . She said that she was repeatedly promoted, becoming the organization's comptroller at age 25. She worked at third-party administrators Conifer Securities from February 2002 to March 2003; she said she left that company to go to Hemisphere Management,

254-629: A House Judiciary Committee hearing. He said that surveillance programs could have "derailed" the September 11 attacks. Congressman John Conyers disagreed: "I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call." Mueller also testified that the government's surveillance programs complied "in full with U.S. law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution". He said that "We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures ." On June 19, 2017, in

381-571: A Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II . His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse . Mueller is of German, English, and Scottish descent. His paternal great-grandfather, Gustave A. Mueller , was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh, whose own father, August C. E. Müller, had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from

508-437: A hedge fund operation with assets of over $ 2 billion, where she said that she was vice-president of operations in charge of a staff of 40 in the firm's Boston office. Davis said that after leaving her hedge fund job (she has at different times claimed to have been "unfairly fired" and to have quit voluntarily), she started her business as a madam after her mother suffered serious health problems and could no longer work. Davis

635-482: A "little less", and Goldman Sachs being "pretty, pretty big" into using the services. She held black cards from the financial firms and services would be expensed on corporate accounts disguised as computer repair, trading research, consulting for market compliance, and so on. Prostitution services "absolutely" extended to executives at the very top of financial firms. Davis claimed in 2011 that her agency provided prostitutes to Dominique Strauss-Kahn in 2006, but that he

762-745: A competing campaign by Buffalo developer Carl Paladino . Stone stated that the two candidates had distinct goals – Davis was only seeking to gain the requisite 50,000 votes, while Paladino, in Stone's view, had an actual chance to win – and as such he did not believe there to be a conflict of interest . Stone also said he accepted his position in the Davis campaign before Paladino entered the race. Caputo stated that he believed Davis would at least outdraw Conservative Party nominee Rick Lazio . Radio personality and political activist Frank Morano also helped lead her campaign team and aided with debate prep. Davis considered seeking

889-458: A conflict with Charles Barron 's " Freedom Party " despite Barron's much later entry into the gubernatorial race, and Reform Party due to a dispute with the national Reform Party ), before settling on the name "Anti-Prohibition Party" in July 2010. Anti-Prohibition Party (APP) petitions had Linda Espejo listed as the lieutenant governor candidate, though at least one report suggests that Espejo declined

1016-508: A controlled substance (including prescription drugs like Ambien and Xanax ) to a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) cooperating witness between January 7 to April 24, 2013. She was released on August 6, 2013, on a $ 100,000 bail, with preliminary hearing scheduled for September 5. According to an Act of Information by a cooperating witness, Davis had bought ecstasy and Xanax pills from this FBI cooperating witness 4 times. Based on information provided by this witness (after his own arrest),

1143-592: A convicted felon, and rightly so" after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation. On May 16, 2017, Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director. This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director. President Trump broached resuming

1270-454: A diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. Some drug abuse screening programs rely on hair, saliva, or sweat as specimens. Most commercial amphetamine immunoassay screening tests cross-react significantly with MDMA or its major metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. The concentrations of MDA in

1397-512: A discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21, 2017, former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller. He also said it was "the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that, again, are inconsistent with what this country is all about". After Peter Strzok , an investigator for Mueller,

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1524-502: A field hospital near Da Nang , Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Division's commanding general, then–Major General William K. Jones , where he "significantly contributed to the rapport" Jones had with other officers, according to one report. Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career, but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the corps to be unexciting. After returning from South Vietnam, Mueller

1651-522: A hydrastinine analogue , methylhydrastinine, at the request of fellow lab members, Walther Beckh and Otto Wolfes. MDMA (called methylsafrylamin, safrylmethylamin or N-Methyl-a-Methylhomopiperonylamin in Merck laboratory reports) was an intermediate compound in the synthesis of methylhydrastinine. Merck was not interested in MDMA itself at the time. On 24 December 1912, Merck filed two patent applications that described

1778-470: A life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome . Severe overdose resulting in death has also been reported in people who took MDMA in combination with certain monoamine oxidase inhibitors , such as phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), or moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as citalopram (Celexa), duloxetine (Cymbalta), fluoxetine (Prozac), and paroxetine (Paxil) have been shown to block most of

1905-553: A major role), where she finished third, behind only Andrew Cuomo and Carl Paladino. Davis filed with the New York City Campaign Finance Board to run for New York City Comptroller in 2013. However, according to various media outlets she planned on running for Mayor of New York City in 2013. On Saturday January 12, 2013, Davis received the early endorsement for mayor from the Queens Libertarian Party,

2032-932: A moderate (typically <50 doses used and <100 tablets consumed) lifetime exposure. Nonetheless, moderate MDMA use may still be neurotoxic and what constitutes moderate use is not clearly established. Furthermore, it is not clear yet whether "typical" recreational users of MDMA (1 to 2 pills of 75 to 125 mg MDMA or analogue every 1 to 4 weeks) will develop neurotoxic brain lesions. Long-term exposure to MDMA in humans has been shown to produce marked neurodegeneration in striatal , hippocampal , prefrontal , and occipital serotonergic axon terminals . Neurotoxic damage to serotonergic axon terminals has been shown to persist for more than two years. Elevations in brain temperature from MDMA use are positively correlated with MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. However, most studies on MDMA and serotonergic neurotoxicity in humans focus more on heavy users who consume as much as seven times or more

