67-661: Anpara is a town in Sonbhadra district in the state of Uttar Pradesh , India . It hosts an Anpara Thermal Power Station with a total installed capacity 3830MW (2630MW of UPRVUNL and 1200 MW Of LANCO). It is built beside Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake and the Rihand River (a tributary of the Son River).. The pin code of Anpara is 231225. It lies on the plateau of Vindhya Range. There are two townships in Anpara i.e. UPRVUNL's ATP Colony and
134-556: A jihad and a raid on India every year. In 1005 Mahmud conducted a series of campaigns during which the Ismailis of Multan were massacred. Following his quest for Jihad in India, Mahmud Ghazni not only ruined the Somnath temple and plundered its treasures but also killed every devotee present in the town. He did the same with women devotees, either killing them or kidnapped them to be later sold in
201-531: A "great and magnificent temple" in Mathura. According to Firishta , writing a "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India, and was consecrated to Vāsudeva-Krishna . When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, "all the idols" were burnt and destroyed during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down. The Art of Mathura fell into decline thereafter. In 1021 Mahmud supported
268-628: A Holy War against the infidels of Hindustan". During the seventh year of his reign, Mahmud mintage from Lahore styled him as " Mahmud but-shikan " (Mahmud the breaker of idols). By the end of his reign, the Ghaznavid Empire extended from Ray in the west to Samarkand in the north-east, and from the Caspian Sea to the Yamuna . Although his raids carried his forces across the Indian subcontinent , only
335-603: A Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to Baihaki . Indian historian Mohammad Habib states that there was no imposition of Jizya on "non-Muslims" during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni nor any mention of "forced conversions": [H]is (Mahmud's) expeditions against India were not motivated by religion but by love of plunder. A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University has written in his book History of India , "Mahmud vowed that every year he would wage
402-454: A big part of the coal need of the state. Churk a nearby town is situated around 10 km (6.2 mi), where Jaypee Group is establishing a thermal power project. One of the main reasons this road is always busy is due to daily transport of around 1000 trucks of grits and sand. According to the 2011 census Sonbhadra district has a population of 1,862,559, of which male and female were 971,344 and 891,215 respectively. roughly equal to
469-589: A company in Renukut called HiTech Carbon. Another industrial group initiated a company in Renukut named Grasim Industries Limited, which produces chemicals and later it started own power plant at Renukut in 1998. In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Sonbhadra as one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640 ). It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from
536-459: A major aluminium plant at Renukut. Owing to the limestone hills, initially one cement factory was established at Churk in 1956. Another cement factory started at Dala in 1971, with an ancillary unit at Chunar from 1980. A big dam constructed at Pipri in 1961 is named Rihand Dam ; a small dam was constructed at Obra in 1968. The Birla group set up an aluminum plant at Renukut. The company set up its own power plant at Renusagar in 1967 and started
603-591: A policy of destroying Hindu temples and monuments to crush any move by the Hindus to attack the Empire; Nagarkot , Thanesar , Mathura , Kannauj , Kalinjar (1023) and Somnath all submitted or were raided. It is estimated Mahmud's invasions killed over 2 million people. In 1025 Mahmud raided Gujarat , plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga . He took away booty of 2 million dinars. The conquest of Somnath
670-559: A portion of the Punjab and of Sindh in modern-day Pakistan came under his semi-permanent rule; Kashmir , the Doab , Rajasthan , and Gujarat remained under the control of the local Hindu dynasties. The booty brought back to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g. Abolfazl Beyhaghi , Ferdowsi ) give descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. He transformed Ghazni,
737-481: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sonebhadra district Sonbhadra (also known as Sonebhadra ) or Sonanchal is the second largest district by area of Uttar Pradesh after Lakhimpur Kheri . The district headquarters is in the town of Robertsganj . Sonbhadra is also known as the "Energy Capital of India" for hosting multiple power plants. Sonbhadra lies between Vindhya and Kaimur hills , and its topology and natural environment prompted
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#1733093449277804-462: Is known, other than that he was a school-mate and foster brother of Ahmad Maymandi , a Persian native of Zabulistan. Mahmud married the daughter of Abu'l Haret Ahmad , and they had twin sons, Mohammad and Ma'sud , who succeeded him one after the other; his grandson by Mas'ud, Maw'dud Ghaznavi , also later became ruler of the empire. According to Mirat-i-Masudi ("Mirror of Masud"), a Persian-language hagiography written by Abdur Rahman Chishti in
