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130-521: In the early 2000s, students at elite colleges in the northeast created purity clubs, beginning with Princeton University's The Anscombe Society, which still exists in 2024. These university clubs sought to counter the culture of casual, normalized, and expected sex at their schools. Unlike chastity clubs for adolescents which promoted chastity on grounds of religion and obedience, university chastity clubs utilized philosophical and scientific explanations. Many university chastity clubs defined marriage as between

260-468: A Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.S.E.). Typically, A.B. students choose a major (called a concentration) at the end of sophomore year, while B.S.E. students declare at the end of their freshman year. Students must complete distribution requirements, departmental requirements, and independent work to graduate with either degree. A.B. students must complete distribution requirements in literature and

390-539: A True Love Waits rally, stating that “abstinence is 100 percent certain to not only make sure that children avoid pregnancy, but it’s 100 percent certain to make sure that children avoid disease.” However, amidst this outlook, which also viewed chastity as the solution to HIV/AIDS, promoting abstinence or signing a virginity pledge did not result in a decrease in sexually transmitted diseases, as teenagers who took virginity pledges were much less likely to use condoms when they did have their first sexual experience, according to

520-585: A 2005 study. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, various groups promoting chastity and abstinence formed. These were largely evangelical Christian organizations. In 1993, Southern Baptist youth minister Richard Ross founded True Love Waits , a Christian sex-education program promoting premarital sexual abstinence. Focused on presenting the topic of chastity to audiences of teenagers, True Love Waits organized virginity pledges among youth as well as other events and rallies that sold Bible-study materials related to sexual purity. Girls in elementary through high school formed

650-465: A 2007 op-ed responding to True Love Waits sending Valentines to freshmen girls encouraging them to wait to have sex, author Rachel M. Singh of the Harvard Class of 2010 wrote that “by targeting women with their cards and didactic message,” True Love Revolution sends the message that “the worth of a young woman is measured by her virginity.” In 2007, a Princeton student wrote an op-ed bringing attention to

780-579: A Collegiate Gothic project), Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown ( Frist Campus Center , among several others), Minoru Yamasaki (Robertson Hall), and Rafael Viñoly ( Carl Icahn Laboratory). A group of 20th-century sculptures scattered throughout the campus forms the Putnam Collection of Sculpture. It includes works by Alexander Calder ( Five Disks: One Empty ), Jacob Epstein ( Albert Einstein ), Henry Moore ( Oval with Points ), Isamu Noguchi ( White Sun ), and Pablo Picasso ( Head of

910-604: A Woman ). Richard Serra 's The Hedgehog and The Fox is located between Peyton and Fine halls next to Princeton Stadium and the Lewis Library. At the southern edge of the campus is Lake Carnegie, an artificial lake named for Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie financed the lake's construction in 1906 at the behest of a friend and his brother who were both Princeton alumni. Carnegie hoped the opportunity to take up rowing would inspire Princeton students to forsake football , which he considered "not gentlemanly." The Shea Rowing Center on

1040-590: A case heard in the New Jersey Supreme Court in 2006. As of May 2024, the club’s new position on same-sex attraction statement claims “all persons have inherent dignity and worth” and declares support for the chastity of people of all sexualities. In their “About Us,” Stanford Anscombe Society defined the family as “one man and one woman bound together by marriage.” In 2014, the Stanford Graduate Student Council initially granted funding for

1170-575: A chaste lifestyle for college students and argue that an unchaste lifestyle leads to “personal unhappiness and social harm.” As of May 2024, the club still exists, aiming to promote “dignified, respectful, and beautiful sex”; “affirming and supportive” relationships “where no one is objectified, instrumentalized, or demeaned”; and marriage between a mother with “authentic femininity” and father with “true masculinity.” Beginning with Princeton’s The Anscombe Society, many elite university’s chastity clubs were named after Elizabeth Anscombe (1919-2001). Anscombe

1300-439: A comprehensive collection of over 20,000 photographs. Approximately 750 works of African art are represented. The Museum oversees the outside John B. Putnam Jr., Memorial Collection of Sculpture . The Princeton University Chapel is located on the north side of campus near Nassau Street. It was built between 1924 and 1928 at a cost of $ 2.3 million, approximately $ 40.8 million adjusted for inflation in 2020. Ralph Adams Cram,

1430-455: A desire to provide direct access to works of art in a museum for a curriculum in the arts, an education system familiar to many European universities at the time. The museum took on the purposes of providing "exposure to original works of art and to teach the history of art through an encyclopedic collection of world art." Numbering over 112,000 objects, the collections range from ancient to contemporary art and come from Europe, Asia, Africa, and

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1560-649: A fairly isolated dormitory; a security system was added, although the women deliberately broke it within a day. In 1971, Mary St. John Douglas and Susan Savage Speers became the first female trustees, and in 1974, quotas for men and women were eliminated. Following a 1979 lawsuit, the eating clubs were required to go coeducational in 1991, after an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied. In 2001, Princeton elected its first female president. The main campus consists of more than 200 buildings on 600 acres (2.4 km ) in Princeton, New Jersey. The James Forrestal Campus,

1690-408: A frequent occurrence during Green's tenure, enrollment did increase under his administration. In 1823, James Carnahan became president, arriving as an unprepared and timid leader. With the college riven by conflicting views between students, faculty, and trustees, and enrollment hitting its lowest in years, Carnahan considered closing the university. Carnahan's successor, John Maclean Jr. , who

1820-442: A major fundraising drive known as "A Campaign for Princeton" was conducted. President Harold T. Shapiro would succeed Bowen and remain president until 2001. Shapiro would continue to increase the endowment, expand academic programs, raise student diversity, and oversee the most renovations in Princeton's history. One of Shapiro's initiatives was the formation of the multidisciplinary Princeton Environmental Institute in 1994, renamed

