Misplaced Pages

#712287

95-497: Animal Locomotion: An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements is a series of scientific photographs by Eadweard Muybridge made in 1884 and 1885 at the University of Pennsylvania , to study motion in animals (including humans). Published in July 9, 1887, the chronophotographic series comprised 781 collotype plates, each containing up to 36 pictures of

190-547: A 1885 news report, the photographer stated that his interest in animal movement was inspired by observing an eagle flying in the Yosemite Valley in California some years prior. Muybridge described the bird as making "numerous flaps with its wings, but in flying across a valley to another peak it went for a distance of over a mile with but one flap of the wings. I was convinced that individual feather movements upheld and propelled

285-522: A 1996 Smirnoff commercial the effect was used to depict slow-motion bullets being dodged. Similar time-slice effects were also featured in commercials for The Gap (which was directed by M. Rolston and again produced by BUF), and in feature films such as Lost in Space (1998) and Buffalo '66 (1998) and the television program The Human Body . It is well-established for feature films' action scenes to be depicted using slow-motion footage, for example

380-427: A BA at the (then named) Bath Academy of Art using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the " 'Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras" which he developed in the early 1990s when still cameras for the array capable of high image quality for broadcast and movie applications became available. In 1997 he founded Time-Slice Films Ltd. (UK). He applied

475-498: A cart or the breast or legs of a horse tripped wires connected to an electromagnetic circuit. For a session on 15 June 1878, the press and a selection of turf men were invited to witness the process. An accident with a snapping strap was captured on the negatives and shown to the attendees, convincing even the most sceptical witnesses. The news of this success was reported worldwide. The Daily Alta California reported that Muybridge first exhibited magic lantern projected slides of

570-499: A changed man. Friends and associates later stated that he had changed from a smart and pleasant businessman into an eccentric artist. He was much more careless about his appearance, was easily agitated, could suddenly take objection to people and soon after act like nothing had happened, and he would regularly misstate previously-arranged business deals. His care about whether he judged something to be beautiful had become much stronger than his care for money; he easily refused payment if

665-406: A common human subject (actor, Neo) in order to create a volumetric photography . Like the concept of bullet time, the subject could be viewed from any angle yet, at the same time, the depth based media could be recomposed as well as spatially integrated within computer-generated constructs. It moved past a visual concept of a virtual camera to becoming an actual virtual camera. Virtual elements within

760-470: A concept was frequently developed in cel animation . One of the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 Japanese anime series Speed Racer : as Speed leaps from the Mach Five , he freezes in mid-jump, and then the "camera" does an arc shot from front to sideways. In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video, in this field while studying for

855-453: A constant gait. Muybridge therefore developed a circuit-breaker for making the successive electrical contacts automatically and at equal intervals, long or short, as desired. Each shutter was connected to a chronographic clock that recorded the exposures. Muybridge carried a telegraphic key with him, which was connected to the clockwork and allowed him to fire the whole series of cameras by a touch. While working in California, Muybridge had used

950-631: A customer seemed to be slightly critical of his work. Photographer Silas Selleck, who had known Muybridge from New York since circa 1852 and had been a close friend since 1855, claimed that he could hardly recognize Muybridge after his return. Muybridge converted a lightweight two-wheel, one-horse carriage into a portable darkroom to carry out his work, and with a logo on the back dubbed it "Helios' Flying Studio". He had acquired highly proficient technical skills and an artist's eye, and became very successful in photography, focusing principally on landscape and architectural subjects. An 1868 advertisement stated

1045-461: A dark room did not comply with the prescriptions for rest that Gull preferred to offer. On 28 September 1860, "E. Muggeridge, of New York" applied for British patent no. 2352 for "An improved method of, and apparatus for, plate printing" via London solicitor August Frederick Sheppard. On 1 August 1861, Muygridge received British patent no. 1914 for "Improvements in machinery or apparatus for washing clothes and other textile articles". On 28 October

SECTION 10

#1732868992713

1140-487: A doctor in New York City. He fled the noise of the city and stayed in the countryside. He then went back to New York for six weeks and sued the stage company, which earned him a $ 2,500 compensation. Eventually, he felt well enough to travel to England, where he received medical care from Sir William Gull (who was also personal physician to Queen Victoria ), and was prescribed abstinence of meat, alcohol, and coffee for over