871-857: The Battle of Dandanaqan , they decisively defeated Mahmud's son, Mas'ud I , resulting in Mas'ud abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks. On 30 April 1030 Sultan Mahmud died in Ghazni at the age of 58. Sultan Mahmud had contracted malaria during his last invasion. The medical complication from malaria had caused lethal tuberculosis. His mausoleum is located in Ghazni , Afghanistan . Ghor and Muhammad ibn Suri are then captured by Mahmud, made prisoner along with Muhammad ibn Suri's son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad ibn Suri dies. Appoints Sewakpal to administer
938-482: The Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala , who had moved his capital to Peshawar (modern Pakistan). Jayapala killed himself and was succeeded by his son Anandapala . In 1005 Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Bhatia (probably Bhera), and in 1006 he invaded Multan , at which time Anandapala's army attacked him. The following year Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukhapala, ruler of Bathinda (who had become ruler by rebelling against
1005-748: The Hindu Shahis against the Ghaznavids, and Mahmud wanted retribution. Antagonized by Sangramaraja's having helped Trilochanapala, Mahmud invaded Kashmir. He advanced along the Tohi river valley, planning to enter Kashmir through the Tosamaidan pass. However, his advanced was checked by the strong fort of Loharkot. After having besieged the fort for a month, Mahmud abandoned the siege and retreated, losing many of his troops on his way and almost losing his own life as well. In 1021, Mahmud again attempted to invade Kashmir, but
1072-529: The Indian subcontinent , Khwarazm in Transoxiana , and Makran . Highly Persianized , Mahmud continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the Samanids . He established the ground for a future Persianate state in Punjab , particularly centered on Lahore , a city he conquered. His capital of Ghazni evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in
1139-603: The Kandahar region followed by Bost ( Lashkar Gah ), which he transformed to a militarised city. Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasions of North India . On 28 November 1001, his army fought and defeated the army of Raja Jayapala of the Kabul Shahis at the Battle of Peshawar . In 1002 Mahmud invaded Sistan and dethroned Khalaf ibn Ahmad , ending the Saffarid dynasty . From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to
1206-495: The Kannauj king against Chandela Ganda, who was defeated. That same year Shahi Trilochanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him. Lahore (modern Pakistan) was annexed by Mahmud. Mahmud besieged Gwalior , in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked Somnath in 1025, and its ruler Bhima I fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to Kachch against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked
1273-555: The Shahnameh to him. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by Mahmud to Ferdowsi and his life's work. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a dinar for every distich written in the Shahnameh (which would have been 60,000 dinars), but later retracted his promise and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), at that time the equivalent of only 200 dinars. His expedition across
1340-554: The 1620s, Mahmud's sister, Sitr-e-Mu'alla, was purportedly married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu , whose son was Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud . Mahmud's companion was a Georgian slave, Malik Ayaz , about whom poems and stories have been told. In 994 Mahmud joined his father Sabuktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir , Nuh II . During this period,
1407-607: The Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). The city is connected by rail to Delhi, Allahabad, Ranchi and Patna. Some notable trains passing through the district are Muri express (Jammu Tawi - Delhi - Tata Nagar), Jharkhand Swarna Jayanti Express/12873(Hatia - Kanpur - Delhi), Triveni Express (Bareilly - Lucknow - Shaktinagar/Singrauli/barwadih) Bhopal Express (Bhopal-Howrah) weekly and Shaktipunj Express/11448(Howrah-Bokaro - Chopan- Jabalpur). Intercity Express/03346 (Singrauli- Chopan-Varanasi). Robertsganj,
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#17330934492771474-457: The GSI had told PTI that there had been no such discovery of large gold deposits in the district. The Valley of Son and Belan Rivers abounds in caves which were the earliest dwellings of the primeval inhabitants. This area had been the centre of activities of pre-historic humans which is evident from the rock paintings (pre-historic cave art) found in abundance in this region. These paintings are of