1950-484: A man and a woman, some of which explicitly condemned same-sex marriage. They also defined men and women as inherently different. Many university students wrote op-eds critiquing these chastity clubs and scholars have written critiques as well. While rhetoric about sexual purity and chastity existed throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, the term “ purity culture ” often refers to the rise in government-funded abstinence-only education, purity balls, and chastity clubs in

2080-452: A man and a woman” which is necessary for “the healthy family,” and in their position statement they asserted that they did not support homosexuality because it went against the expectations of chastity, and that they did not support same-sex marriage because it fell outside of the definition of marriage. The Princeton Anscombe Society also actively participated in efforts against LGBTQ+ rights, drafting an amicus brief against same-sex couples for

2210-452: A part of The New Plan of Study. He also brought about great expansion to the university, with the creation of the School of Architecture in 1919, the School of Engineering in 1921, and the School of Public and International Affairs in 1930. By the end of his presidency, the endowment had increased by 374 percent, the total area of the campus doubled, the faculty experienced impressive growth, and

2340-473: A program for servicemen, so they could resume their education once discharged. The post-war years saw scholars renewing broken bonds through numerous conventions, expansion of the campus, and the introduction of distribution requirements. The period saw the desegregation of Princeton, which was stimulated by changes to the New Jersey constitution. Princeton began undertaking a sharper focus towards research in

2470-537: A scholarly conference, a series of short plays, and an art project. In April 2018, university trustees announced that they would name two public spaces for James Collins Johnson and Betsey Stockton , enslaved people who lived and worked on Princeton's campus and whose stories were publicized by the project. In 2019, large-scale student activism again entered the mainstream concerning the school's implementation of federal Title IX policy relating to campus sexual assault . The activism consisted of sit-ins in response to

2600-407: A site for religious services and local celebrations. Measured on the exterior, the chapel is 277 feet (84 m) long, 76 feet (23 m) wide at its transepts , and 121 feet (37 m) high. The exterior is Pennsylvania sandstone , trimmed with Indiana limestone , and the interior is made of limestone and Aquia Creek sandstone . The design evokes characteristics of an English church of

2730-554: A smaller location designed mainly as a research and instruction complex, is split between nearby Plainsboro and South Brunswick . The campuses are situated about one hour from both New York City and Philadelphia on the train. The university also owns more than 520 acres (2.1 km ) of property in West Windsor Township , and is where Princeton is planning to construct a graduate student housing complex, which will be known as "Lake Campus North". The first building on campus

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2860-591: A student's disciplinary sentence. In April 2024, students joined other campuses across the United States in protests and establishing encampments against the Israel–Hamas war and the alleged genocide of Palestinians in Gaza. The protestors called for divestment from Israel , started a hunger strike and were joined by faculty. The sit-in of Clio Hall led to arrests by police. Activism and protests continued in

2990-728: A university focus on undergraduates. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary , Rutgers University, and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . Princeton is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities . The university

3120-521: A university in 1896 and was subsequently renamed Princeton University. The university is governed by the Trustees of Princeton University and has an endowment of $ 37.7 billion, the largest endowment per student in the United States. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering to approximately 8,500 students on its main campus spanning 600 acres (2.4 km ) within

3250-466: A version of feminism that “does not embrace the idea that women should become more like men or that they abandon feminine characteristics and instincts.” The Princeton Anscombe Society also states that “there are inherent physical, behavioral, emotional, and psychological differences between men and women, and we affirm and celebrate these differences as wonderful and complementary.” University students responded directly to chastity clubs on their campus. In

3380-573: A violent act based on power and control. Purity culture Purity culture was a movement in the 1990s within Christianity which emphasized sexual abstinence . Purity culture places a strong emphasis on abstinence from sexual intercourse before marriage . Dating is discouraged entirely to avoid pre-marital sex. Women and girls are told to cover up and dress modestly to avoid arousing sexual urges in men and boys. Purity culture also emphasizes traditional gender roles . Masturbation

3510-458: A way to avoid arousing sexual urges in men and defines marriage as strictly between a man and a woman. While HIV/AIDS has a longer history globally, the first cases were reported in the U.S. in 1981. As of 2018, about 700,000 people in the United States had died from HIV/AIDS. Purity culture movements emerged in the 1990s in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, framing sexual purity until marriage as

3640-453: A youth movement took hold in the 1990s. A whole industry selling books, rings, and other products emerged around the movement. The first purity ball was held in 1998. Purity culture faded out of popularity after the end of the 2000s. Purity culture is largely an American phenomenon although exported abroad by American religious and government groups. It has also influenced groups like Girl Defined . Princeton University This

3770-419: A “pure” and “dignified” lifestyle. They stressed the dangers of premarital sex and portrayed marriage as the only way to accomplish a sexually healthy and happy life. Many of the chastity clubs at elite universities also spread inaccurate sexual health information and elicited feelings of fear and intimidation to dissuade students from having premarital sex. Some examples of chastity clubs at universities include

3900-405: Is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and has one of the largest university libraries in the world. Princeton uses a residential college system and is known for its eating clubs for juniors and seniors. The university has over 500 student organizations. Princeton students embrace a wide variety of traditions from both the past and present. The university

4030-509: Is 3–4 hours a week, although this can vary depending on the course. The student to faculty ratio is 5 to 1, and a majority of classes have fewer than 20 students. In the Fiske Guide to Colleges , academic culture is considered as "tight-knit, extremely hardworking, highly cooperative, and supportive." Undergraduates agree to adhere to an academic integrity policy called the Honor Code. Under

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4160-401: Is Christopher Eisgruber, who was appointed by the university's board of trustees in 2013. The board is responsible for the overall direction of the university. It consists of no fewer than 23 and no more than 40 members at any one time, with the president of the university and the governor of New Jersey serving as ex officio members . It approves the operating and capital budgets, supervises

