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67-495: The Anthaeum (also spelt Antheum or Anthæum ) was an iron and glass conservatory planned by English botanist and landscape gardener Henry Phillips and designed by architect Amon Henry Wilds on land owned by Sir Isaac Goldsmid in Hove , a Sussex seaside town which is now part of the city of Brighton and Hove . Conceived on a grand scale and consisting of a gigantic cupola -topped dome covering more than 1.5 acres (0.61 ha),

134-445: A geodesic structure. The panels vary in size up to 9 m (29.5 ft) across, with the largest at the top of the structure. The ETFE technology was supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec , which is also responsible for ongoing maintenance of the cladding. The steel spaceframe and cladding package (with Vector Foiltec as ETFE subcontractor) was designed, supplied and installed by MERO (UK) PLC, who also jointly developed

201-467: A botanist and horticultural writer—interests which led him towards landscape gardening and the design of building schemes based around parks and gardens. In 1822, the two men collaborated on the laying out and landscaping of The Level, a large area of open ground at the north end of Brighton. In 1825, they proposed an ambitious scheme for an open-ended residential square on Brighton seafront, the northern end of which would be occupied by "an oriental garden and

268-759: A constant 32 °C (90 °F) by burning coke taken from the local gasworks: this was brought in through stoke-holes in the exterior. The overall concept has been described as "not unlike the modern Eden Project in Cornwall". The Anthaeum was to have been a subscription garden: one-off admission was one shilling , or a year's subscription was available for one guinea (giving access for up to three days of every week) or two guineas (for unlimited access every day). The cast iron girders were imported into nearby Shoreham Harbour and taken to Hove by teams of horses. About 40,000 square feet (3,700 m) of glass were used, although sources differ as to how much had been fitted at

335-427: A giant bee and previously The WEEE Man (removed in 2016), a towering figure made from old electrical appliances and was meant to represent the average electrical waste used by one person in a lifetime. At the bottom of the pit are two covered biomes : The Rainforest Biome, covers 1.56 ha (3.9 acres) and measures 55 m (180 ft) high, 100 m (328 ft) wide, and 200 m (656 ft) long. It

402-765: A giant dome (the largest in the world at the time), 165 feet (50 m) in diameter, 65 feet (20 m) tall and topped with a 16-foot (4.9 m) cupola . It was to be built entirely of 5-foot (1.5 m) wide ribs of iron sunk 10 feet (3.0 m) into the soil and anchored on brick plinths. This was to be supported on an internal pillar and then covered with glass. The internal space would be more than 1.5 acres (0.61 ha), in which would grow tropical trees and shrubs, hundreds of varieties of flowers and other plants. There would be artificial lakes and hills, and birds and fish would be introduced. Walkways and arbours would be provided for visitors, along with seating for 800 people. The interior would be temperature-controlled, held at

469-702: A halt with the onset of World War II. While the advent of insulated glass in the 1950s and 1960s saw the development of simple sunroom structures, it was not until the 1970s that creative architects and builders began to recreate the Victorian styling of 19th-century English conservatories in smaller domestic versions using insulated glass. In contemporary construction, a conservatory differs from an orangery in having more than 75% of its roof surface made from glass. Frame and roof materials include aluminium, PVCu and timber. A conservatory by definition must have more than 50% of its wall surface glazed. Contemporary conservatories use

536-502: A huge conservatory known as the Athenaeum". Money ran out before the gardens and conservatory could be built, although the residential terraces were eventually completed. In 1832, Phillips was able to resurrect his idea for a large-scale conservatory, this time in Brighton's smaller but quickly growing residential neighbour Hove. In 1830, Decimus Burton had begun work on Adelaide Crescent ,

603-449: A large cushion. The resulting cushion acts as a thermal blanket to the structure. The ETFE material is resistant to most stains, which simply wash off in the rain. If required, cleaning can be performed by abseilers . Although the ETFE is susceptible to punctures, these can be easily fixed with ETFE tape. The structure is completely self-supporting, with no internal supports, and takes the form of

670-407: A natural biome . The biomes consist of hundreds of hexagonal and pentagonal ethylene tetrafluoroethylene ( ETFE ) inflated cells supported by geodesic tubular steel domes . The larger of the two biomes simulates a rainforest environment (and is the largest indoor rainforest in the world) and the second, a Mediterranean environment . The attraction also has an outside botanical garden which