1235-557: A heavy view camera and stacks of glass plate negatives. A stereograph he published in 1872 shows him sitting casually on a projecting rock over the Yosemite Valley, with 2,000 feet (610 m) of empty space below him. He returned with numerous stereoscopic views and larger plates. He selected 20 pictures to be retouched and manipulated for a subscription series that he announced in February 1868. Twenty original photographs (possibly

1330-588: A medical student, which existed for about a year. He spent his first years importing and selling books from the UK, and became familiar with early photography through his acquaintance with New York daguerreotypist Silas T. Selleck. Muybridge arrived in New Orleans in January 1855, and was registered there as a book agent by April. Muybridge probably arrived in California around the autumn of 1855, when it had not yet been

1425-409: A new project that would convince everyone, they saw no need to prove that this image was authentic. The original negative has not yet resurfaced. In June 1878, Muybridge created sequential series of photographs, now with a battery of 12 cameras along the race track at Stanford's Palo Alto Stock Farm (now the campus of Stanford University ). The shutters were automatically triggered when the wheel of

1520-588: A photo gallery, right next to another bookstore. He partnered with W.H. Oakes as an engraver and publisher of lithograph prints, and still functioned as a book agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company. In April 1858, Muybridge moved his store to 163 Clay Street, where his friend Silas Selleck now had a photo gallery. Muygridge was a member of the Mechanic's Institute of the City of San Francisco. In 1859, he

1615-575: A plan for a scientific study focused on the analysis of animal and human movement. The university contributed $ 5,000, seeing the proposed project as important research that would benefit anthropology, physiology, medicine and sports. The commission was appointed in March 1884 and included the University's professors Pepper, Joseph Leidy , George Frederick Barker , Lewis M. Haupt and emeritus Harrison Allen , as well as Thomas Eakins and Edward Hornor Coates of

1710-447: A purely photographic one. The same effect can also be simulated using pure CGI , motion capture and other approaches. Bullet time evolved further through The Matrix series with the introduction of high-definition computer-generated approaches like virtual cinematography and universal capture. Universal capture, a machine vision guided system, was the first ever motion picture deployment of an array of high definition cameras focused on

1805-579: A renowned engineer, while Maybanke made fame as a suffragette. His paternal great-grandparents were Robert Muggeridge and Hannah Charman, who owned a farm. Their oldest son John Muggeridge (1756–1819) was Edward's grandfather; he was a stationer who taught Edward the business. Several uncles and cousins, including Henry Muggeridge (Sheriff of London), were corn merchants in the City of London. All were born in Banstead, Surrey. Edward's younger brother George, born in 1833, lived with their uncle Samuel in 1851, after

1900-529: A run", "Running", et cetera). The plates came in eleven categorized volumes with title pages: Vol. I. & II. Males (nude). , Vol. III. & IV. Females (nude). , Vol. V. Males (pelvis cloth). , Vol. VI. Females (semi-nude and transparent drapery) and Children. , Vol. VII. Males and Females (draped) and Miscellaneous Subjects. , Vol. VIII. Abnormal Movements. Men and Women (nude and semi-nude). , Vol. IX. Horses. , Vol. X. Domestic Animals. , and Vol. XI. Wild Animals and Birds . The classification and order of

1995-431: A scientific study, historians note that many of the plates of Animal Locomotion seem to have little to do with science. While most of the male subjects engage in sports or physical labor, most of the movements of female subjects were accessorized with props to create a more imaginative setting, relating to the gendered traditions of 19th century culture. Many of the plates aren't the objective records that were suggested by

SECTION 20

#1732868992713

2090-428: A set of still cameras surrounding the subject. The cameras are fired sequentially, or all at the same time, depending on the desired effect. Single frames from each camera are then arranged and displayed consecutively to produce an orbiting viewpoint of an action frozen in time or as hyper- slow-motion . This technique suggests the limitless perspectives and variable frame rates possible with a virtual camera. However, if

2185-401: A short distance, human subjects were also portrayed performing activities ranging from typical daily tasks to competitive athletics. Muybridge classified his adult male human models according to their profession, adult female models ("chosen from all classes of society") to their marital status, age and built. He described himself (model 95) as "an ex-athlete, aged about sixty". In many cases

2280-516: A special announcement in the Bulletin newspaper: "I have this day sold to my brother, Thomas S. Muygridge, my entire stock of Books, Engravings, etc. (...) I shall on 5th June leave for New York, London, Berlin, Paris, Rome, and Vienna, etc.". Although he altered his plans, he eventually took a cross-country stagecoach on 2 July to catch a ship in New York. In July 1860, Muybridge suffered a head injury in