2159-670: A number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service. And it flows from there." Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị province by small arms fire. After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal, Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968, attending training at Parris Island , Officer Candidate School , Army Ranger School , and Army jump school . Of these, he said later that he considered Ranger School

2286-531: A partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow , Mueller returned to government service. In 1989, he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting deputy attorney general. James Baker , with whom he worked on national security matters, said he had "an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law". In 1990, Mueller became

2413-812: A plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn , who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . As part of Flynn's negotiations, his son, Michael G. Flynn, was not expected to be charged, and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trump's team directed him to make contact with the Russians. On February 16, 2018, Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump . On February 20, 2018, Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in

2540-487: A preparation is 70 to 120 mg with the purity having increased since the 1990s. MDMA is usually consumed by mouth. It is also sometimes snorted . Acute adverse effects are usually the result of high or multiple doses, although single dose toxicity can occur in susceptible individuals. The most serious short-term physical health risks of MDMA are hyperthermia and dehydration . Cases of life-threatening or fatal hyponatremia (excessively low sodium concentration in

2667-634: A president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office." He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a "process other than the criminal justice system." Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media. Referring to those actions, he declared that "there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in our election. That allegation deserves

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2794-590: A program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional. Ashcroft refused to sign, as he had previously agreed, but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway. Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign. On March 12, 2004, after private, individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House, the president supported changing

2921-557: A senior thesis titled "Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases." Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton. Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967. In 1968, Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps . After his military service, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on

3048-478: A small number of countries, but is illegal in most jurisdictions. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is evaluating the drug for clinical use as of 2021 . Canada has allowed limited distribution of MDMA upon application to and approval by Health Canada . In Australia, it may be prescribed in the treatment of PTSD by specifically authorised psychiatrists. In general, MDMA users report feeling

3175-506: A subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey. On June 14, 2017, The Washington Post reported that Mueller's office was also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice , in reference to the Russian probe. The report was questioned by Trump's legal team attorney Jay Sekulow , who said on June 18 on NBC 's Meet the Press , "The President

3302-803: A wide range of both psychoactive, anti-psychotic, and non-psychoactive drugs. As of 2023, MDMA therapies have only been approved for research purposes, with no widely accepted medical indications , although this varies by jurisdiction. Before it was widely banned, it saw limited use in psychotherapy. In 2017 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted breakthrough therapy designation for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with some preliminary evidence that MDMA may facilitate psychotherapy efficacy for PTSD. Pilot studies indicate that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy may be beneficial in treating social anxiety in autistic adults . In these pilot studies,

3429-458: A wild couple of months." On October 30, 2017, Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates . The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money, violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal, false and misleading FARA statements, and conspiracy against the United States . On December 1, 2017, Mueller reached

3556-544: Is a superb choice to be special counsel. His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity." Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) said, "Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job. I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead." Senator Rob Portman (R-OH) stated, "former FBI dir. Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe". Some, however, pointed out an alleged conflict of interest. "The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller

3683-611: Is an American lawyer who served as the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013. A graduate of Princeton University and New York University , Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War , receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart . He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law . Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington, D.C. , and

3810-419: Is associated with depression and anxiety, even after quitting the drug. Depression is one of the main reasons for cessation of use. At high doses, MDMA induces a neuroimmune response that, through several mechanisms, increases the permeability of the blood–brain barrier , thereby making the brain more susceptible to environmental toxins and pathogens . In addition, MDMA has immunosuppressive effects in

3937-670: Is associated with high motor activity, reduced sense of identity, and poor awareness of surroundings. Use of MDMA individually or in small groups in a quiet environment and when concentrating, is associated with increased lucidity, concentration, sensitivity to aesthetic aspects of the environment, enhanced awareness of emotions, and improved capability of communication. In psychotherapeutic settings, MDMA effects have been characterized by infantile ideas, mood lability, and memories and moods connected with childhood experiences. MDMA has been described as an "empathogenic" drug because of its empathy-producing effects. Results of several studies show

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4064-504: Is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey," Rep. Trent Franks ( R - AZ ), who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer, said in a statement to Fox News. "The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code. … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger." Upon his appointment as special counsel, Mueller and two colleagues (former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on

4191-520: Is correlated with lifetime MDMA usage and are partially reversible with abstinence. Several forms of memory are impaired by chronic ecstasy use; however, the effects for memory impairments in ecstasy users are generally small overall. MDMA use is also associated with increased impulsivity and depression. Serotonin depletion following MDMA use can cause depression in subsequent days. In some cases, depressive symptoms persist for longer periods. Some studies indicate repeated recreational use of ecstasy