737-460: A number of technologies to ensure glass is as energy efficient as possible, ensuring it lets in the maximum light possible while maintaining a steady temperature throughout summer and winter. Technologies include argon-impregnated glass, easy clean coatings, heat reflective film, thermal ribbons or thermal breaks – hollow sections of glass that intercept heat. The latest glass technologies involve self-tinting glass that darkens as heat builds up during

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804-445: A residential set-piece on the seafront, on land owned by Sir Isaac Goldsmid, 1st Baronet . He owned much of the land in the area, including the open ground between the north end of the crescent and the main east–west road through Hove (now Western Road/Church Road). Phillips described his plans to Goldsmid and managed to secure land and a substantial financial investment. His scheme, whose name "Anthaeum" meant "flower-house", consisted of

871-703: A result of the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake . Since 2002, the Project has hosted a series of musical performances, called the Eden Sessions, usually held during the summer. The 2020 sessions were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and were rescheduled as the 2022 sessions lineup. The 2024 sessions were headlined by Fatboy Slim , Suede , Manic Street Preachers , The National , JLS , Crowded House , Rick Astley , Tom Grennan and Paolo Nutini . The Eden Project has appeared in various television shows and films such as

938-520: A summer's day and then lightens as the surface temperature of the glass cools later in the day. Omni Mount Washington Hotel New Hampshire Eden Project The Eden Project ( Cornish : Edenva ) is a visitor attraction in Cornwall , England . The project is located in a reclaimed china clay pit . The complex is dominated by two huge enclosures consisting of adjoining domes that house thousands of plant species , and each enclosure emulates

1005-476: A turnover of £25.4 million. The Eden Project had posted a surplus of £136,000 for the previous year. In 2014 Eden accounts showed a surplus of £2 million. The World Pasty Championships , an international competition to find the best Cornish pasties and other pasty-type savoury snacks, have been held at the Eden Project since 2012. The Eden Project is said to have contributed over £1 billion to

1072-496: A wider variety of plants. The term greenhouse came to describe the rooms and conservatories for tender plants. In the 18th century, sloped glass began to be used in conservatory design to allow more light into the structure, enhancing conditions for plant growth. This innovation may have been influenced by the work of Dutch scientist Jan Ingenhousz, who studied the role of light in photosynthesis. However, while his research likely contributed to advancements in horticultural practices, it

1139-501: Is a gap. We believe the answer lies beneath our feet in the heat underground that can be accessed by drilling technology that pumps water towards the centre of the Earth and brings it back up superheated to provide us with heat and electricity". Drilling began in May 2021, and it was expected the project would be completed by 2023. In 2018, the Eden Project revealed its design for a new version of

1206-554: Is an example of a large greenhouse used for growing tender and rare plants, or, less often, for birds and rare animals – sometimes with the plants and animals living together. Other examples include the Great Palm House at Kew Gardens that was built in 1844, built by Decimus Burton and the Crystal Palace , built for London's Great Exhibition of 1851 by Sir Joseph Paxton. The widespread construction of UK conservatories came to

1273-472: Is home to many plants and wildlife native to Cornwall and the UK in general; it also has many plants that provide an important and interesting backstory, for example, those with a prehistoric heritage. There are plans to build an Eden Project North in the seaside town of Morecambe , Lancashire , with a focus on the marine environment. The clay pit in which the project is sited was in use for over 160 years. In 1981,

1340-531: Is not definitively known if he directly influenced the adoption of sloping glass for conservatories The 19th century was the golden age of conservatory building, primarily in England. English conservatories were the product of English love of gardening and new technology in glass and heating technology. Many of the magnificent public conservatories, built of iron and glass, are the result of this era. Kew Gardens in London

1407-472: Is used for tropical plants, such as fruiting banana plants, coffee , rubber, and giant bamboo , and is kept at a tropical temperature and moisture level. The Mediterranean Biome covers 0.654 ha (1.6 acres) and measures 35 m (115 ft) high, 65 m (213 ft) wide, and 135 m (443 ft) long. It houses familiar warm temperate and arid plants such as olives and grape vines and various sculptures. The Outdoor Gardens represent