4290-472: Is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE), with its last reaffirmation in 2014. Princeton University's endowment of $ 37 billion (per 2021 figures) was ranked as the fourth largest endowment in the United States, and it had the greatest per-student endowment in the world at over $ 4.4 million per student. The endowment is sustained through continued donations and

4420-883: Is an NCAA Division I school and competes in the Ivy League. The school's athletic team, the Princeton Tigers , has won the most titles in its conference and has sent many students and alumni to the Olympics . As of October 2021, 75 Nobel laureates , 16 Fields Medalists and 16 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni, faculty members, or researchers. In addition, Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science awardees, 5 Abel Prize awardees, 11 National Humanities Medal recipients, 217 Rhodes Scholars , 137 Marshall Scholars , and 62 Gates Cambridge Scholars . Two U.S. presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court justices (three of whom serve on

4550-739: Is an accepted version of this page Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey , United States. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The institution moved to Newark in 1747 and then to its Mercer County campus in Princeton nine years later. It officially became

4680-593: Is discouraged more strongly for women than for men. A purity ball is a formal dance event. The events are attended by fathers and their teenage daughters in order to promote virginity until marriage. Typically, daughters who attend a purity ball make a virginity pledge to remain sexually abstinent until marriage. Fathers who attend a purity ball make a promise to protect their young daughters' "purity of mind, body, and soul." Proponents of these events believe that they encourage close and deeply affectionate relationships between fathers and daughters, thereby avoiding

4810-498: Is maintained by investment advisers. Princeton's operating budget is over $ 2 billion per year, with 50% going to academic departments and programs, 33% to administrative and student service departments, 10% to financial aid departments, and 7% to the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory . Princeton follows a liberal arts curriculum, and offers two bachelor's degrees to students: a Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) and

4940-604: The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia ; it was also where some of the founders preached. Although their initial request was rejected by the Anglican governor Lewis Morrison , the acting governor after Morrison's death, John Hamilton , granted a charter for the College of New Jersey on October 22, 1746. In 1747, approximately five months after acquiring the charter,

5070-665: The High Meadows Environmental Institute in 2020. In 2001, Princeton shifted the financial aid policy to a system that replaced all loans with grants. That same year, Princeton elected its first female president, Shirley M. Tilghman . Before retiring in 2012, Tilghman expanded financial aid offerings and conducted several major construction projects like the Lewis Center for the Arts and a sixth residential college. Tilghman also lead initiatives for more global programs,

5200-658: The Institute for Advanced Study was founded to provide a space for the influx of scientists, such as Albert Einstein . Many Princeton scientists would work on the Manhattan Project during the war, including the entire physics department. During World War II, Princeton offered an accelerated program for students to graduate early before entering the armed forces. Student enrollment fluctuated from month to month, and many faculty were forced to teach unfamiliar subjects. Still, Dodds maintained academic standards and would establish

5330-688: The Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War . A compromise between the presidents of Princeton and Rutgers ended the war and forced the return of the Little Cannon to Princeton. The protruding cannons are occasionally painted scarlet by Rutgers students who continue the traditional dispute. Though art collection at the university dates back to its very founding, the Princeton University Art Museum was not officially established until 1882 by President McCosh. Its establishment arose from

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5460-511: The School of Architecture , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , and the School of Public and International Affairs . Additionally, the school's Bendheim Center for Finance provides education for the area of money and finance in lieu of a business school . Princeton did host a Princeton Law School for a short period, before eventually closing in 1852 due to poor income. Princeton's lack of other professional schools can be attributed to

5590-623: The borough of Princeton. It offers postgraduate degrees through the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university also manages the Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and is home to the NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory . It

5720-451: The 2008 plan, Princeton has aimed at reducing its carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels without the purchase of market offsets and predicts to meet the goal by 2026 (the former goal was by 2020 but COVID-19 requirements delayed this). Princeton released its second Sustainability Action Plan in 2019 on Earth Day with its main goal being reducing campus greenhouse gases to net zero by 2046 as well as other objectives building on those in

5850-720: The 2008 plan. In 2021, the university agreed to divest from thermal coal and tar sand segments of the fossil fuel industry and from companies that are involved in climate disinformation after student protest. Princeton is a member of the Ivy Plus Sustainability Consortium, through which it has committed to best-practice sharing and the ongoing exchange of campus sustainability solutions along with other member institutions. Princeton's Sustainability Action Plan also aims to have zero waste through recycling programs, sustainable purchasing, and behavioral and operational strategies. Princeton's 20th and current president

5980-620: The Americas. The museum's art is divided into ten extensive curatorial areas. There is a collection of Greek and Roman antiquities , including ceramics, marbles, bronzes, and Roman mosaics from faculty excavations in Antioch , as well as other art from the ancient Egyptian, Byzantium , and Islamic worlds. The non-Islamic coins were catalogued by Dorothy B. Waage . Medieval Europe is represented by sculpture, metalwork, and stained glass. The collection of Western European paintings includes examples from

6110-565: The Anscombe Society’s efforts in discrimination against gay students. One Stanford student criticized the Stanford Anscombe Society’s first event in 2011 as an “anti-abortion, anti-same sex adoption, anti-women, anti-good government, hate fest.” Additionally, feminist groups and other actors have criticized purity culture’s framing of gender as biologically and inherently defining one’s behavior and psychology. A 2023 column in

6240-494: The College of New Jersey initially suggested that Nassau Hall be named in recognition of Belcher because of his interest in the institution; the governor vetoed the request. Burr, who would die in 1757, devised a curriculum for the school and enlarged the student body. Following the untimely death of Burr and the college's next three presidents , John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that post until his death in 1794. With his presidency, Witherspoon focused