2375-428: A specially constructed hexagonal rig that encircled the performers. The resulting footage was meticulously edited to create the illusion of the band members spinning in place while moving in real time. In the 1990s, a morphing-based variation on time-slicing was employed by director Michel Gondry and the visual effects company BUF Compagnie in the music video for The Rolling Stones ' " Like A Rolling Stone ", and in

2470-621: A stagecoach crash in Texas . He spent the next few years recuperating in Kingston upon Thames, where he took up professional photography, learned the wet-plate collodion process, and secured at least two British patents for his inventions. He returned to San Francisco in 1867, a man with a markedly changed personality. In 1868, he exhibited large photographs of Yosemite Valley , and began selling popular stereographs of his work. In 1874, Muybridge shot and killed Major Harry Larkyns, his wife's lover, but

2565-626: A state for more than five years . He visited the new state capital, Sacramento , as an agent selling illustrated Shakespeare books in April 1856, and soon after settled at 113 Montgomery Street in San Francisco. From this address he sold books and art (mostly prints), in a city that was still the booming "capital of the Gold Rush " in the " Wild West ". There were already 40 bookstores and a dozen photography studios in town, and he even shared his address with

2660-506: A three-part chamber opera titled The Photographer in 1982 that featured a slide show of the motion studies in the second act. The conceptual artist, Sol LeWitt was inspired by the serial nature of the Animal Locomotion studies, and produced works that directly refers to it. Poet and legendary singer Jim Morrison wrote about the project in his bundle The Lords and New Creatures (1970): "Muybridge derived his animal subjects from

2755-419: A violent runaway stagecoach crash at the Texas border, which killed the driver and one passenger, and badly injured all other passengers. Muybridge was ejected from the vehicle and hit his head on a rock or another hard object. He woke up in a hospital bed at Fort Smith, Arkansas , with no recollection of the nine days after he had taken supper at a wayside cabin 150 miles (240 km) away, not long before

2850-505: A wager. However, it has been estimated that Stanford spent a total of $ 50,000 over the next several years to fund his investigations. In 1873, Muybridge managed to use a single camera to shoot a small and very fuzzy picture of the racehorse Occident running, at Union Park racetrack in Sacramento . Because of the insensitivity of the photographic emulsions used, early pictures were little more than blurry silhouettes . They both agreed that

2945-483: A wide scope of subjects: "Helios is prepared to accept commissions to photograph Private Residences, Ranches, Mills, Views, Animals, Ships, etc., anywhere in the city, or any portion of the Pacific Coast. Architects', Surveyors' and Engineers' Drawings copied mathamatically ( sic ) correct. Photographic copies of Paintings and Works of Art." Muybridge constantly tinkered with his cameras and chemicals, trying to improve

Animal Locomotion - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-527: A year. Gull also recommended rest and outdoor activities, and considering a change in profession. Muybridge stayed with his mother in Kennington and later with his aunt while in England. Muybridge later stated that he had become a photographer at the suggestion of Gull. However, while outdoors photography might have helped in getting some fresh air, dragging around heavy equipment and working with chemicals in

3135-448: Is considered to be the first true implementation of a bullet-time effect that enables the player to have added limited control (such as aiming and shooting) during the slow-motion mechanic; this mechanic was explicitly called "Bullet Time" in the game. The mechanic is also used extensively in the F.E.A.R. series, combining it with squad-based enemy design encouraging the player to use bullet time to avoid being overwhelmed. Bullet time

3230-584: The Lighthouse Tender Shubrick to document these structures. In 1873, Muybridge was commissioned by the US Army to photograph the " Modoc War " dispute with the Native American tribe in northern California and Oregon . A number of these photographs were carefully staged and posed for maximum effect, despite the long exposures required by the slow photographic emulsions of the time. In 1872,

3325-603: The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts . The project would eventually last more than three years, and costs rose to almost $ 30,000, but the University believed the unexpected amount of time and money to be well spent. The huge body of work was thought to be of everlasting importance to science and art and it would take years to examine all the material critically. From spring 1884 to autumn 1885, Muybridge and his team produced over 100,000 images, mostly at an outdoor studio on

3420-419: The magic lantern and the zoetrope . The photographer created painted sequences on the glass zoöpraxiscope discs that were based on his motion-study photographs to produce an early form of animation. Muybridge used these to illustrate his lectures that were presented to audiences in the U.S. and Europe, marking his contribution to photography and film in relation to the "experience of time within modernity." In