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1474-575: The European Union came up with the greater part of £16.8m required to start the project. First a well will be sunk nearly 3 miles (4.5 km) into the granite crust underneath Eden. Eden co-founder, Sir Tim Smit said, "Since we began, Eden has had a dream that the world should be powered by renewable energy. The sun can provide massive solar power and the wind has been harnessed by humankind for thousands of years, but because both are intermittent and battery technology cannot yet store all we need there

1541-709: The Great Exhibition of 1851 —visited Hove to inspect the wreckage and ask if the original designs were still available. After nearly 20 years, the wreckage was eventually cleared in the early 1850s when the Palmeira Square residential development began. The central gardens of the square occupy the site. Work took place between around 1855 and 1865. Conservatory (greenhouse) Many cities, especially those in cold climates and with large European populations, have built municipal conservatories to display tropical plants and hold flower displays. This type of conservatory

1608-667: The James Bond film Die Another Day , The Bad Education Movie , in the Netflix series The Last Bus , in the CBeebies show Andy's Aquatic Adventure and in Armenia ’s postcard in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 . A weekly radio show called The Eden Radio Project is held every Thursday afternoon on CHAOS Radio, formerly known as Radio St Austell Bay . On 18 November 2019, on

1675-594: The Mediterranean . Preservation of citrus and other tender plants started out as crudely as building a pergola over potted plants or beds, or simply moving potted plants indoors for the cold season. Known in Italy as limonaia, these early structures employed wood panels or open galleries to protect from the cold. Further north in Europe, the preservation of orange trees became the trend with special-purpose buildings built to protect

1742-637: The University of Dundee and the Northwood Charitable Trust. In 2021, Eden Project announced that they would establish fourteen hectares of new wildflower habitat in areas across Dundee, including Morgan Academy and Caird Park. In July 2023, new images were released depicting what the Dundee attraction would look which accompanied the planning permission documents for the new attraction which would be submitted by autumn 2023. Planning permission for

1809-471: The geometric and mathematical principles that underlie plant growth . The biomes provide diverse growing conditions, and many plants are on display. The Eden Project includes environmental education focusing on the interdependence of plants and people; plants are labelled with their medicinal uses. The massive amounts of water required to create the humid conditions of the Tropical Biome, and to serve

1876-434: The "opposing spirals" found in many plants such as the seeds in a sunflower's head, pine cones , and pineapples . The copper was obtained from traceable sources, and the Eden Project is working with Rio Tinto to explore the possibility of encouraging further traceable supply routes for metals, which would enable users to avoid metals mined unethically. The services and acoustic , mechanical, and electrical engineering design

1943-559: The COVID-19 pandemic and the opening date was delayed to 2023. The new site is expected to focus on "water" and its central role in civilization and nature. A planned Eden Project for the New Zealand city of Christchurch , to be called Eden Project New Zealand/Eden Project Aotearoa, is expected to be inaugurated in 2025. It is to be centred close to the Avon River , on a site largely razed as

2010-557: The Cornish economy. In 2016, Eden became home to Europe's second-largest redwood forest (after the Giants Grove at Birr Castle, Birr Castle , Ireland) when forty saplings of coast redwoods, Sequoia sempervirens , which could live for 4,000 years and reach 115 metres in height, were planted there. The Eden Project received 1,010,095 visitors in 2019. In December 2020 the project was closed after heavy rain caused several landslips at

2077-521: The North West economy by £200 million per year. In July 2024, Lancaster City Council received the first £2.5m of a promised £50m in UK government funding for the scheme. The grant would be used to appoint a main contractor to develop the designs for Eden Project Morecambe. In May 2020, the Eden Project revealed plans to establish their first attraction in Scotland, and named Dundee as the proposed site of

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2144-423: The building has taken its inspiration from plants, most noticeable in the form of the soaring timber roof, which gives the building its distinctive shape. Grimshaw developed the geometry of the copper-clad roof in collaboration with a sculptor, Peter Randall-Page, and Mike Purvis of structural engineers SKM Anthony Hunts . It is derived from phyllotaxis , which is the mathematical basis for nearly all plant growth;