6370-752: The Harvard Crimson critiqued the Harvard True Love Revolution’s approach to gender, which framed women as responsible for gatekeeping sex from men and men as unable to control sexual urges. The author also discussed the implications of this approach to gender for instances of sexual violence, writing that “women are made to feel that they’ve failed to protect their purity, while men are absolved of responsibility for their abusive actions.” In her 2010 article, scholar Breanne Fahs provided similar critiques, describing how purity culture frames sexual violence as “a mere ‘giving in’ to temptation” rather than as

6500-484: The Honor Code, faculty do not proctor examinations; instead, the students proctor one another and must report any suspected violation to an Honor Committee made up of undergraduates. The Committee investigates reported violations and holds a hearing if it is warranted. An acquittal at such a hearing results in the destruction of all records of the hearing; a conviction results in the student's suspension or expulsion. Violations pertaining to all other academic work fall under

6630-582: The Middle Ages . The extensive iconography, in stained glass, stonework, and wood carvings, has the common theme of connecting religion and scholarship. Published in 2008, the Sustainability Action Plan was the first formal plan for sustainability enacted by the university. It focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conservation of resources, and research, education, and civic engagement for sustainability through 10 year objectives. Since

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6760-553: The South in the early 1990s. They then emerged at elite universities in the Northeast in the early 2000s. Chastity clubs continued to spread among elite universities with the support of groups such as the Love & Fidelity Network, which began in 2007 and worked to establish organizations promoting chastity at college campuses. Chastity clubs for college students were unlike those for adolescents, as

6890-665: The Stanford Anscombe Society’s planned conference called “Marriage, Family, and the Media.” However, after large backlash by the student body due to the anti-same-sex marriage views of the club and two of the scheduled speakers, the Graduate Student Council revoked the funding. Chastity clubs at elite universities in the 2000s defined gender as an inherent biological concept with connections to one’s behaviors. Columbia University’s Augustine Club stated that “chastity comes much harder to men than to women,” adding that “it’s no secret that

7020-632: The Synod and devised a plan to establish a new college, for they were disappointed with Harvard and Yale 's opposition to the Great Awakening and dissatisfied with the limited instruction at the Log College. They convinced three other Presbyterians to join them and decided on New Jersey as the location for the college, as at the time, there was no institution between Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut , and

7150-605: The Third World Center (now known as the Carl A. Fields Center) was dedicated in 1971. Goheen also oversaw great expansion for the university, with square footage increasing by 80 percentage. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Princeton experienced unprecedented activism, with most of it centered on the Vietnam War . While Princeton activism initially remained relatively timid compared to other institutions, protests began to grow with

7280-431: The United States in the 1990s and into the 21st century. Purity movements emerged in largely evangelical Christian contexts in the 1990s, though also existing within broader American contexts through pro-abstinence legislation and chastity clubs at elite universities. Purity culture calls for sexual chastity and abstinence before marriage. Operating with traditional gender roles, purity culture often posits modesty in dress as

7410-600: The United States) from June 30, 1783, to November 4, 1783. Since 1911, the front entrance has been flanked by two bronze tigers, a gift of the Princeton Class of 1879, which replaced two lions previously given in 1889. Starting in 1922, commencement has been held on the front lawn of Nassau Hall when there is good weather. In 1966, Nassau Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places . Nowadays, it houses

7540-686: The Welfare Reform Act, heavily funding abstinence-only education programs in public middle schools and high schools. Abstinence-only education in schools rose from 2 percent to 23 percent between 1988 and 1999. In 2003, funding for abstinence-only education reached $ 120 million. During Bush’s presidency, various government websites altered their information about sexual health. In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) removed information about condom use from its website in connection to Bush Administration regulations. In 1993, Bush spoke at

7670-714: The administration commissioned a report on admitting women. The final report was issued in January 1969, supporting the idea. That same month, Princeton's trustees voted 24–8 in favor of coeducation and began preparing the institution for the transition. The university finished these plans in April 1969 and announced there would be coeducation in September. Ultimately, 101 female freshman and 70 female transfer students enrolled at Princeton in September 1969. Those admitted were housed in Pyne Hall,

7800-412: The armed forces, with 151 dying during the war. After the war, enrollment spiked and the trustees established the system of selective admission in 1922. From the 1920s to the 1930s, the student body featured many students from preparatory schools, zero Black students, and dwindling Jewish enrollment because of quotas. Aside from managing Princeton during WWI, Hibben introduced the senior thesis in 1923 as

7930-445: The arts, science and engineering, social analysis, cultural difference, epistemology and cognition, ethical thought and moral values, historical analysis, and quantitative and computational reasoning; they must also have satisfactory ability in a foreign language. Additionally, they must complete two papers of independent work during their junior year—known as the junior papers—and craft a senior thesis to graduate; both revolve around

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8060-574: The board of trustees and dissatisfaction with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1902. Following Patton's resignation, Woodrow Wilson , an alumnus and popular professor, was elected the 13th president of the university. Noticing falling academic standards, Wilson orchestrated significant changes to the curriculum, where freshman and sophomores followed a unified curriculum while juniors and seniors concentrated study in one discipline. Ambitious seniors were allowed to undertake independent work, which would eventually shape Princeton's emphasis on

8190-625: The campus R.O.T.C. chapter in a game of touch football . As the years went on, the protests' agenda broadened to investments in South Africa, environmental issues, and women's rights. In response to these broadening protests, the Council of the Princeton University Community (CPUC) was founded to serve as a method for greater student voice in governance. Activism culminated in 1970 with a student, faculty, and staff member strike , so

8320-490: The cannon was returned to Princeton and placed at the eastern end of town. Two years later, it was moved to the campus under cover of night by Princeton students, and in 1840, it was buried in its current location. A second "Little Cannon" is buried in the lawn in front of nearby Whig Hall. The cannon, which may also have been captured in the Battle of Princeton, was stolen by students of Rutgers University in 1875. The theft ignited