3515-413: The orbitofrontal cortex that probably also extended into the anterior temporal lobes, which may have led to some of the emotional, eccentric behaviour reported by friends in later years, as well as freeing his creativity from conventional social inhibitions. Today, there is still little effective treatment for this kind of injury. Muybridge was treated at Fort Smith for three weeks before he went to

3610-473: The wet-plate collodion process in England, and was possibly influenced by some of well-known English photographers of those years, such as Julia Margaret Cameron , Lewis Carroll , and Roger Fenton . However, it remains unclear how much he had already learned before the accident and how much he may have learned after his return to the United States. Muybridge returned to San Francisco on 13 February 1867

3705-604: The 21 October 1868 Hayward earthquake . During the construction of the San Francisco Mint in 1870–1872, Muybridge made a series of images of the building's progress, documenting changes over time in a fashion similar to time-lapse photography . These images may have attracted the attention of Leland Stanford , who would later hire Muybridge to develop an unprecedented series of photos spaced in time. From June to November 1867, Muybridge visited Yosemite Valley . He took enormous safety risks to make his photographs, using

3800-602: The French version of this patent was registered. He wrote a letter to his uncle Henry, who had immigrated to Sydney (Australia), with details of the patents and he also mentioned having to visit Europe for business for several months. Muygridge's inventions (or rather: improved machinery) were demonstrated at the 1862 International Exhibition . Muybridge's activities and whereabouts between 1862 and 1865 are not very well documented. He turned up in Paris in 1862 and again in 1864. In 1865 he

3895-606: The Gentlemen's Driving Park in Philadelphia. At the outdoor studio, Muybridge's team used a array of twenty-four 4 by 5 inch cameras, placed 15 centimeters (6 inches) apart at 15 metres (49 feet) from the track. An improved electro-magnetic shutter system with variable rubber bands regulated the exposures. Muybridge had two additional arrays of smaller, portable cameras made; this allowed more flexible placements and quicker operation. The two arrays of 12 cameras each were usually placed at

Animal Locomotion - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-859: The Matrix Trilogy utilized state-of-the-art image-based computer rendering techniques pioneered in Paul Debevec 's 1997 film The Campanile and custom evolved for The Matrix by George Borshukov, an early collaborator of Debevec. Inspiration aside, virtual camera methodologies pioneered within the Matrix trilogy have been often credited as fundamentally contributing to capture approaches required for emergent virtual reality and other immersive experience platforms. For many years, it has been possible to use computer vision techniques to capture scenes and render images of novel viewpoints sufficient for bullet time type effects. More recently, these have been formalized into what

4085-795: The Muybridge Collection, which contains 740 of the 781 plates, along with some of his photographic equipment. Images from the series are held in numerous permanent collections including the Royal Academy of Arts , Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts , the Metropolitan Museum , the Brooklyn Museum , the Museum of Modern Art and others. Eadweard Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge ( / ˌ ɛ d w ər d ˈ m aɪ b r ɪ dʒ / ; 9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904, born Edward James Muggeridge )

4180-533: The Philadelphia Zoological Garden, male performers from the University. The women were professional artists’ models, also actresses and dancers, parading nude before the 48 cameras." In 1992, the Addison Gallery of American Art produced the exhibition, Motion and Document–Sequence and Time: Eadweard Muybridge and Contemporary American Photography , pairing Muybridge's animal motion studies with

4275-412: The University grounds' northeast corner of 36th and Pine, recording the motions of animals from the veterinary hospital, and from humans: University professors, students, athletes, Blockley Almshouse patients, and local residents. Thomas Eakins worked with him briefly, although the painter preferred working with multiple exposures on a single negative, whereas Muybridge preferred capturing motion through

4370-434: The accident. He suffered from a bad headache, double vision, deafness, loss of taste and smell, and confusion. It was later claimed that his hair turned from black to grey in three days. The problems persisted fully for three months and to a lesser extent for a year. Arthur P. Shimamura , an experimental psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley , has speculated that Muybridge suffered substantial injuries to

4465-452: The action continued to unfold, in extreme slow-motion, while the viewpoint moved. Additionally, the individual frames were scanned for computer processing. Using sophisticated interpolation software, extra frames could be inserted to slow down the action further and improve the fluidity of the movement (especially the frame rate of the images); frames could also be dropped to speed up the action. This approach provides greater flexibility than

4560-433: The back legs. Bullet time The term "bullet time" was first used with reference to the 1999 film The Matrix , and later in reference to the slow motion effects in the 2001 video game Max Payne . In the years since the introduction of the term via the Matrix films it has become a commonly applied expression in popular culture. The technique of using a group of still cameras to freeze motion occurred before