2211-419: The campaign, the Eden Project invited people all over Cornwall to try to break the world record for the biggest ever pub quiz as part of its campaign to bring £50 million of lottery funds to Cornwall. In December 2009, much of the project, including both greenhouses, became available to navigate through Google Street View . The Eden Trust revealed a trading loss of £1.3 million for 2012–13, on

2278-410: The day after the collapse alone. English and the other builders disappeared and apparently left the country. Sir Isaac Goldsmid was left "distraught" at the disaster, which may have contributed to his loss of enthusiasm for the residential development he was sponsoring at Adelaide Crescent immediately to the south. Work based on Decimus Burton 's design was abandoned in 1834 and did not resume until 1850;

2345-475: The four local partners agreed to provide £1 million to develop the idea, which allowed the development of an outline planning application for the project. It is expected that there will be 500 jobs created and 8,000 visitors a day to the site. Having been granted planning permission in January 2022 and with £50 million of levelling-up funding granted in January 2023, it is due to open in 2026 and predicted to benefit

2412-471: The ground. The Times , reporting the incident the following day As construction continued through the summer of 1833, temporary scaffolding held up the roof. Henry Phillips decided to ask civil engineer Sir John Rennie for advice on whether this could safely be removed. On 29 August 1833, two days before the Anthaeum's public unveiling, English removed the structure anyway. This may have been because he

2479-472: The ground. The shock of the disaster made 54-year-old Phillips go blind; he never recovered his sight. Sources vary on the extent to which the Anthaeum had been glazed when it collapsed. The Times report of 1 September 1833 stated that the work was due to begin on 3 September, but elsewhere it is stated that all or some of the glass was already in place. Thomas Smith of Union Street in The Lanes , Brighton,

2546-474: The location. The city's Camperdown Park was widely touted to be the proposed location of the new attraction however in May 2021, it was announced that the Eden Project had chosen the site of the former gasworks in Dundee as the location. It was planned that the new development would result in 200 new jobs and "contribute £27m a year to the regional economy". The project is in partnership with Dundee City Council ,

2613-494: The overall scheme geometry with the architect, Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners. The entire build project was managed by McAlpine Joint Venture. The Core is the latest addition to the site and opened in September 2005. It provides the Eden Project with an education facility, incorporating classrooms and exhibition spaces designed to help communicate Eden's central message about the relationship between people and plants. Accordingly,

2680-410: The pillar, and around the top of the dome there would be a terrace with a diameter of 27 feet (8.2 m) enclosing an observatory. Building work progressed on this basis, but English and his building team decided not to build the central pillar and to reduce the size of the supporting structures on the roof. The reason for this decision was not recorded, but it alarmed Wilds so much that he resigned from

2747-607: The pit was used by the BBC as the planet surface of Magrathea in the TV series the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy . By the mid-1990s the pit was all but exhausted. The initial idea for the project dates back to 1996, with construction beginning in 1998. The work was hampered by torrential rain in the first few months of the project, and parts of the pit flooded as it sits 15 m (49 ft) below

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2814-437: The pressure could be supported by the terrace and observatory, but this did not happen. Just an hour after he removed the last section of scaffolding on 30 August 1833, the structure started to crack. All of the builders left, and only the head gardener stayed. A second much louder crack forced him to run outside and jump over a wall; the building, which weighed an estimated 400–500 tons, immediately collapsed and embedded itself in

2881-441: The project turned into was the fact that no single person was in overall charge: Phillips, Goldsmid, Wilds, Hollis and English were not working as a team and concentrated only on their areas of responsibility. Wilds' design included a central pillar of iron whose capital would support each of the iron ribs. These would be diagonally braced and further supported by purlins . The 16-foot (4.9 m) cupola would then sit on top of

2948-614: The project was approved by Dundee City Council in June 2024. In 2020, Eastbourne Borough Council and the Eden Project announced a joint project to explore the viability of a new Eden site in the South Downs National Park . In 2015, the Eden Project announced that it had reached an agreement to construct an Eden site in Qingdao, China . While the site had originally been slated to open by 2020, construction fell behind schedule due to

3015-652: The project, located on the seafront in Morecambe , Lancashire . There will be biomes shaped like mussels and a focus on the marine environment. There will also be reimagined lidos , gardens, performance spaces, immersive experiences, and observatories. Grimshaw are the architects for the project, which is expected to cost £80 million. The project is a partnership with the Lancashire Enterprise Partnership, Lancaster University , Lancashire County Council , and Lancaster City Council . In December 2018,