8450-403: The certificates effectively serve as one. Course structure is determined by the instructor and department. Classes vary in their format, ranging from small seminars to medium-sized lecture courses to large lecture courses. The latter two typically have precepts , which are extra weekly discussion sessions that are led by either the professor or a graduate student. The average class meeting time

8580-470: The chaste life. The club had a chastity pledge which 40 members had signed by 2007, reading, “I commit myself to make an effort to live a chaste lifestyle. A chaste lifestyle involves using the gift of my body honorably and respectfully.” Their method to achieve their mission was largely intellectual, aiming to encourage students to reflect on their views on and beliefs about sex, sexual behavior, and marriage. They sought to promote “intellectual argument” about

8710-528: The club published public position statements declaring same-sex marriage as harmful and affirming heterosexual “traditional” marriage. They also promoted the essential differences between men and women. According to an article by the Harvard Crimson in 2012, many students reacted negatively to these changes, including past members. The club gradually became less popular and ended in 2019. The Stanford Anscombe Society hosted its first event in 2011. The club

8840-423: The club, then who were followed by other elite university students. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the second elite university to create a chastity club and followed Princeton’s club with their own Anscombe Society in 2006. According to their website, their mission was to promote a life of chastity as “the most beautiful life for a human being” and sought to dispel the negative preconceptions about

8970-573: The college became the site for the Battle of Princeton . During the battle, British soldiers briefly occupied Nassau Hall before eventually surrendering to American forces led by General George Washington . During the summer and fall of 1783, the Continental Congress and Washington met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the country's capital for four months; Nassau Hall is where Congress learned of

9100-467: The college on preparing a new generation of both educated clergy and secular leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards, broadened the curriculum, solicited investment for the college, and grew its size. A signatory of the Declaration of Independence , Witherspoon and his leadership led the college to becoming influential to the American Revolution . In 1777,

9230-464: The college's president in 1868, and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the war. During his two decades of service, he overhauled the curriculum, oversaw an expansion of inquiry into the sciences, recruited distinguished faculty, and supervised the addition of a number of buildings in the High Victorian Gothic style to the campus. McCosh's tenure also saw

9360-628: The concentration they are pursuing. B.S.E. majors complete fewer courses in the humanities and social sciences and instead fulfill requirements in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and computer programming. They likewise must complete independent work, which typically involves a design project or senior thesis, but not the junior papers. A.B. majors must complete 31 courses, whereas B.S.E. majors must complete 36 courses. Students can choose from either 36 concentrations or create their own. They can also participate in 55 interdisciplinary certificate programs; since Princeton does not offer an academic minor ,

9490-456: The construction of two new buildings. In 1807, a large student riot occurred at Nassau Hall, spurred by underlying distrust of educational reforms by Smith away from the Church. Following Smith's mishandling of the situation, falling enrollment, and faculty resignations, the trustees of the university offered resignation to Smith, which he accepted. In 1812, Ashbel Green was unanimously elected by

9620-464: The court as of 2010 ) and numerous living industry and media tycoons and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton's alumni body. Princeton has graduated many members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S. Cabinet , including eight secretaries of state , three secretaries of defense and two chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Princeton University, founded as the College of New Jersey,

9750-569: The creation and rise of many extracurricular activities, like the Princeton Glee Club , the Triangle Club , the first intercollegiate football team, and the first permanent eating club , as well as the elimination of fraternities and sororities. In 1879, Princeton conferred its first doctorates on James F. Williamson and William Libby, both members of the Class of 1877. Francis Patton took

9880-454: The creation of an office of sustainability, and investments into the sciences. Princeton's 20th and current president, Christopher Eisgruber , was elected in 2013. In 2017, Princeton University unveiled a large-scale public history and digital humanities investigation into its historical involvement with slavery called the Princeton & Slavery Project. The project saw the publication of hundreds of primary sources, 80 scholarly essays,

10010-662: The early Renaissance through the 19th century, with pieces by Monet , Cézanne , and Van Gogh , and features a growing collection of 20th-century and contemporary art, including paintings such as Andy Warhol 's Blue Marilyn. The museum features a collection of Chinese and Japanese art, with holdings in bronzes, tomb figurines, painting, and calligraphy , as well as collections of Korean, Southeast, and Central Asian art. Its collection of pre-Columbian art includes examples of Mayan and Olmec art, and its indigenous art ranges from Chile to Alaska to Greenland. The museum has collections of old master prints and drawings, and it has

10140-423: The election of President George W. Bush who funded abstinence-only education, defunded comprehensive sex education, and promoted misinformation about sexual health. These girls were recruited on the grounds of religion and obedience. During this time, millions of teenagers pledged premarital sexual abstinence, largely because of the belief that premarital sex was a sin. Chastity clubs began to form at universities in

10270-588: The end of the 19th century, much of Princeton's architecture was designed by the Cope and Stewardson firm (led by the same University of Pennsylvania professors of architecture who designed a large part of Washington University in St. Louis and University of Pennsylvania ) resulting in the Collegiate Gothic style for which Princeton is known for today. Implemented initially by William Appleton Potter , and later enforced by

10400-625: The enrollment doubled. Hibben's successor, Harold Willis Dodds would lead the university through the Great Depression , World War II , and the Korean Conflict . With the Great Depression, many students were forced to withdraw due to financial reasons. At the same time, Princeton's reputation in physics and mathematics surged as many European scientists left for the United States due to uneasy tension caused by Nazi Germany . In 1930,

10530-501: The first half of the 20th century. Due to the tightening of academic standards, enrollment declined severely until 1907. In 1906, the reservoir Lake Carnegie was created by Andrew Carnegie , and the university officially became nonsectarian . Before leaving office, Wilson strengthened the science program to focus on "pure" research and broke the Presbyterian lock on the board of trustees. However, he did fail in winning support for