4655-497: The bird, and I can prove by the negative plates of the eagle whose flight we photographed last Thursday that my conclusion was correct." These earlier photographs in California formed the basis for his later work with the University of Pennsylvania. The Animal Locomotion project was a collaborative endeavor between the photographer and the institutional commissioning committee at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1883, Muybridge met with William Pepper and J.B. Lippincott to discuss

4750-463: The camera shutters snapped, taking one frame at a time. Muybridge later assembled the pictures into a rudimentary animation , by having them traced onto a glass disk, rotating in a type of magic lantern with a stroboscopic shutter. This zoopraxiscope may have been an inspiration for Thomas Edison to explore the idea of motion pictures . In 1878–1879, Muybridge made dozens of studies of foreshortenings of horses and athletes with five cameras capturing

4845-662: The capturing of ever-faster motion. In 1868, Muybridge was commissioned by the US government to travel to the newly acquired US territory of Alaska to photograph the Tlingit Native Americans, occasional Russian inhabitants, and dramatic landscapes. In 1871, the United States Lighthouse Board hired Muybridge to photograph lighthouses of the American West Coast. From March to July, he travelled aboard

SECTION 50

#1732868992713

4940-726: The creative approaches toward using still cameras for special effects. Our technique was significantly different because we built it to move around objects that were themselves in motion, and we were also able to create slow-motion events that 'virtual cameras' could move around – rather than the static action in Gondry's music videos with limited camera moves. Following The Matrix , bullet time and other slow-motion effects were featured as key gameplay mechanics in various video games . While some games like Cyclone Studios ' Requiem: Avenging Angel , released in March 1999, featured slow-motion effects, Remedy Entertainment 's 2001 video game Max Payne

5035-445: The death of their father in 1843. At the age of 20, Muybridge decided to seek his fortune. He turned down an offer of money from his grandmother, saying "No, thank you Grandma, I'm going to make a name for myself. If I fail, you will never hear of me again." Muybridge immigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City in 1850. Here, he was possibly a partner in the book business enterprise Muygridge & Bartlett together with

5130-499: The developing fields of scientific and industrial photography. He retired to his native England permanently in 1894. In 1904, the year of his death, the Kingston Museum opened in his hometown, and continues to house a substantial collection of his works in a dedicated gallery. Edward James Muggeridge was born and raised in England. Muggeridge changed his name several times, starting with "Muggridge". From 1855 to 1865, he mainly used

5225-597: The different phases of a specific motion of one subject (over 20,000 images in total). Following motion studies in California and his lectures with the zoopraxiscope , Muybridge was commissioned by the University of Pennsylvania to oversee the photographic aspects of a scientific study of animal movement. The body of work is celebrated for its contribution to both the art of photography and to science. In 1878, Muybridge published his first series of chronophotographic pictures as 6 cabinet cards entitled The Horse in Motion , from

5320-479: The effect and the term "bullet-time". The Matrix 's version of the effect was created by John Gaeta and Manex Visual Effects . Rigs of still cameras were set up in patterns determined by simulations, and then shot either simultaneously (producing an effect similar to previous time-slice scenes) or sequentially (which added a temporal element to the effect). Interpolation effects, digital compositing, and computer-generated "virtual" scenery were used to improve

5415-756: The flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography . From 1883 to 1886, he entered a very productive period at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia , producing over 100,000 images of animals and humans in motion, occasionally capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate moments in time. In his later years, Muybridge gave many public lectures and demonstrations of his photography and early motion picture sequences, travelling frequently in England and Europe to publicise his work in cities such as London and Paris. He also edited and published compilations of his work (some of which are still in print today), which greatly influenced visual artists and

5510-418: The fluidity of the apparent camera motion. Gaeta said of The Matrix 's use of the effect: For artistic inspiration for bullet time, I would credit Otomo Katsuhiro , who co-wrote and directed Akira , which definitely blew me away, along with director Michel Gondry . His music videos experimented with a different type of technique called view-morphing and it was just part of the beginning of uncovering

5605-410: The former governor of California , Leland Stanford , a businessman and race-horse owner, hired Muybridge for a portfolio depicting his mansion and other possessions, including his racehorse Occident. Stanford also wanted a proper picture of the horse at full speed, and was frustrated that the existing depictions and descriptions seemed incorrect. The human eye could not fully break down the action at