4318-573: Is currently in the cosmetology business. "She is a brilliant woman who paid her debt to society and who has remade her life. I am the Godfather to her son." On August 10, 2018, Davis formally testified for the Special Counsel in DC. The next week, Davis appeared on Good Day New York and talked about the bullying she received by prosecutor Aaron Zellinsky and how she identified comedian Randy Credico as

4445-626: Is frequently cut in order to increase volume. A scheme for management of acute MDMA toxicity has been published focusing on treatment of hyperthermia, hyponatraemia, serotonin syndrome, and multiple organ failure. A number of drug interactions can occur between MDMA and other drugs, including serotonergic drugs. MDMA also interacts with drugs which inhibit CYP450 enzymes, like ritonavir (Norvir), particularly CYP2D6 inhibitors. Life-threatening reactions and death have occurred in people who took MDMA while on ritonavir. Concurrent use of MDMA high dosages with another serotonergic drug can result in

4572-513: Is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction, period." Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign, the transition, and the White House, the President's son-in-law, Jared Kushner , was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller. Also in June, Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller, but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit. During

4699-672: Is sometimes taken in conjunction with other psychoactive drugs such as LSD , psilocybin mushrooms , 2C-B , and ketamine . The combination with LSD is called "candy-flipping". The combination with 2C-B is called "nexus flipping". For this combination, most people take the MDMA first, wait until the peak is over, and then take the 2C-B. MDMA is often co-administered with alcohol , methamphetamine , and prescription drugs such as SSRIs with which MDMA has several drug-drug interactions. Three life-threatening reports of MDMA co-administration with ritonavir have been reported; with ritonavir having severe and dangerous drug-drug interactions with

4826-519: Is synthesized using MDP2P (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone) as a precursor. MDP2P in turn is generally synthesized from piperonal , safrole or isosafrole . One method is to isomerize safrole to isosafrole in the presence of a strong base, and then oxidize isosafrole to MDP2P. Another method uses the Wacker process to oxidize safrole directly to the MDP2P intermediate with a palladium catalyst. Once

4953-590: The Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973. Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service. Of his classmate, Mueller has said, "One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend, a Marine in Vietnam, who was a year ahead of me at Princeton. There were

5080-673: The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for substance dependence . However, there is little evidence for a specific diagnosable MDMA dependence syndrome because MDMA is typically used relatively infrequently. There are currently no medications to treat MDMA addiction. MDMA is a moderately teratogenic drug (i.e., it is toxic to the fetus). In utero exposure to MDMA is associated with a neuro - and cardiotoxicity and impaired motor functioning. Motor delays may be temporary during infancy or long-term. The severity of these developmental delays increases with heavier MDMA use. MDMA has been shown to promote

5207-839: The Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia (a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany). On his mother's side, he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale . Mueller grew up in Princeton, New Jersey , where he attended Princeton Country Day School (now known as the Princeton Day School ). After he completed eighth grade, his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire for high school, where he

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5334-515: The Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30, only three days before his prostate cancer surgery. The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2, 2001, voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment. He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4, 2001, one week before

5461-677: The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . On February 11, 2003, one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Mueller informed the American public that "[s]even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea—remain active in

5588-599: The United States Army commissioned a study of toxicity and behavioral effects in animals injected with mescaline and several analogues, including MDMA. Conducted at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , these investigations were declassified in October 1969 and published in 1973. A 1960 Polish paper by Biniecki and Krajewski describing the synthesis of MDMA as an intermediate was the first published scientific paper on

5715-741: The United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . During his tenure, he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega , the Pan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie bombing) case, and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . In 1991, Mueller declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure. Also in 1991, he

5842-650: The Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L. Quarles III) resigned from WilmerHale . On May 23, 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel. The spokesperson for the special counsel, Peter Carr, told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry. In an interview with the Associated Press , Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become

5969-601: The peripheral nervous system and pro-inflammatory effects in the central nervous system . MDMA may increase the risk of cardiac valvulopathy in heavy or long-term users due to activation of serotonin 5-HT 2B receptors . MDMA induces cardiac epigenetic changes in DNA methylation , particularly hypermethylation changes. Approximately 60% of MDMA users experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking MDMA. Some of these symptoms include fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, and trouble concentrating. Tolerance to some of

6096-547: The striatum , the mechanisms by which it induces ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens are analogous to other dopaminergic psychostimulants. Therefore, chronic use of MDMA at high doses can result in altered brain structure and drug addiction that occur as a consequence of ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens. MDMA is less addictive than other stimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine. Compared with amphetamine, MDMA and its metabolite MDA are less reinforcing. One study found approximately 15% of chronic MDMA users met

6223-451: The "intermediary" between Stone and WikiLeaks founder, Julian Assange. Davis has been a vocal advocate for Stone's defense, appearing on numerous TV shows after his arrest in 2019. While Davis has not publicly talked about her subpoena and January 6 committee interview, the transcript of her testimony can be found here. <ref> [1] Robert Mueller Robert Swan Mueller III ( / ˈ m ʌ l ər / ; born August 7, 1944)

6350-630: The 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy . In June 2017, he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance . In October 2019, it was announced that Mueller, along with James L. Quarles and Aaron Zebley , would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice. On July 11, 2020, Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone "remains