3082-409: The project. Hollis and English nominally took charge of the work; Hollis had also wanted to keep the supporting pillar and tried to encourage English to reinstate it, or at least to continue with the original scheme of purlins and braces. English refused to do this, and after an argument Hollis also resigned from the project. This left no professional architect or engineer to oversee the work, and English

3149-431: The scheme was scaled back and resumed by a different architect. Prominent local architect Charles Busby attended a meeting at Brighton Town Hall some weeks after the collapse, at which proposals to rebuild the Anthaeum were discussed. He agreed to supply a new design, but the cost was estimated at up to £10,000 and the idea was abandoned. In 1850, Joseph Paxton —who was shortly to design The Crystal Palace in London for

3216-704: The shock of watching the largest of his many projects end in disaster. Palmeira Square , another residential development, has occupied the site since the late 19th century. Amon Henry Wilds and Henry Phillips were Sussex-born men whose professional paths crossed regularly in the 1820s, when they had both moved to the rapidly growing seaside resort of Brighton. Wilds, baptised at Lewes in 1790, trained as an architect, town planner and engineer alongside his father Amon Wilds . They relocated to Brighton in 1815 and worked on various building projects. Phillips, born in Henfield in 1779, abandoned banking and teaching careers to become

3283-563: The site to St Austell railway station, on the Cornish Main Line . The Eden Project was used as a filming location for the 2002 James Bond film Die Another Day . On 2 July 2005 The Eden Project hosted the "Africa Calling" concert of the Live 8 concert series. It has also provided some plants for the British Museum 's Africa garden. In 2005, the Project launched "A Time of Gifts" for

3350-476: The site. Managers at the site are assessing the damage and will announce when the project will reopen on the company's website. Reopening became irrelevant as Covid lockdown measures in the UK indefinitely closed the venue from early 2021, though it had reopened by May 2021 after remedial works had taken place. The site was used for an event during the 2021 G7 Summit , hosted by the United Kingdom. The project

3417-485: The structure was intended to enclose a carefully landscaped tropical garden, with exotic trees and shrubs, lakes, rockeries and other attractions. The scheme was a larger and more ambitious version of a project Phillips and Wilds had worked on in 1825 in Hove's larger neighbour Brighton , for which money had run out before work could commence. Unlike its predecessor, the Anthaeum was built: work began in 1832 and an opening ceremony

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3484-459: The tasty, but delicate fruit. Orangeries , as they came to be called, were typically enclosed structures built with wood, brick or stone with tall vertical windows on the south walls. The citrus trees were typically in huge pots or tubs, and wheeled outside for the summer months, as at the Gardens of Versailles . Use of these rooms expanded socially and practically, being used to entertain and to host

3551-563: The temperate regions of the world with plants such as tea , lavender , hops , hemp , and sunflowers , as well as local plant species. The covered biomes are constructed from a tubular steel (hex-tri-hex) with mostly hexagonal external cladding panels made from the thermoplastic ETFE . Glass was avoided due to its weight and potential dangers. The cladding panels themselves are created from several layers of thin UV -transparent ETFE film , which are sealed around their perimeter and inflated to create

3618-468: The terms sunroom, solarium and conservatory are used interchangeably by the public, but in general the term conservatory and particularly English conservatory evoke the image of an ornate structure, echoing the traditions of that Victorian era of conservatory building. Modern conservatories tend also to be graced with a traditional cresting and finial, along with single, double patio or even bi-folding doors. These structures have been designed and built around

3685-404: The time the building collapsed. Work began in autumn 1832 with the construction of a circular foundation trench to a depth of 12 feet (3.7 m). Phillips had commissioned Amon Henry Wilds to design the structure and supervise the early work; later he brought in C. Hollis as the chief engineer and a Mr English as the building contractor. The main cause of the "series of unfortunate accidents" which

3752-613: The toilet facilities, are all sanitised rain water that would otherwise collect at the bottom of the quarry. The only mains water used is for hand washing and for cooking. The complex also uses Green Tariff Electricity – the energy comes from one of the many wind turbines in Cornwall, which were among the first in Europe. In December 2010 the Eden Project received permission to build a geothermal electricity plant which will generate approx 4MWe, enough to supply Eden and about 5000 households. The project will involve geothermal heating as well as geothermal electricity. Cornwall Council and