5700-472: The front and the back of the track, for views of subjects approaching and receding in addition to the lateral views of the 24-camera set. Many of the published series contain 36 pictures, with moving subjects recorded from two or three angles. Muybridge also made studies of foreshortenings with 6 cameras placed at different angles at the same time (comparable to the later bullet time effect). The trip-wires caused irregular sequences when subjects didn't maintain

5795-480: The ground floor of their house adjacent to the River Thames at No. 30 High Street. The family lived in the rooms above. After his father died in 1843, his mother carried on the business. His younger cousins Norman Selfe (1839–1911) and Maybanke Anderson (née Selfe; 1845–1927), also spent part of their childhood in Kingston upon Thames. They moved to Australia and Norman, following a family tradition. Selfe became

SECTION 60

#1732868992713

5890-492: The gunfights in The Wild Bunch (directed by Sam Peckinpah ) and the heroic bloodshed films of John Woo . Subsequently, the 1998 film Blade featured a scene that used computer-generated bullets and slow-motion footage to illustrate characters' superhuman bullet-dodging reflexes. The 1999 film The Matrix combined these elements (gunfight action scenes, superhuman bullet-dodging, and time-slice effects), popularizing both

5985-448: The human images featured nude or partially-nude men or women, directly confronting a local controversy over the use of nude models in art. Muybridge's Animal Locomotion project received attention in the news, who reported on his unusual character and eccentricities as well as the photographic project. The collection's portrayal of nude subjects has been the focus of a directed scholarly study. Although conceived and initially received as

6080-491: The image lacked quality, but Stanford was excited to finally have a reliable depiction of a running horse. No copy of this earliest image has yet resurfaced. Muybridge promised to study better solutions, but his work on higher-speed photography would take several years to develop, and was also delayed by events in his personal life. With the aid of engineers and technicians from the Central Pacific Railroad (Stanford

6175-423: The invention of cinema itself with preliminary work by Eadweard Muybridge on chronophotography . In The Horse in Motion (1878), Muybridge analyzed the motion of a galloping horse by using a line of cameras to photograph the animal as it ran past. Eadweard Muybridge used still cameras placed along a racetrack, and each camera was actuated by a taut string stretched across the track; as the horse galloped past,

6270-649: The newly acquired Alaskan Territory , subjects involved in the Modoc War , and lighthouses on the West Coast . He also made his early "moving" picture studies in California. Born in Kingston upon Thames , Surrey , England, at the age of 20 he emigrated to the United States as a bookseller, first to New York City , then to San Francisco. In 1860, he planned a return trip to Europe, but suffered serious head injuries en route in

6365-659: The photographer advertised his works under the name "Eduardo Santiago Muybridge" in Guatemala . After an 1882 trip to England, he changed the spelling of his first name to "Eadweard", the Old English form of his name. The spelling was probably derived from the spelling of King Edward's Christian name as shown on the plinth of the Kingston coronation stone , which had been re-erected in 1850 in Muybridge's hometown, 100 yards from his childhood family home. He used "Eadweard Muybridge" for

6460-527: The photographs at the San Francisco Art Association on 8 July 1878. Newspapers were not yet able to reproduce detailed photographs, so the images were widely printed as woodcut engravings. Scientific American was among the publications at the time that carried reports and engravings of Muybridge's groundbreaking images. Six different series were soon published as cabinet cards, entitled The Horse in Motion . Many people were amazed at

6555-400: The previously unseen positions of the horse's legs in action, particularly the fact that a running horse had all four hooves in the air at regular intervals. This did not take place when the horse's legs were extended to the front and back, as imagined by illustrators of the time, but when its legs were collected beneath its body as it switched from "pulling" with the front legs to "pushing" with

6650-399: The quick gaits of the trot and gallop . Up until this time, most artists painted horses at a trot with one foot always on the ground; and at a full gallop with the front legs extended forward and the hind legs extended to the rear, and all feet off the ground. There are stories that Stanford had made a $ 25,000 bet on his theories about horse locomotion, but no evidence has been found of such

6745-452: The recordings made as an assignment from industrialist and horse breeder Leland Stanford . The revolutionary images gained worldwide attention and inspired Muybridge to change his career from "photographic view artist" to scientific photographer and lecturer. In 1879, Muybridge created the zoöpraxiscope (animal action viewer), a projection device that created cyclical animations of animal movement, incorporating technologies from photography,