6477-487: The 2016 Presidential Election , the special counsel's final report and its conclusions. On May 29, 2019, Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down, and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time. Saying "The report is my testimony," he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report. On the subject of obstruction of justice, he said, "under long-standing Department [of Justice] policy,

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6604-513: The 2016 U.S. presidential election." Mueller's report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice; Barr quoted Mueller as saying "while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." On April 18, 2019, the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in

6731-448: The APP line. Jeffrey Graham, the mayor of Watertown, endorsed Davis, and despite declining an invitation to be the APP lieutenant governor nominee, he continued to campaign for Davis at his business and on his Web site. Davis was in the official NY Gubernatorial Debate at Hofstra University on October 18, 2010, along with all six other candidates on the ballot. Davis finished with 20,898 votes in

6858-923: The Bronze Star with "V" device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties. In April 1969, he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh, recovered, and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969. For his service in and during the Vietnam War, his military decorations and awards include: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" , Purple Heart Medal , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat "V", Combat Action Ribbon , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and Parachutist Badge . After recuperating at

6985-551: The Department of Justice released it. On May 29, he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed. Mueller was born on August 7, 1944, at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the first child of Alice C. Truesdale (1920–2007) and Robert Swan Mueller Jr. (1916–2007). He has four younger sisters: Susan, Sandra, Joan, and Patricia. His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as

7112-469: The FBI set up a sting operation, during which Davis gave her own prescription pills to the witness, whom she believed to be her friend. The meetings were recorded both on video and on audiotape. Davis chose not to fight her case and plead guilty to one of the four charges in a plea bargain with federal authorities on March 7, 2014. During Davis' sentencing, the presiding Judge stated that he saw "no difference between selling pills and giving them away". Davis

7239-539: The FBI. He is the only FBI Director that Congress has allowed to serve more than the statutory limit of 10 years since the death of J. Edgar Hoover in 1972 by giving him a special two-year extension. On May 17, 2017, Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and related matters. He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019. On April 18,

7366-407: The FBI." In May 2011, President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term, which would have expired on September 4, 2011. The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27, 2011. On September 4, 2013, Mueller was replaced by James Comey. In June 2013, Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before

7493-506: The MDP2P intermediate has been prepared, a reductive amination leads to racemic MDMA (an equal parts mixture of ( R )-MDMA and ( S )-MDMA). Relatively small quantities of essential oil are required to make large amounts of MDMA. The essential oil of Ocotea cymbarum , for example, typically contains between 80 and 94% safrole. This allows 500 mL of the oil to produce between 150 and 340 grams of MDMA. MDMA and MDA may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for use, confirm

7620-551: The Northern District of California in San Francisco, where he rose to be chief of the criminal division, and in 1982, he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney , where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud, terrorism and public corruption cases, as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers. After serving as

7747-533: The R-enantiomer. Evidence suggests that the area under the blood plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) was two to four times higher for the ( R )-enantiomer than the ( S )-enantiomer after a 40 mg oral dose in human volunteers. Likewise, the plasma half-life of ( R )-MDMA was significantly longer than that of the ( S )-enantiomer (5.8 ± 2.2 hours vs 3.6 ± 0.9 hours). However, because MDMA excretion and metabolism have nonlinear kinetics,

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7874-608: The Russia probe. On May 20, 2018, Trump criticized Mueller, tweeting "the World's most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World!" Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr. and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . The emissary offered help to

8001-577: The Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation". Mueller's appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress. Newt Gingrich , former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator, stated via Twitter that "Robert Mueller

8128-403: The Trump presidential campaign. Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaign's possible ties to Turkey , Qatar , Israel , and China . On December 18, 2018, The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S. Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller. On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted

8255-661: The United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans. As Director Tenet has pointed out, Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction , willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community. Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological, chemical or radiological material." Highlighting this worry in February 2003, FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that "the bureau will [not] be able to stem

8382-470: The United States in 1970. American chemist and psychopharmacologist Alexander Shulgin reported he synthesized MDMA in 1965 while researching methylenedioxy compounds at Dow Chemical Company , but did not test the psychoactivity of the compound at this time. Around 1970, Shulgin sent instructions for N-methylated MDA (MDMA) synthesis to the founder of a Los Angeles chemical company who had requested them. This individual later provided these instructions to

8509-424: The White House pushed back, encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects. When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S., Mueller responded, saying, "If they [suspects] don't commit a crime, it would be difficult to identify and isolate" them. Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying, "That's just not good enough. We're hearing this too much from

8636-513: The ages of 15 and 64 used ecstasy (0.3% of the world population). This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine or amphetamines , but lower than for cannabis or opioids . In the United States, as of 2017, about 7% of people have used MDMA at some point in their lives and 0.9% have used it in the last year. The lethal risk from one dose of MDMA is estimated to be from 1 death in 20,000 instances to 1 death in 50,000 instances. Short-term adverse effects include grinding of