1541-657: The Gangetic plains in 1017 inspired Al-Biruni to compose his Tarikh Al-Hind in order to understand the Indians and their beliefs. During Mahmud's rule, universities were founded to study various subjects such as mathematics, religion, the humanities, and medicine. The Ghaznavid Empire was ruled by his successors for 157 years. The expanding Seljuk empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The Ghorids captured Ghazni in 1150, and Mu'izz al-Din (also known as Muhammad of Ghori) captured
1608-450: The Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of Baghdad . The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as al-Biruni and Ferdowsi . Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27 upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother Ismail . He was the first ruler to hold the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at
1675-805: The Jats of Jud and defeated them. Mahmud's desecration of the Somnath temple in Gujarat in 1024 CE motivated Rajput king Bhoja to lead an army against him, however after Somnath raid, Mahmud Gazhnavi chose a more dangerous route via Sindh, to avoid facing the invading powerful armies of Bhoja, he passed through a desert, where the scarcity of food and water killed a large number of his soldiers and animals, Kitabh Zainu'l Akhbar ( c. 1048 CE ) by 'Abd al-Hayy Gardizi, Tabaqat-i-Akbari by Nizamuddin Ahmad and Firishta's writings also mention this incident. Christoph Baumer notes that in 1026 CE, Jats "inflicted heavy losses" on
1742-399: The Jats' fleet. The Indian kingdoms of Nagarkot , Thanesar , Kannauj , and Gwalior were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, Jain , and Buddhist kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to neglect making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the northwestern subcontinent, he engaged in
1809-488: The Lanco Anpara Township. Major schools are DAV Public School, St. Francis School, Ambedkar School, Aman Public School, Urmila Public School, GIC Anpara and KIDZEE. Apart from township, Anpara is maintained by the local governing body i.e. Gram Panchayat, Anpara. ATP colony consists of many types of government quarters such as first, second, third, fourth and fifth types. Government quarters are allotted as per grade of
1876-879: The Pakistan Military Academy, where cadets are trained to become officers of the Pakistan Army, also gives tribute to Mahmud of Ghazni by naming one of its twelve companies Ghaznavi Company. Sultan Mahmud thought of himself as "the Shadow of the God on Earth", an absolute power whose will is law. He paid great attention to details in almost everything, personally overseeing the work of every department of his divan (administration). Mahmud appointed all his ministers himself without advising his wazir (chief advisor) or diwan, though occasionally he had to, as his religion dictated that Muslims should consult each other on all issues. Most of
1943-666: The Rihand, the Kanhar River , which originates in Chhattisgarh , flows north to join the Son. The district has historic, cultural, and ecological affinities with the Bagelkhand region. Robertsganj is the district headquarters. Sonbhadra has a relatively subtropical climate with high variation between summer and winter temperatures. The average temperature is 30 to 46 °C (86 to 115 °F) in
2010-619: The Samanid Empire became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali , the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring Buyids and Kara-Khanid Khanate . Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son Ismail as the ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty. The reason behind Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over
2077-634: The Shahi dominions of Udbandpura. Following the defeat of the Indian Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals and annexing only the Punjab region . He also vowed to raid and loot the wealthy region of northwestern India every year. In 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni first invaded modern day Pakistan and then parts of India. Mahmud defeated, captured, and later released
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2144-426: The Shahi kingdom). In 1008–1009, Mahmud defeated the Hindu Shahis in the Battle of Chach . In 1013, during Mahmud's eighth expedition into eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Shahi kingdom (which was then under Trilochanapala, son of Anandapala) was overthrown. In 1014 Mahmud led an expedition to Thanesar . The next year he unsuccessfully attacked Kashmir . The ruler of Kashmir Sangramaraja had been an ally of
2211-481: The army of Mahmud while it was on its way from Somnath to Multan . Later in 1027 CE, he avenged the attack by the Jats, who had been resisting "forced Islamisation" for the past 300 years, by ravaging their fleet in the Indus river . Even though the Jats had a bigger fleet than Mahmud, he is said to have had around 20 archers on each of his 1400 boats, stocked with "special projectiles" carrying naphtha , which he used to burn
2278-560: The current European sense of history than did the other sources. The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of Oghuz and Seljuk Turks from Central Asia and the Buyid dynasty. Initially, after being repulsed by Mahmud, the Seljuks retired to Khwarezm , but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1028–1029). Later, they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1040, at