6840-432: The rest of his career. Others frequently misspelled his surname as "Maybridge", "Moybridge", or "Mybridge". His gravestone carries his name as "Eadweard Maybridge". Edward James Muggeridge was born in Kingston upon Thames , in the county of Surrey in England (now Greater London), on 9 April 1830 to John and Susanna Muggeridge; he had three brothers. His father was a grain and coal merchant , with business spaces on

6935-737: The sales appeal of his pictures. In 1869, he patented a "sky shade" to reduce the tendency of intense blue outdoors skies to bleach out the images of the blue-sensitive photographic emulsions of the time. An article published in 2017 and an expanded book document that Muybridge heavily edited and modified his photos, inserting clouds or the moon, even adding volcanos to his pictures for artistic effects. Helios produced over 400 different stereograph cards, initially sold through Seleck's Cosmopolitan Gallery at 415 Montgomery Street, and later through other distributors, such as Bradley & Rulofson . Many of these cards showed views of San Francisco and its surroundings. Stereo cards were extremely popular at

7030-439: The same moment from different positions. For his studies with the University of Pennsylvania , published as Animal Locomotion (1887), Muybridge also took photos from six angles at the same instant, as well as series of 12 phases from three angles. A debt may also be owed to MIT professor Harold Edgerton , who, in the 1940s, captured now-iconic photos of bullets using xenon strobe lights to "freeze" motion. Bullet-time as

7125-505: The same) were used to illustrate John S. Hittel's guide book Yosemite: Its Wonders and Its Beauties (1868). Some of the pictures were taken of the same scenes shot by his contemporary Carleton Watkins . Muybridge's photographs showed the grandeur and expansiveness of the West; if human figures were portrayed, they were dwarfed by their surroundings, as in Chinese landscape paintings . In comparing

7220-410: The still array process is done with real cameras, it is often limited to assigned paths. In The Matrix , the camera path was pre-designed using computer-generated visualizations as a guide. Cameras were arranged, behind a green or blue screen, on a track and aligned through a laser targeting system, forming a complex curve through space. The cameras were then triggered at extremely close intervals, so

7315-401: The still-fuzzy picture, he had it recreated by a retouch artist and published as a cabinet card . The news about this breakthrough in instantaneous photography was spread enthusiastically, but several critics believed that the heavily-manipulated image could not be a truthful depiction of the horse. Muybridge allowed reporters to study the original negative, but as he and Stanford were planning

7410-530: The styles of the two photographers, Watkins has been called "a classicist, making serene, stately pictures of a still, eternal world of beauty", while Muybridge was "a romantic who sought out the uncanny, the unsettling, the uncertain". In the 21st century there have been claims that many landscape photos attributed to Muybridge were actually made by or under the close guidance of Watkins, but these claims are disputed. Regardless, Muybridge started to develop his own leading-edge innovations in photography, especially in

7505-524: The subjects suggests a hierarchy from nude human males down to chickens, following the Christian concept of the Great chain of being . Subscribers had the option of selecting 100 plates of their choosing from the portfolio's prospectus and complete catalog for $ 100. Complete sets were offered for $ 600, but sold very poorly; reportedly only 37 proper versions were produced. Contrary to the animal focus suggested by

7600-470: The surname "Muygridge". From 1865 onward, he used the surname "Muybridge". In addition, he used the pseudonym Helios (Titan of the sun) for his early photography. He also used this as the name of his studio and gave it to his only son, as a middle name: Florado Helios Muybridge, born in 1874. While travelling in 1875 on a photography expedition in the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America,

7695-598: The technique to his artistic practice in a video projection, titled Dead Horse in an ironic reference to Muybridge, that was exhibited at the London Electronic Arts Gallery in 1998 and in 2000 was nominated for the Citibank Prize for photography. Another precursor of the bullet-time technique was "Midnight Mover", a 1985 Accept video. In this video, Academy Award winning special effects director Zbigniew Rybczynski mounted thirteen 16mm film cameras on

7790-412: The time and thus could be sold in large quantities for a very low price, to tourists as a souvenir, or to proud citizens and collectors. Early in his new career, Muybridge was hired by Robert B. Woodward (1824–1879) to take extensive photos of his Woodward's Gardens , a combination amusement park, zoo, museum, and aquarium that had opened in San Francisco in 1866. Muybridge took pictures of ruins after

7885-420: The time since and all of the time since 1860 (...) had been diligently, and at the same time studiously, been engaged in photography". Edward's brother George Muybridge came to San Francisco in 1858 but died of tuberculosis soon after. Their youngest brother Thomas S. Muygridge arrived in 1859, and it soon became clear that Edward planned to stop operating his bookstore business. On 15 May 1860, Edward published