8763-482: The amount that most users report taking. The evidence for the presence of serotonergic neurotoxicity in casual users who take lower doses less frequently is not conclusive. However, adverse neuroplastic changes to brain microvasculature and white matter have been observed to occur in humans using low doses of MDMA. Reduced gray matter density in certain brain structures has also been noted in human MDMA users. Global reductions in gray matter volume, thinning of

8890-683: The attention of every American." MDMA 3,4-Methyl ​enedioxy ​methamphetamine ( MDMA ), commonly known as ecstasy (tablet form), and molly (crystal form), is an empathogen–entactogenic drug with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties. In studies, it has been used alongside psychotherapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder . The purported pharmacological effects that may be prosocial include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last three to six hours. MDMA

9017-411: The blood or urine of a person who has taken only MDMA are, in general, less than 10% those of the parent drug. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch . At the time, Merck was interested in developing substances that stopped abnormal bleeding. Merck wanted to avoid an existing patent held by Bayer for one such compound: hydrastinine . Köllisch developed a preparation of

9144-417: The blood) have developed in MDMA users attempting to prevent dehydration by consuming excessive amounts of water without replenishing electrolytes . The immediate adverse effects of MDMA use can include: Other adverse effects that may occur or persist for up to a week following cessation of moderate MDMA use include: Administration of MDMA to mice causes DNA damage in their brain, especially when

9271-687: The case of Arar v. Ashcroft , Mueller, along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W. Ziglar and others, was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post- 9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place. After leaving the FBI in 2013, Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University , where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity. In addition to his speaking and teaching roles, Mueller also joined

9398-404: The corresponding benzoic acid derivatives conjugated with glycine . The metabolism may be primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and COMT. Complex, nonlinear pharmacokinetics arise via autoinhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP2D8, resulting in zeroth order kinetics at higher doses. It is thought that this can result in sustained and higher concentrations of MDMA if

9525-432: The desired and adverse effects of MDMA is expected to occur with consistent MDMA use. A 2007 delphic analysis of a panel of experts in pharmacology, psychiatry, law, policing and others estimated MDMA to have a psychological dependence and physical dependence potential roughly three-fourths to four-fifths that of cannabis. MDMA has been shown to induce ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens . Because MDMA releases dopamine in

9652-439: The drug and increase profits (notably lactose) and binding agents. Tablets sold as ecstasy sometimes contain 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), other amphetamine derivatives, caffeine, opiates, or painkillers. Some tablets contain little or no MDMA. The proportion of seized ecstasy tablets with MDMA-like impurities has varied annually and by country. The average content of MDMA in

9779-419: The drug in 1952, most likely while researching new stimulants or circulatory medications. After pharmacological studies, research on MDMA was not continued. In 1959, Wolfgang Fruhstorfer synthesized MDMA for pharmacological testing while researching stimulants. It is unclear if Fruhstorfer investigated the effects of MDMA in humans. Outside of Merck, other researchers began to investigate MDMA. In 1953 and 1954,

9906-410: The effects of increased empathy with others. When testing MDMA for medium and high doses, it showed increased hedonic and arousal continuum. The effect of MDMA increasing sociability is consistent, while its effects on empathy have been more mixed. MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs, festivals, and house parties . In the rave environment,

10033-650: The flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq" and encouraged Mueller to "share [her concerns] with the President and Attorney General." On March 10, 2004, while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery, then deputy attorney general James Comey received a call from Ashcroft's wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew

10160-560: The global supply shortage of sassafras oil —a problem largely assuaged by use of improved or alternative modern methods of synthesis—the purity of substances sold as molly have been found to vary widely. Some of these substances contain methylone , ethylone , MDPV , mephedrone , or any other of the group of compounds commonly known as bath salts , in addition to, or in place of, MDMA. Powdered MDMA ranges from pure MDMA to crushed tablets with 30–40% purity. MDMA tablets typically have low purity due to bulking agents that are added to dilute

10287-732: The half-lives would be higher at more typical doses (100 mg is sometimes considered a typical dose). MDMA is in the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine and substituted amphetamine classes of chemicals . As a free base , MDMA is a colorless oil insoluble in water. The most common salt of MDMA is the hydrochloride salt; pure MDMA hydrochloride is water-soluble and appears as a white or off-white powder or crystal. There are numerous methods available to synthesize MDMA via different intermediates. The original MDMA synthesis described in Merck's patent involves brominating safrole to 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-bromopropane and then reacting this adduct with methylamine. Most illicit MDMA

10414-460: The largest Libertarian chapter in New York City. She later declared that she was running for New York City Comptroller. Davis withdrew from the race before the election and did not submit petitions to appear on the ballot, in part because of her drug arrest in August 2013. In July 2018, The New York Times reported that Davis was expecting a subpoena from special counsel, Robert Mueller , who

10541-424: The latter. The methylenedioxy- substitution provides the serotonergic activity, as most other substituted amphetamines show negligible affinity for the serotonin transporter. Neurotransmitter release induced by monoamine-releasing agents differs significantly from the regular, action potential -evoked neurotransmitter release. Inside the neuron, MDMA inhibits VMAT2 and activates TAAR1 . TAAR1 agonism results in