2345-516: The district from west to east. The southern portion of the district is hilly, interspersed with fertile stream valleys. The Rihand River , which rises to the south in the highlands of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh , flows north to join the Son in the center of the district. The Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar , a reservoir on the Rihand , lies partly in the district and partly in Madhya Pradesh . East of
2412-454: The district speak Gondi and 1,800 Kurukh , both tribal languages. Out of the total Sonbhadra population for 2011 census, 16.88 percent lives in urban regions of district. In total 314,342 people lives in urban areas of which males are 167,999 and females are 146,343. Sex Ratio in urban region of Sonbhadra district is 871 as per 2011 census data. Similarly child sex ratio in Sonbhadra district
2479-501: The district. Though this is not a national highway it is a very busy road because of the towns Dalla, Renukot, Anpara, Shaktinagar which are sufficiently commercialized areas. National Thermal Power corporation is in Shaktinagar and also Northern Coalfields limited (a subsidiary company of Coal India Ltd) has different projects like Singrauli, Khadia, Jayant, Dudhichua, amlori, Kakri etc. These areas have several major coal mines which cater
2546-661: The east, Balrampur District of Chhattisgarh state to the south, and Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh state to the west. The northern part of the district lies on a plateau of the Vindhya Range , and is drained by tributaries of the Ganges including the Belan and Karmanasha rivers. South of the steep escarpment of the Kaimur Range is the valley of the Son River , which flows through
2613-631: The first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru to refer to Sonbhadra as the "Switzerland of India". In 2018 Uttar Pradesh's chief minister Yogi Adityanath recognised Sonbhadra as a tourist hub in Purvanchal region and further promoted by Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department. In February 2020, a Press Trust of India (PTI) news report incorrectly claimed that the Geological Survey of India (GSI) had found 3,000 tonnes (3,300 tons) of gold deposits in Sonbhadra district. PTI later stated on Twitter that
2680-510: The first centre of Persian literature , into one of the leading cities of Central Asia, patronizing scholars, establishing colleges, laying out gardens, and building mosques, palaces, and caravansaries. Mahmud brought whole libraries from Ray and Isfahan to Ghazni. He even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni. Mahmud patronized the notable poet Ferdowsi, who after laboring 27 years, went to Ghazni and presented
2747-476: The glory of the capital never returned. During this time one of the sons of Raja Paramardi Deva, called Ashajit, fled eastwards in the turmoil that followed. His sons or grand sons called Barimal and Bharimal, captured Agori from the Kaharwar Raja and made themselves the independent rulers of Agori and Barhar. The elder brother Barimal took the kingdom of Agori and Barhar, and the younger brother Bharimal became
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2814-502: The hands of Mahmud's father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son Anandapala succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. In the Battle of Chach , he assembled a powerful confederacy that suffered defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle at a crucial moment, turning the tide in Mahmud's favor once more at Lahore in 1008 and bringing Mahmud control of
2881-471: The headquarters of Sonbhadra, is located about 88 km (55 mi) from the city of Varanasi which has the nearest airport. Robertsganj is well connected to Lucknow , Allahabad , Varanasi , Mirzapur , Gorakhpur , Faizabad , Ambikapur Sasaram & Garhwa by road. Buses are available at all hours of the day from Varanasi and it normally takes 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours to cover the distance. The highway connecting Varanasi and Waidhan passes through
2948-601: The iconoclastic historiography of this incident. Thapar quoted Majumdar (1956): But, as is well known, Hindu sources do not give any information regarding the raids of Sultan Mahmud, so that what follows is based solely on the testimony of Muslim authors. Thapar also argued against the prevalent narrative: Yet in a curiously contradictory manner, the Turko-Persian narratives were accepted as historically valid and even their internal contradictions were not given much attention, largely because they approximated more closely to
3015-517: The last Ghaznavid stronghold at Lahore in 1187. Despite Mahmud's remarkable abilities as a military commander, he failed to consolidate his empire's conquests with subtle authority. Mahmud also lacked the genius for administration and could not build long term enduring institutions in his state during his reign. The military of Pakistan has named its short-range ballistic missile the Ghaznavi Missile in honour of Mahmud of Ghazni. In addition,