10660-479: The following year in the Graduate School. In 1964, T'sai-ying Cheng became the first woman at Princeton to receive a Ph.D. In 1963, five women came to Princeton for one year to study "critical languages" as undergraduates, but were not candidates for a Princeton degree. Following abortive discussions with Sarah Lawrence College to relocate the women's college to Princeton and merge it with the university in 1967,

10790-713: The following: Princeton University 's The Anscombe Society was the first chastity club to be founded at an Ivy League university. The club was founded in 2005 by a group of students, many of whom were Catholic and conservative, who presented the club as secular in order to get credibility from the student body. The club sought to counter the hook-up culture of the university which they believed allowed and expected students to be sexually active. The founders claimed they did not want to morally judge students, but instead, provide information about “health and safety issues” associated with premarital and casual sex, and to ultimately promote dignity. They used moral and ethical arguments to support

10920-629: The founding of a local chapter of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1965, which organized many of the later Princeton protests. In 1966, the SDS gained prominence on campus following picketing against a speech by President Lyndon B. Johnson , which gained frontpage coverage by the New York Times. A notable point of contention on campus was the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) and would feature multiple protests, some of which required police action. In 1967, SDS members and sympathizers beat

11050-410: The future as special cases, but does not plan to make general admissions of women graduate students." The student-run Daily Princetonian ran four articles about Meservey in one issue, including an editorial lamenting the potential "far reaching implications" of Meservey's admission which concluded: "Princeton is unique as an undergraduate men's college and must remain so." Eight more women enrolled

11180-487: The honor system was established, allowing for unproctored exams. In 1896, the college officially became a university, and as a result, it officially changed its name to Princeton University. In 1900, the Graduate School was formally established. Even with such accomplishments, Patton's administration remained lackluster with its administrative structure and towards its educational standards. Due to profile changes in

11310-541: The idea that women who participate in premarital sex are worth less and spread sexist stereotypes. In 2008, Janie Fredell took leadership over the club, and along with speaking to many news outlets, eventually also toured colleges across America to speak about the True Love Revolution. After Fredell took over the club, on Valentine's Day of 2008, the club sent the same “Why wait? Because you’re worth it” valentines to both male and female freshmen. Fredell believed there

11440-499: The importance of abstinence. Harvard’s club promoted the idea that, according to their website, “safe sex is not safe,” emphasizing that contraception can fail and that premarital sex leads to dangerous physical and mental health consequences. Much of their website and claims utilized misinformation, including claims that early sexual activity often caused a greater likelihood of marital infidelity, divorce, maternal poverty, and depression. Their website also falsely claimed that abstinence

11570-465: The investment of the university's endowment, and oversees campus real estate and long-range physical planning. The trustees also exercise prior review and approval concerning changes in major policies such as those in instructional programs and admission as well as tuition and fees and the hiring of faculty members. The university is composed of the Undergraduate College, the Graduate School ,

11700-494: The jurisdiction of the Faculty-Student Committee on Discipline. Undergraduates are expected to sign a pledge on their written work affirming that they have not plagiarized the work. The first focus on issues of grade inflation by the Princeton administration began in 1998 when a university report was released showcasing a steady rise in undergraduate grades from 1973 to 1997. Subsequent reports and discussion from

11830-486: The lake's shore continues to serve as the headquarters for Princeton rowing. Princeton's grounds were designed by Beatrix Farrand between 1912 and 1943. Her contributions were most recently recognized with the naming of a courtyard for her. Subsequent changes to the landscape were introduced by Quennell Rothschild & Partners in 2000. In 2005, Michael Van Valkenburgh was hired as the new consulting landscape architect for Princeton's 2016 Campus Plan. Lynden B. Miller

11960-449: The land was converted to commercial and residential spaces. Robert Goheen would succeed Dodds by unanimous vote and serve as president until 1972. Goheen's presidency was characterized as being more liberal than previous presidents, and his presidency would see a rise in Black applicants, as well as the eventual coeducation of the university in 1969. During this period of rising diversity,

12090-486: The largest libraries in the colonies. In 1756, the college moved again to its present home in Princeton, New Jersey , because Newark was felt to be too close to New York. Princeton was chosen for its location in central New Jersey and by strong recommendation by Belcher. The college's home in Princeton was Nassau Hall , named for the royal William III of England , a member of the House of Orange-Nassau . The trustees of

12220-447: The library. In 1961, Princeton admitted its first female graduate student, Sabra Follett Meservey, who would go on to be the first woman to earn a master's degree at Princeton. Meservey was, at the time of her admission, already a member of the faculty at Douglass College within Princeton. The dean of the graduate school issued a statement clarifying that Meservey's admission was an exception, and that "Princeton may permit other women in

12350-521: The majority of members of chastity clubs. Chastity clubs for adolescents began to grow in the early 1990s, alongside a rise in increased funding for abstinence-only sex education, evangelical Christian backlash to what they understood to be a hyper-sexualized culture, high rates of teen pregnancy, and President Clinton’s affair with Monica Lewinsky . Evangelical Christians formed chastity clubs to push back against this culture which they believed taught young people to have sex. These clubs continued to grow with

12480-424: The needs of potentially or actually abusive partners. Since the 1990s Christian organizations, especially Catholic and evangelical Christian groups, promoting virginity pledges and virginity before marriage, like True Love Waits and Silver Ring Thing , used the purity ring as a symbol of commitment to purity culture. Purity culture had been a facet of Christian writing for a while but purity culture as

12610-438: The new academic year starting September 2024 with administrators facing calls for resignation from faculty. Princeton explicitly prohibited the admission of women from its founding in 1746 until 1969. Since it lacked an affiliated women's college, it was often referred to as a "monastery", both lovingly and derisively, by members of the Princeton community. For about a decade, from 1887 to 1897, nearby Evelyn College for Women