10668-508: The law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014. Among other roles at the firm, he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFL 's conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée. In January 2016, he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S. consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal ; as of May 11, 2017,

10795-580: The list and other materials to secure the nomination. Because of this Davis chose not to seek the Libertarian nomination or attend the convention and the other candidate, Sam Sloan sued the party. Thus Davis chose to create her own party yet still continue to advocate for Libertarian ideals. Several names for the line, including "Surprise Party," "Citizens Party," "Marijuana Legalization Party," "Hookers and Pot Party," "Personal Freedom Party" and "Reform Party" were rejected by outside sources (Personal Freedom due to

10922-647: The mice are sleep deprived. Even at the very low doses that are comparable to those self-administered by humans, MDMA causes oxidative stress and both single and double-strand breaks in the DNA of the hippocampus region of the mouse brain. As of 2015 , the long-term effects of MDMA on human brain structure and function have not been fully determined. However, there is consistent evidence of structural and functional deficits in MDMA users with high lifetime exposure. These structural or functional changes appear to be dose dependent and may be less prominent in MDMA users with only

11049-409: The mild psychedelic hallucinations induced by high doses of MDMA in humans. The MDMA concentration in the blood stream starts to rise after about 30 minutes, and reaches its maximal concentration in the blood stream between 1.5 and 3 hours after ingestion . It is then slowly metabolized and excreted , with levels of MDMA and its metabolites decreasing to half their peak concentration over

11176-479: The most valuable because he felt "more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat." In the summer of 1968, he was sent to South Vietnam , where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon, H Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines , 3rd Marine Division . On December 11, 1968, during an engagement in Operation Scotland II , he earned

11303-615: The next several hours. The duration of action of MDMA is usually four to six hours, after which serotonin levels in the brain are depleted. Serotonin levels typically return to normal within 24–48 hours. Metabolites of MDMA that have been identified in humans include 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (DHA) (also called alpha-methyldopamine (α-Me-DA)), 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylacetone (MDP2P), and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine (MDOH). The contributions of these metabolites to

11430-499: The nomination along with fellow candidates Sam Sloan and Guilderland attorney Warren Redlich for the Libertarian Party of New York . However, she decided not to appear at the party's convention on April 24, 2010, because the party refused to a give her and candidate Sam Sloan access to the party's mailing list so they could lobby the members prior to the convention while they gave their favored candidate, Warren Redlich, access to

11557-673: The nomination, requiring a replacement to be named by a committee. The party named Jewish-Russian-American lawyer and community organizer Tanya Gendelman as Espejo's replacement. Randy Credico , already running in the Democratic Party primary and cross-endorsed by the Libertarians, was the nominee for the Senate seat held by Chuck Schumer . Vivia Mowagan was the candidate for Kirsten Gillibrand's Senate seat . Davis endorsed Democrat Kathleen Rice for attorney general , though Rice did not appear on

11684-541: The official vote tally, less than half the necessary votes to qualify as a political party and in last place overall. Her low vote count was attributed in large part to being placed on a different ballot line than the other gubernatorial candidates, thus making it harder for voters to find them. Davis's strongest showings were in Jefferson and Lewis Counties (areas in the Watertown market, suggesting that Graham's endorsement played

11811-442: The onset of subjective effects within 30 to 60 minutes of oral consumption and reaching peak effect at 75 to 120 minutes, which then plateaus for about 3.5 hours. The desired short-term psychoactive effects of MDMA have been reported to include: The experience elicited by MDMA depends on the dose, setting, and user. The variability of the induced altered state is lower compared to other psychedelics. For example, MDMA used at parties

11938-462: The parietal and orbitofrontal cortices, and decreased hippocampal activity have been observed in long term users. The effects established so far for recreational use of ecstasy lie in the range of moderate to severe effects for serotonin transporter reduction. Impairments in multiple aspects of cognition, including attention, learning, memory, visual processing , and sleep, have been found in regular MDMA users. The magnitude of these impairments

12065-405: The phosphorylation of monoamine transporters by PKA and PKC , which either internalizes the transporter, or reverses its flux direction. VMAT2 inhibition prevents the packaging of the cytosolic monoamines into the synaptic vesicles , which allows them to instead be pumped out of the neuron by the phosphorylated transporters. The result is that the neuron constantly "leaks" neurotransmitters into

12192-421: The position in their meeting; however, Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits, and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position. The next day, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice . In this capacity, Mueller oversaw the investigation into "any links and/or coordination between

12319-453: The position of FBI director on July 5, 2001. He and two other candidates, Washington lawyer George J. Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb , were up for the job, but Mueller, described at the time as a conservative Republican, was always considered the front-runner. Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June, while confirmation hearings for Mueller before

12446-559: The presence of possible adulterants or diluents. The UK term "mandy" and the US term "molly" colloquially refer to MDMA in a crystalline powder form that is thought to be free of adulterants. MDMA is also sold in the form of the hydrochloride salt, either as loose crystals or in gelcaps . MDMA tablets can sometimes be found in a shaped form that may depict characters from popular culture , likely for deceptive reasons. These are sometimes collectively referred to as "fun tablets". Partly due to