7980-443: The title of the collection, there were 514 plates of men and women in motion, 27 plates of abnormal male and female movement, 16 of children, 5 of adult male hand movement, and only 221 with animal subjects. Many of the animal plates featured horses, partially a consequence of Muybridge's offering private owners to photograph their horses in exchange for a contribution to the cost of the study. Animals were typically photographed crossing

8075-471: The use of a chronograph and a background grid; Muybridge was more concerned with esthetics and thus cropped the images, freely omitted elements of a sequence, or combined pictures from different takes. Historians and theoreticians have proposed that Muybridge's work on animal locomotion influenced a number of other artists, photographers and filmmakers, including Marcel Duchamp , Thomas Eakins , Walt Disney , among others. The composer Philip Glass created

8170-480: The use of multiple cameras. Muybridge spent three weeks of August and September 1884, and another three weeks of August 1885, at the Philadelphia Zoo photographing all kinds of animals. Published plates with exotic species include Capybara Walking depicting the world's largest rodent, Ostrich Running (also printed as a cyanotype) and American Bison Cantering , The pictures of thoroughbred horses were made at

8265-494: The wet-plate collodion process in making his albumen-print photographs. Once he arrived in Philadelphia, he began to employ a standardized dry-plate process, involving quicker exposure times; these were printed using the collotype photomechanical process. The published portfolio contained 19 by 24 inch plates in 36 by 36-inch frames, numbered from 1 to 781 in an order mostly based on types of movement (starting with "Walking" followed by "Walking and turning around", "Starting for

8360-462: The work of 42 artists and photographers among them Vito Acconci and Sarah Charlesworth . The show later traveled to the Long Beach Museum of Art . An animation of one of the Animal Locomotion horse plates was used for a Google doodle on April 9, 2012, to commemorate the 182nd anniversary of Muybridge's birthday. An animation of Muybridge's pictures of galloping horse Annie G. (plate 626)

8455-528: Was acquitted, in a controversial jury trial, on the grounds of justifiable homicide . In 1875, he travelled for more than a year in Central America on a photographic expedition. Muybridge is known for his pioneering chronophotography of animal locomotion between 1878 and 1886, which used multiple cameras to capture the different positions in a stride; and for his zoopraxiscope , a device for projecting painted motion pictures from glass discs that predated

8550-400: Was an English photographer known for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion , and early work in motion-picture projection . He adopted the first name "Eadweard" as the original Anglo-Saxon form of "Edward", and the surname "Muybridge", believing it to be similarly archaic. A noted photographer in the 19th century American West, he photographed Yosemite , San Francisco ,

8645-535: Was elected as one of the directors for the San Francisco Mercantile Library Association. Muybridge sold original landscape photography by Carleton Watkins , as well as photographic copies of paintings. It remains uncertain whether or not Muygridge personally made such copies, or familiarized himself with photographic techniques in any fashion before 1860, although Muybridge claimed in 1881 that he "came to California in 1855, and most of

8740-561: Was featured in Jordan Peele 's 2022 science fiction horror film Nope . In the film, Keke Palmer 's character Emerald "Em" Haywood claims that she, her brother OJ Haywood ( Daniel Kaluuya ) and their father are direct descendants of the rider in the photographs. The animation was also featured briefly in Back to the Future: The Game , made by Telltale . The University of Pennsylvania houses

8835-576: Was one of the directors for the Austin Consolidated Silver Mines Company (limited) and for The Ottoman Company (limited)/The Bank of Turkey (limited), under his new name "Muybridge". Both enterprises were very short-lived due to the Panic of 1866 , and Muybridge chaired the meetings in which the companies were dissolved during the spring of 1866. Muybridge may have taken up photography sometime between 1861 and 1866. He possibly learned

8930-411: Was one of the founding directors), Muybridge experimented with ever-faster mechanical shutters, and began developing state-of-the-art electrically-triggered mechanisms. He also experimented with more sensitive photographic emulsions to work with the shorter exposure times. In July 1877, Muybridge made a new picture of Occident at full speed, with improved techniques and a much clearer result. To enhance

9025-449: Was used for the first time in a live music environment in October 2009 for Creed 's live DVD Creed Live . The popular science television program, Time Warp , used high speed camera techniques to examine everyday occurrences and singular talents, including breaking glass, bullet trajectories and their impact effects. The bullet time effect was originally achieved photographically by

#712287