3082-579: The more experienced and older Mahmud is uncertain. It may have been due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master, Alptigin . Mahmud shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of Bust , he defeated Ismail the following year at the battle of Ghazni and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom. That year, in 998, Mahmud then traveled to Balkh and paid homage to Amir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nur II . He then appointed Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini as his vizier , and then set out west from Ghazni to take
3149-453: The nation of Kosovo or the US state of West Virginia . This gives it a ranking of 254th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 270 inhabitants per square kilometre (700/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 27.27%. 16.88% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 22.64% and 20.67% of
3216-400: The periods ranging from Mesolithic to Paleolithic ages. Sonbhadra , whose ancient name was Gramputra or Gupt Kashi , was built by the ancient king Putrak for his queen Paatali. It is said that ' Bhars ' had settlements along with Chero , Searis and Kharwar communities in the district up to fifth century there was the rule of ''Chandel Rajput'' kings on Vijaygarh Fort . This district
3283-545: The population respectively. Sonbhadra has a sex ratio of 996 females for every 1000 males. In census enumeration, data regarding child undeg age six were also collected for districts Sonbhadra. There were total 323,092 children under age six against 302,834 of 2001 census. Of total 323,092 male and female were 167,870 and 155,222 respectively. Child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 925 compared to 956 of census 2001. In 2011, children under age six formed 17.35 percent of Sonbhadra District compared to 20.69 percent of 2001. There
3350-570: The region. Anandapala flees to Kashmir , fort in the hills on the western border of Kashmir . Under the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the region broke away from the Samanid sphere of influence. While he acknowledged the Abbasids as caliph as a matter of form, he was also granted the title Sultan in recognition of his independence. Following Mahmud's recognition by the Abbasid caliphate in 999, he pledged
3417-478: The ruler of Bardi state ruled by Chandel -Rajput. Another jagirdari in sonbhadra in Vijaygarh .it was also ruled by Chandel Dynasty after that by Narayan dynasty . The district lies in the extreme south-east of the state, and is bounded by Mirzapur district to the northwest, Chandauli district to the north, Kaimur and Rohtas districts of Bihar state to the north-east, Garhwa district of Jharkhand state to
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#17330934492773484-496: The same time preserving an ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphs . During his rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns, such as Mathura and Somnath in medieval India seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni. Mahmud was born in the town of Ghazni in the region of Zabulistan (in present-day Afghanistan ) on 2 November 971. His father, Sabuktigin ,
3551-587: The services in power plant. According to the 2001 Indian census Anpara had a population of 22 385, males constituting 55% of the population, an average literacy rate of 71%, and 14% of the population was under 6 years of age. According to 2011 Indian census Anpara had a population of 17,978, Schedule Cast constituting 13.8% of population, an average literacy rate of 83.2% And Sex Ratio of 863. Anpara has been ranked 13th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India. This Sonbhadra district location article
3618-454: The slave markets of Afghanistan. Mahmud used his plundered wealth to finance his armies which included mercenaries. The Indian soldiers, whom Romila Thapar presumed to be Hindus , were one of the components of the army with their commander called sipahsalar -i-Hinduwan and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against
3685-605: The southeast, particularly the highly fertile lands of the Punjab region . Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against an Ismaili state first established at Multan in 965 by a da'i from the Fatimid Caliphate in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the Abbasid Caliphate ; he also engaged elsewhere with the Fatimids. At this point, Jayapala attempted to exact revenge for an earlier military defeat at
3752-690: The spine of the Kaimur Range, and extending to the Son River at its eastern end. The district has many electrical power stations around Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar . NTPC has two coal-based thermal power plants, being Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station at Shaktinagar and Rihand Thermal Power Station at Rihand Nagar. Other power stations are at Anpara ( UPRVUNL ), Obra (UPRVUNL), Renusagar ( Hindalco ) and Pipri -Hydro (UPRVUNL). Northern Coalfields (a branch of Coal India Limited ) has its headquarters and many coal mines in this region. Hindalco has