12573-582: The program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller, Ashcroft, and Comey. He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004. As director, Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA. At a dinner, Mueller defended an attorney, Thomas Wilner , who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees. Mueller stood up, raised his glass, and said, "I toast Tom Wilner. He's doing what an American should." However,

12700-432: The psychoactive and toxic effects of MDMA are an area of active research. 80% of MDMA is metabolised in the liver, and about 20% is excreted unchanged in the urine . MDMA is known to be metabolized by two main metabolic pathways : (1) O -demethylenation followed by catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT)-catalyzed methylation and/or glucuronide/sulfate conjugation; and (2) N -dealkylation, deamination, and oxidation to

12827-415: The release of the neurotransmitters serotonin , dopamine , and norepinephrine in parts of the brain. It belongs to the substituted amphetamine classes of drugs . MDMA is structurally similar to mescaline (a psychedelic), methamphetamine (a stimulant), as well as endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MDMA has limited approved medical uses in

12954-682: The scandal has resulted in $ 11.2   billion in customer settlements. On October 19, 2016, Mueller began an external review of "security, personnel, and management processes and practices" at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T. Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency . On April 6, 2017, he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $ 850   million and $ 125   million for automakers and consumers, respectively, affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags . Mueller received

13081-462: The sensory effects of music and lighting are often highly synergistic with the drug. The psychedelic amphetamine quality of MDMA offers multiple appealing aspects to users in the rave setting. Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as party fuel because of the drug's stimulatory effects. MDMA is used less often than other stimulants, typically less than once per week. MDMA

13208-532: The special counsel's final report to Attorney General William Barr . A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments. On March 24, Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress . He stated in his letter , "The Special Counsel's investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence

13335-576: The subjective effects of MDMA. Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as reboxetine (Edronax) have been found to reduce emotional excitation and feelings of stimulation with MDMA but do not appear to influence its entactogenic or mood-elevating effects. MDMA is a substituted amphetamine structurally, and a monoamine-releasing agent mechanistically. Like other monoamine-releasing agents, MDMA enters monoaminergic neurons through monoamine transporters . MDMA has high affinity for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters, with some preference for

13462-487: The substance. MDMA may have been in non-medical use in the western United States in 1968. An August 1970 report at a meeting of crime laboratory chemists indicates MDMA was being used recreationally in the Chicago area by 1970. MDMA likely emerged as a substitute for its analog 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), a drug at the time popular among users of psychedelics which was made a Schedule 1 controlled substance in

13589-584: The survival of fetal dopaminergic neurons in culture. MDMA overdose symptoms vary widely due to the involvement of multiple organ systems. Some of the more overt overdose symptoms are listed in the table below. The number of instances of fatal MDMA intoxication is low relative to its usage rates. In most fatalities, MDMA was not the only drug involved. Acute toxicity is mainly caused by serotonin syndrome and sympathomimetic effects. Sympathomimetic side effects can be managed with carvedilol . MDMA's toxicity in overdose may be exacerbated by caffeine, with which it

13716-472: The synapse, regardless of any signal received. MDMA has two enantiomers , (S) -MDMA and (R) -MDMA. Recreationally used MDMA is the equimolar mixture of both . (S) -MDMA causes the entactogenic effects of the racemate, because it releases serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine much more efficiently via monoamine transporters. It also has higher affinity towards 5-HT 2C R. (R) -MDMA has notable agonism towards 5-HT 2A R, which supposedly contributes to

13843-558: The synthesis and some chemical properties of MDMA and its subsequent conversion to methylhydrastinine. Merck records indicate its researchers returned to the compound sporadically. A 1920 Merck patent describes a chemical modification to MDMA. In 1927, Max Oberlin studied the pharmacology of MDMA while searching for substances with effects similar to adrenaline or ephedrine , the latter being structurally similar to MDMA. Compared to ephedrine, Oberlin observed that it had similar effects on vascular smooth muscle tissue, stronger effects at

13970-459: The teeth , blurred vision , sweating , and a rapid heartbeat , and extended use can also lead to addiction, memory problems , paranoia , and difficulty sleeping . Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration. Following use, people often feel depressed and tired, although this effect does not appear in clinical use, suggesting that it is not a direct result of MDMA administration. MDMA acts primarily by increasing

14097-506: The user takes consecutive doses of the drug. MDMA and metabolites are primarily excreted as conjugates, such as sulfates and glucuronides. MDMA is a chiral compound and has been almost exclusively administered as a racemate . However, the two enantiomers have been shown to exhibit different kinetics. The disposition of MDMA may also be stereoselective, with the S-enantiomer having a shorter elimination half-life and greater excretion than

14224-463: The uterus, and no "local effect at the eye". MDMA was also found to have effects on blood sugar levels comparable to high doses of ephedrine. Oberlin concluded that the effects of MDMA were not limited to the sympathetic nervous system . Research was stopped "particularly due to a strong price increase of safrylmethylamine", which was still used as an intermediate in methylhydrastinine synthesis. Albert van Schoor performed simple toxicological tests with