12740-446: The office of the university president and other administrative offices. To the south of Nassau Hall lies a courtyard that is known as Cannon Green. Buried in the ground at the center is the "Big Cannon", which was left in Princeton by British troops as they fled following the Battle of Princeton. It remained in Princeton until the War of 1812 , when it was taken to New Brunswick . In 1836,

12870-491: The peace treaty between the colonies and the British. The college did suffer from the revolution, with a depreciated endowment and hefty repair bills for Nassau Hall. In 1795, President Samuel Stanhope Smith took office, the first alumnus to become president. Nassau Hall suffered a large fire that destroyed its interior in 1802, which Smith blamed on rebellious students. The college raised funds for reconstruction, as well as

13000-486: The permanent location of the Graduate School and the elimination of the eating clubs, which he proposed replacing with quadrangles, a precursor to the residential college system. Wilson also continued to keep Princeton closed off from accepting Black students. When an aspiring Black student wrote a letter to Wilson, he got his secretary to reply telling him to attend a university where he would be more welcome. John Grier Hibben became president in 1912, and would remain in

13130-497: The post for two decades. On October 2, 1913, the Princeton University Graduate College was dedicated. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Hibben allocated all available University resources to the government. As a result, military training schools opened on campus and laboratories and other facilities were used for research and operational programs. Overall, more than 6,000 students served in

13260-463: The practice for the future. Wilson further reformed the educational system by introducing the preceptorial system in 1905, a then-unique concept in the United States that augmented the standard lecture method of teaching with a more personal form in which small groups of students, or precepts, could interact with a single instructor, or preceptor, in their field of interest. The changes brought about many new faculty and cemented Princeton's academics for

13390-617: The predecessor of the university, the idea has been rebuked by Princeton historians. The founding of the university itself originated from a split in the Presbyterian church following the Great Awakening . In 1741, New Light Presbyterians were expelled from the Synod of Philadelphia in defense of how the Log College ordained ministers. The four founders of the College of New Jersey, who were New Lights, were either expelled or withdrew from

13520-406: The premarital sexual activity that allegedly results when young women seek love through relationships with young men. Critics of the balls argue that they encourage and engrave dysfunctional expectations in the minds of the young women, making them vulnerable to believing their only value is as property, and teaching them that they must subjugate their own mental, physical, and emotional well-being to

13650-408: The presidency in 1888, and although his election was not met by unanimous enthusiasm, he was well received by undergraduates. Patton's administration was marked by great change, for Princeton's enrollment and faculty had doubled. At the same time, the college underwent large expansion and social life was changing in reflection of the rise in eating clubs and burgeoning interest in athletics. In 1893,

13780-405: The relationship between men and women and sexual ethics, welcoming people with all viewpoints to their events. According to their website, in order to create an intellectual defense for chastity and promote discussions and debates about it, they provided members with scholarly articles and brought speakers on campus that discussed chastity. In 2006, Harvard ’s chastity club the True Love Revolution

13910-564: The report culminated to when in 2004, Nancy Weiss Malkiel , the dean of the college, implemented a grade deflation policy to address the findings. Malkiel's reason for the policy was that an A was becoming devalued as a larger percentage of the student body received one. Following its introduction, the number of A's and average GPA on campus dropped, although A's and B's were still the most frequent grades awarded. The policy received mixed approval from both faculty and students when first instituted. Criticism for grade deflation continued through

14040-410: The school was open to those of any religious denomination, with many of the founders being of Presbyterian faith, the college became the educational and religious capital of Scotch-Irish Presbyterian America. In 1747, following the death of then President Jonathan Dickinson, the college moved from Elizabeth to Newark, New Jersey , as that was where presidential successor Aaron Burr Sr. 's parsonage

14170-524: The solution to the epidemic and other sexually transmitted diseases. Prior to the Bush Administration, the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 introduced government-funded abstinence-only sexual education programs in public schools, with $ 50 million set aside each year for abstinence education. During George W. Bush ’s presidency (2001-2009), Congress and the Bush Administration continued to build upon

14300-528: The speaker spread conservative sentiments including being anti-same-sex marriage and anti-abortion. According to their website, their last event was in 2014. In the 2000s and 2010s, university chastity clubs often included language about marriage, with many overtly defining sex as a practice that should only occur between a man and a woman in marriage. Princeton’s Anscombe Society originally denounced homosexual sex and marriage. In their mission statement, they defined marriage as “the exclusive, monogamous union of

14430-554: The students had more autonomy than young adults. The students formed them in response to what they believed was a hyper-sexualized culture of universities and the rise of a hook-up culture. These clubs, unlike those for girls aged seven to fifteen who were seen as not yet having sexual desires, aimed to encourage sexual restraint to resist the pressures of hook-up culture and sexual exploration. They hosted events, including lectures, discussion panels, and study sessions that promoted abstinence. The clubs encouraged college students to take on

14560-527: The trustees elected Jonathan Dickinson as president and opened in Elizabeth, New Jersey , where classes were held in Dickinson's parsonage . With its founding, it became the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The founders aimed for the college to have an expansive curriculum to teach people of various professions, not solely ministerial work. Though

14690-471: The trustees of the college to become the eighth president. After the liberal tenure of Smith, Green represented the conservative "Old Side", in which he introduced rigorous disciplinary rules and heavily embraced religion. Even so, believing the college was not religious enough, he took a prominent role in establishing the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. While student riots were

14820-459: The undisciplined male sex drive is monotonously predictable and frivolous.” On their now-defunct club’s website, Harvard’s True Love Revolution organization wrote that there are “inherent physical, behavioral, emotional, and psychological differences between men and women,” describing that statement as evoking “true feminism.” The website for Princeton’s Anscombe Society, which remains up as of May 2024, also references “true feminism,” defining it as