3819-554: The summer and 2 to 15 °C (36 to 59 °F) in the winter. The weather is pleasant in rainy season from July to October. The portion of the district north of the Son River lies in the Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion. The portion south of the Son lies in the Chhota Nagpur dry deciduous forests ecoregion. Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary lies mostly within the district, reaching generally east and west along
3886-441: The time he was suspicious of his ministers, particularly of the wazir, and the following words are widely believed to be his: "wazirs are the enemies of kings..." Sultan Mahmud had numerous spies (called mushrifs ) across his empire, supervised by the special department within his diwan. Mahmud was a patron of literature, especially poetry, and he was occasionally found in the company of talented poets either in his palace or in
3953-447: Was Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire , ruling from 998 to 1030. During his reign and in medieval sources, he is usually known by his honorific title Yamin al-Dawla ( یمین الدوله , lit. ' Right Hand of the State ' ). At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern Iran proper to the Punjab in
4020-826: Was 868 in 2011 census. Child population (0-6) in urban region was 38,169 of which males and females were 20,434 and 17,735. This child population figure of Sonbhadra district is 12.16% of total urban population.there are 11.7% urban people belong to scheduled casts and 3.2% urban people belong to scheduled tribes. Average literacy rate in Sonbhadra Urban as per census 2011 is 84.31% of which males and females are 90.73% and 76.93% literates respectively. Politicians Artists Mahmud of Ghazni Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin ( Persian : ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین , romanized : Abu al-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sabuktigīn ; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as Mahmud of Ghazni or Mahmud Ghaznavi ( محمود غزنوی ),
4087-441: Was a Turkic slave commander who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the Samanids , who ruled Khorasan and Transoxiana . Mahmud's mother was a local woman of possible Iranian descent from a landowning aristocrat family in the region of Zabulistan, and he is therefore known in some sources as Mahmud-i Zavuli ("Mahmud from Zabulistan"). Not much about Mahmud's early life
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#17330934492774154-496: Was again not able to advance beyond the Loharkot fort. After the two failed invasion attempts, he did not attempt to invade Kashmir again. In 1018 Mahmud attacked Mathura and defeated a coalition of rulers there while also killing a ruler called Chandrapala. The city of Mathura was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed". In particular, Al-utbi mentioned in his work Tarikh-e-yamini , that Mahmud Ghaznavi destroyed
4221-474: Was divided into two parganas of Agori and Barhar. Chandel Rajput Raja Paramardideva of Mahoba , ancestor of the family and contemporary of Raja Prithviraj III of Delhi, who attacked Mahoba as the Raja was the ally of Raja Jaichand of Kannauj, and occupied it for a time. Raja Paramardi Deva fled for his life with his friends and family, and though Mahoba was re-occupied by the Raja with the help of Jaichand of Kannauj,
4288-432: Was famous as second Kashi during 11th to 13th centuries. In the 9th century B.C., the Brahmadutt dynasty was subdivided by Nagas. Kushan and Nagas also held supremacy over this region before the advent of the Gupta period . After the death of Harshvardhan in the latter half of the 7th century, it remained under the control of the Gurjara-Pratihars till 1025 before they were driven out by Mahmud of Ghazni . This area
4355-450: Was followed by a punitive invasion of Anhilwara . Some historians claim that there are records of pilgrimages to the temple in 1038 that do not mention damage to the temple. However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature, which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar Meenakshi Jain . Historians including Thapar, Eaton, and A. K. Majumdar have questioned
4422-490: Was net change of -3.34 percent in this compared to previous census. literacy rate of 64%. Male and female literacy were 74.92% and 52.14% respectively. Total literate in Sonbhadra District were 985,708 of which male and female were 601,988 and 383,720 respectively. Languages in Sonbhadra district (2011) At the time of the 2011 Census of India , 83.91% of the population in the district spoke Hindi and 14.57% spoke Bhojpuri as their first language. Around 5,000 people in
4489-441: Was under the administration of various Governors of Mughal emperors . Some of the forts such as Agori Fort were under the control of Madan Shah. The heroine of Famous Novel Chandrakanta written by Devaki Nandan Khatri was the princess of Vijaygarh and the daughter of king Jay Singh. Agori Barhar was an impartible estate. It originally comprised parts of the present districts of Sonbhadra and part of Mirzapur district. It
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