3819-485: The water table. The first part of the Eden Project, the visitor centre, opened to the public in May 2000. The first plants began arriving in September of that year, and the full site opened on 17 March 2001. To counter criticism from environmental groups, the Eden Project committed to investigate a rail link to the site. The rail link was never built, and car parking on the site is still funded from revenue generated from general admission ticket sales. A bus service links

3886-491: The winter months, November to February. This features an ice rink covering the lake, with a small café-bar attached, as well as a Christmas market. Cornish choirs regularly perform in the biomes. In 2007, the Eden Project campaigned unsuccessfully for £50 million in Big Lottery Fund money for a proposed desert biome. It received just 12.07% of the votes, the lowest for the four projects being considered. As part of

3953-466: The world, in private gardens, parks, and botanical institutions. Smaller garden conservatories have become popular, which may be dual-function, equally devoted to horticulture and recreation , or favor the latter, as a solarium or sunroom . Conservatories originated in the 16th century when wealthy landowners sought to cultivate citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges that began to appear on their dinner tables brought by traders from warmer regions of

4020-411: Was able to act "much as he pleased for three months without supervision". The immense ribs of iron snapped asunder in ten thousand pieces; and a great part of it, from the height it fell, was buried several feet deep in the earth. The destruction of this great edifice is accounted for only by the immense weight of iron at the top, which when unsupported by the scaffolding, folded in, and forced its way to

4087-447: Was angry at the implicit criticism of his workmanship—although Rennie decided not to visit Hove and inspect the structure after hearing Phillips' description of the situation. The lack of any structural support meant that the ribs, which were meant to sit exactly opposite each other, started to bend out of alignment, eventually ending up several degrees askew and pulling the upper circular junction into an ellipse shape. English expected that

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4154-477: Was carried out by Buro Happold . The Core is also home to art exhibitions throughout the year. A permanent installation entitled Seed , by Peter Randall-Page , occupies the anteroom. Seed is a large, 70 tonne egg-shaped installation, carved from a single block of granite from De Lank Quarry on Bodmin Moor , standing some 13 feet (4.0 m) tall and displaying a complex pattern of protrusions that are based upon

4221-495: Was conceived by Tim Smit and Jonathan Ball , and designed by Grimshaw Architects and structural engineering firm Anthony Hunt Associates (now part of Sinclair Knight Merz ). Davis Langdon carried out the project management, Sir Robert McAlpine and Alfred McAlpine did the construction, MERO jointly designed and built the biome steel structures, the ETFE pillows that build the façade were realized by Vector Foiltec , and Arup

4288-456: Was named as the glazier; he apparently reclaimed undamaged glass after the collapse and sold it at his workshop. About 2 acres (0.81 ha) (100,000 panes) of glass were said to have been required to cover the structure. The ruined Anthaeum "enjoyed a certain amount of posthumous celebrity": the tangled remains stayed where they fell until the 1850s and became a tourist attraction. The Times reported that several hundred people had visited on

4355-418: Was planned for 31 August 1833. Disagreements between the architect, the project engineer and the building contractor led to structural problems being overlooked or ignored, though, and the day before it opened the Anthaeum collapsed spectacularly. Its wreckage stayed for nearly 20 years overlooking Adelaide Crescent , a seafront residential set-piece whose northern side it adjoined, and Phillips went blind from

4422-599: Was popular in the early nineteenth century, and by the end of the century people were also giving them a social use (e.g., tea parties). Conservatory architecture varies from typical Victorian glasshouses to modern styles, such as geodesic domes. Many were large and impressive structures and are included in the list below. In the UK , the legal definition of a conservatory is a building that has at least 50% of its side wall area glazed and at least 75% of its roof glazed with translucent materials, either polycarbonate sheeting or glass. Today,

4489-405: Was the services engineer, economic consultant, environmental engineer and transportation engineer. Land Use Consultants led the masterplan and landscape design. The project took 2½ years to construct and opened to the public on 17 March 2001. Once into the attraction, there is a meandering path with views of the two biomes, planted landscapes, including vegetable gardens, and sculptures that include

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