14351-447: The vast majority of participants reported increased feelings of empathy that persisted after the therapy sessions. Small doses of MDMA are used by some religious practitioners as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation. MDMA has been used as an adjunct to New Age spiritual practices. MDMA has become widely known as ecstasy (shortened "E", "X", or "XTC"), usually referring to its tablet form, although this term may also include

14478-566: Was "rough and angry", and according to her, "When men abuse women I'm no longer going to protect their identities." Davis served four months in Rikers Island for her involvement in the Spitzer scandal. She claimed that she witnessed "psychosexual torture" during her time on Rikers Island. Davis said that she ended her involvement in the prostitution industry as a madam after serving jail time. Her sentencing also included five years of probation, which

14605-564: Was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Mueller has served both in government and private practice. He was an assistant United States attorney, a United States attorney , United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division , a homicide prosecutor in Washington, D.C. , acting United States deputy attorney general , partner at D.C. law firm WilmerHale and director of

14732-868: Was arrested in March 2008 during a string of arrests surrounding then- Governor of New York Eliot Spitzer . (Davis was not, however, involved with the Emperors Club VIP , the prostitution ring at the center of the scandal that led to Spitzer's resignation.) Another of Davis's alleged clients was baseball player Alex Rodriguez , who was also rumored to have dated Davis herself; Davis has neither confirmed nor denied those allegations but has claimed to do business with Rodriguez. Davis's involvement with Spitzer, according to her, mostly took place during his time as Attorney General in 2005; for his part, Spitzer has denied ever using Davis's firm, and local police authorities have found no connection between Spitzer and Davis's firm. Davis

14859-445: Was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall , before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain . Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War, Mueller said, "I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam. There were many—many—who did not. And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam, I have always felt compelled to contribute." In 2009, he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments, he

14986-488: Was captain of the soccer, hockey, and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the school's top athlete in 1962. A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St. Paul's School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry . After graduating from St. Paul's, Mueller entered Princeton University , where he continued to play lacrosse, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing

15113-546: Was cut short in November 2010 after two and a half years. Davis announced in February 2011 that she would be opening "Hope House," a nonprofit organization designed to assist women affected by sex trafficking . A hotline was to be set up in the year, while a full shelter would be constructed in 2013 if there were sufficient funds. No such facility was ever built. On August 5, 2013, Davis was arrested and charged with four counts of distributing and possessing with intent to distribute

15240-605: Was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers . In 1993, Mueller became a partner at Boston's Hale and Dorr , specializing in white-collar crime litigation. He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorney's Office. In 1998, Mueller was named U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001. President George W. Bush nominated Mueller for

15367-431: Was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch . It was used to enhance psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties , raves , and electronic dance music . Tablets sold as ecstasy may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine , amphetamine , and methamphetamine . In 2016, about 21 million people between

15494-445: Was investigating Russian interference in the 2016 election. It was then reported by NBC News that Davis had a private meeting on August 3 with the Special Counsel's team because of her links and longterm employment by Trump advisor Roger J. Stone Jr. In defense of Davis' subpoena, Stone issued the following statement: "Kristin Davis has been a friend of mine and has worked on and off for me for 10 years," Stone said, noting that Davis

15621-743: Was originally defended by Mark Heller, who claimed her arrest was motivated by pressure from the Spitzer arrest. She fired Heller for incompetence after Davis spent four months in Riker's Island . Four days after replacing Heller with attorney Dan Hochheiser, Davis was freed on reduced bail. Along with Wall Street therapist Johnathan Alpert in the documentary film Inside Job (2010), Davis estimates her pre-financial crisis customer base at around 10,000 clients, of which 40–50% of her high-end escort services were purchased by those working on Wall Street . Use of Davis and her prostitute services extended to senior management of all major Wall Street firms, with Morgan Stanley

15748-724: Was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality, Senator Mark Warner , the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20, 2017, before the Senate, warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller. On June 22, 2018, Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying, "If you get me one more glass of wine, I'll tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know. If you think you've seen wild stuff so far, buckle up. It's going to be

15875-595: Was sentenced to 24 months in prison. Davis contends that she gave her pills to a friend and accepted reimbursement for the money she paid for the prescription. Davis served 18 months under federal confinement and was released in May 2016. Davis was a candidate in the 2010 New York gubernatorial election on the Anti-Prohibition line. She ran on a platform of legalizing prostitution, marijuana and same sex marriage , and firearms rights . Among her unorthodox campaign strategies

16002-464: Was still "most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines." After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law , Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury, Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976. He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices. He first worked in the office of the U.S. Attorney for

16129-497: Was the naming of her campaign committee as "Friends of Kristin Davis," which abbreviated to FOKD . She stated a goal of raising $ 2 million for her campaign. She admits she knew that she was a long shot to win the race. Roger Stone , who had worked as an operative for former presidents Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush , was named as Davis's campaign manager, and was still listed as so as of April 2010, though he also cooperated with his protégé, Michael Caputo , on

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