14950-473: The university could become an "institution against expansion of the war." Princeton's protests would taper off later that year, with The Daily Princetonian saying that, "Princeton 1970–71 was an emotionally burned out university." In 1982, the residential college system was officially established under Goheen's successor William G. Bowen , who would serve until 1988. During his presidency, Princeton's endowment increased from $ 625 million to $ 2 billion, and

15080-642: The university through the American Civil War . When Nassau Hall burned down again in 1855, Maclean raised funds and used the money to rebuild Nassau Hall and run the university on an austerity budget during the war years. With a third of students from the college being from the South, enrollment fell. Once many of the Southerners left, the campus became a sharp proponent for the Union , even bestowing an honorary degree to President Lincoln . James McCosh became

15210-578: The university's supervising architect, Ralph Adams Cram , the Collegiate Gothic style remained the standard for all new building on the Princeton campus until 1960. A flurry of construction projects in the 1960s produced a number of new buildings on the south side of the main campus, many of which have been poorly received. Several prominent architects have contributed some more recent additions, including Frank Gehry (Lewis Library), I. M. Pei (Spelman Halls), Demetri Porphyrios ( Whitman College ,

15340-422: The university's supervising architect, designed the chapel, which he viewed as the crown jewel for the Collegiate Gothic motif he had championed for the campus. At the time of its construction, it was the second largest university chapel in the world, after King's College Chapel, Cambridge . It underwent a two-year, $ 10 million restoration campaign between 2000 and 2002. The Chapel seats around 2,000 and serves as

15470-568: The years after the war, with the construction of Firestone Library in 1948 and the establishment of the Forrestal Research Center in nearby Plainsboro Township in the 1950s. Government sponsored research increased sharply, particularly in the physics and engineering departments, with much of it occurring at the new Forrestal campus. Though, as the years progressed, scientific research at the Forrestal campus declined, and in 1973, some of

15600-430: Was Nassau Hall, completed in 1756, and situated on the northern edge of the campus facing Nassau Street. The campus expanded steadily around Nassau Hall during the early and middle 19th century. The McCosh presidency (1868–88) saw the construction of a number of buildings in the High Victorian Gothic and Romanesque Revival styles, although many of them are now gone, leaving the remaining few to appear out of place. At

15730-462: Was a British philosopher and Roman Catholic from Cambridge University and student of Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein . In a 1977 essay "Contraception and Chastity,” she argued a philosophical defense of the Catholic papacy’s strict restrictions on sexual behavior, making her well-known among Roman Catholics. Her use of logic to denounce pre-marital sex appealed to the Princeton students who formed

15860-465: Was a double standard that belittled women while appraising men who had premarital sex. She identified as an “unconventional feminist” who, rather than teaching women to use their bodily autonomy to have sex (“sex like a man”), taught women to use their bodily autonomy to choose not to have sex (“by telling men no, absolutely not”). Over time, the club shifted toward political advocacy and changed its name to Harvard College Anscombe Society in 2012. In 2009,

15990-449: Was founded by couple Sarah Kinsella and Justin Murray in 2006. Like Princeton’s The Anscombe Society, the club did not mention God or religion in promoting abstinence in order to appeal to a wider audience. Unlike Princeton’s club, the True Love Revolution sought to promote premarital sexual abstinence through scientific rather than philosophical arguments, utilizing scholarly journals to support

16120-594: Was invited to work with him as Princeton's consulting gardening architect, focusing on the 17 gardens that are distributed throughout the campus. Nassau Hall is the oldest building on campus. Begun in 1754 and completed in 1756, it was the first seat of the New Jersey Legislature in 1776, was involved in the Battle of Princeton in 1777, and was the seat of the Congress of the Confederation (and thus capitol of

16250-521: Was largely composed of daughters of professors and sisters of Princeton undergraduates. While no legal connection existed, many Princeton professors taught there and several Princeton administrators, such as Francis Patton, were on its board of trustees. It closed in 1897 following the death of its founder, Joshua McIlvaine . In 1947, three female members of the library staff enrolled in beginning Russian courses to deal with an increase in Russian literature in

16380-427: Was located. That same year, Princeton's first charter came under dispute by Anglicans, but on September 14, 1748, the recently appointed governor Jonathan Belcher granted a second charter. Belcher, a Congregationalist , had become alienated from his alma mater , Harvard, and decided to "adopt" the infant college. Belcher would go on to raise funds for the college and donate his 474-volume library, making it one of

16510-483: Was not religiously or politically affiliated and sought to promote thought about “the roles of the family, marriage, sexual ethics, chastity and sexuality in the lives of Stanford students.” On their website, they emphasize the importance of family in society and define marriage as a union between a man and a woman “until death.” They identified “sexual integrity” as critical to the success of a family. According to The Stanford Daily, their first event caused controversy, as

16640-406: Was only a professor at the time, recommended saving the university with the help of alumni; as a result, Princeton's alumni association, led by James Madison , was created and began raising funds. With Carnahan and Maclean, now vice-president, working as partners, enrollment and faculty increased, tensions decreased, and the college campus expanded. Maclean took over the presidency in 1854, and led

16770-468: Was shaped much in its formative years by the " Log College ", a seminary founded by the Reverend William Tennent at Neshaminy, Pennsylvania , in about 1726. While no legal connection ever existed, many of the pupils and adherents from the Log College would go on to financially support and become substantially involved in the early years of the university. While early writers considered it as

16900-564: Was the only way to avoid sexually transmitted infections and that condoms did not work to prevent HPV and many other STIs. They emphasized that abstinence improves relationships before marriage, as it creates trust and respect. The club’s events gained notoriety, as founders Sarah Kinsella and Justin Murray were interviewed in multiple major news outlets. The club’s first event caused negative reactions on campus, when they sent valentines to every female freshman that said, “Why wait? Because you’re worth it” which many students perceived as perpetuating

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