87-576: Angst is a feeling of anxiety , apprehension, or insecurity. Anguish is its Latinate equivalent , and the words anxious and anxiety are of similar origin. The word angst was introduced into English from the Danish , Norwegian , and Dutch word angst and the German word Angst . It is attested since the 19th century in English translations of the works of Søren Kierkegaard and Sigmund Freud . It
174-491: A freedom of choice that we find both appealing and terrifying. It is the anxiety of understanding of being free when considering undefined possibilities of one's life and the immense responsibility of having the power of choice over them. Kierkegaard's concept of angst reappeared in the works of existentialist philosophers who followed, such as Friedrich Nietzsche , Jean-Paul Sartre , and Martin Heidegger , each of whom developed
261-499: A Hungarian libretto by his friend and poet Béla Balázs . Based on the French folk legend, or conte populaire , as told by Charles Perrault , it lasts about an hour and deploys just two singing characters: Bluebeard ( Kékszakállú ) and his newest wife Judith ( Judit ); the two have just eloped and she is coming home to his castle for the first time. Bluebeard's Castle , Sz. 48, was composed in 1911 (with modifications made in 1912 and
348-518: A closing date in 1912, encouraged Bartók to make some modifications to the work in order to submit it to the Rózsavölgyi competition. Little is known about the Ferenc Erkel Prize other than that Bluebeard's Castle did not win. The Rózsavölgyi judges, after reviewing the composition, decided that the work (with only two characters and a single location) was not dramatic enough to be considered in
435-605: A concert performance at the Music Hall at Fair Park in Dallas, Texas, on 10 January. Both performances were led by conductor Antal Doráti , a former Bartók student. Other sources mention a 1946 concert performance in Dallas. The first fully staged American production was at the New York City Opera on 2 October 1952 with conductor Joseph Rosenstock and singers James Pease and Catherine Ayres . The Metropolitan Opera mounted
522-717: A drop in their ordinary ability, whether physical or mental, due to that perceived stress. Competitive anxiety is caused by a range of internal factors including high expectations, outside pressure, lack of experience, and external factors like the location of a competition. It commonly occurs in those participating in high pressure activities like sports and debates. Some common symptoms of competitive anxiety include muscle tension, fatigue, weakness, sense of panic, apprehensiveness, and panic attacks. There are 4 major theories of how anxiety affects performance: Drive theory, Inverted U theory, Reversal theory, and The Zone of Optimal Functioning theory. Drive theory believes that anxiety
609-476: A fear of rejection and negative evaluation (being judged) by other people. The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard , in The Concept of Anxiety (1844), described anxiety or dread associated with the "dizziness of freedom" and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing. In Art and Artist (1932), the psychologist Otto Rank wrote that
696-420: A heart attack, when in reality all one is experiencing is mild chest pain, for example. The physiological symptoms of anxiety may include: There are various types of anxiety. Existential anxiety can occur when a person faces angst , an existential crisis , or nihilistic feelings. People can also face mathematical anxiety , somatic anxiety , stage fright , or test anxiety . Social anxiety refers to
783-442: A keyboard xylophone – now usually played by two players), triangle , 2 harps , celesta , organ , and strings . In addition, Bartók calls for Musica di scena ('Stage music') of an extra 4 trumpets and 4 alto trombones. The original German translation by Wilhelm Ziegler appears in the 1921 first edition of the vocal score. In 1963 a revised singing translation by Wilhelm Ziegler replaced it. The English translation printed in
870-505: A large influence on anxiety, whereas shared environmental influences (environments that affect twins in the same way) operate during childhood but decline through adolescence. Specific measured 'environments' that have been associated with anxiety include child abuse , family history of mental health disorders, and poverty . Anxiety is also associated with drug use , including alcohol , caffeine , and benzodiazepines , which are often prescribed to treat anxiety. Neural circuitry involving
957-660: A long-term " trait ". Whereas trait anxiety represents worrying about future events, anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fears. In his book Anxious: The Modern Mind in the Age of Anxiety Joseph LeDoux examines four experiences of anxiety through a brain-based lens: Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder , bipolar disorder , eating disorders , or certain personality disorders . It also commonly occurs with personality traits such as neuroticism. This observed co-occurrence
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#17328721718521044-720: A new ending added in 1917) and first performed on 24 May 1918 at the Royal Hungarian Opera House in Budapest. Universal Edition published the vocal (1921) and full score (1925). The Boosey & Hawkes full score includes only the German and English singing translations while the Dover edition reproduces the Universal Edition Hungarian/German vocal score (with page numbers beginning at 1 instead of 5). A revision of
1131-475: A reflection of the war-torn times. Notable composers whose works are often linked with the concept include Gustav Mahler , Richard Strauss (operas Elektra and Salome ), Claude Debussy (opera Pelléas et Mélisande , ballet Jeux ), Jean Sibelius (especially the Fourth Symphony ), Arnold Schoenberg ( A Survivor from Warsaw ), Alban Berg , Francis Poulenc (opera Dialogues of
1218-402: A reward. This suggests a link between circuits responsible for fear and also reward in anxious people. As researchers note, "a sense of 'responsibility', or self-agency, in a context of uncertainty (probabilistic outcomes) drives the neural system underlying appetitive motivation (i.e., nucleus accumbens) more strongly in temperamentally inhibited than noninhibited adolescents". The microbes of
1305-760: A specific threat, and facilitating escape from threat. On the other hand, anxiety is long-acting, future-focused, broadly focused towards a diffuse threat, and promoting excessive caution while approaching a potential threat and interferes with constructive coping. Joseph E. LeDoux and Lisa Feldman Barrett have both sought to separate automatic threat responses from additional associated cognitive activity within anxiety. Anxiety can be experienced with long, drawn-out daily symptoms that reduce quality of life, known as chronic (or generalized) anxiety, or it can be experienced in short spurts with sporadic, stressful panic attacks , known as acute anxiety. Symptoms of anxiety can range in number, intensity, and frequency, depending on
1392-400: A teacher; fear of alienation from parents or friends; time pressures; or feeling a loss of control. Sweating, dizziness, headaches, racing heartbeats, nausea, fidgeting, uncontrollable crying or laughing and drumming on a desk are all common. Because test anxiety hinges on fear of negative evaluation , debate exists as to whether test anxiety is itself a unique anxiety disorder or whether it
1479-490: A tonal piece of music. The opera starts in a mode of F ♯ , modulating towards C in the middle of the piece (tonally, the greatest possible distance from F ♯ ), before returning to F ♯ towards the end. The text and setting at these points has suggested to some that the F ♯ -C dichotomy represents darkness/light. The vocal parts are very challenging due to the highly chromatic and speech-rhythm-inflected style that Bartók uses. For non-native speakers,
1566-440: A trait leading to anxiety and depression and their persistence. Through experience, many find it difficult to collect themselves due to their own personal nature. Anxiety induced by the need to choose between similar options is recognized as a problem for some individuals and for organizations. In 2004, Capgemini wrote: "Today we're all faced with greater choice, more competition and less time to consider our options or seek out
1653-467: A transformed staging of Bluebeard's Castle into a work they titled "Judith" . The opera is preceded by a film that sets up the revised drama, using Bartok's "Concerto for Orchestra" as the audio backdrop. Judith is a Police Detective and expert in undercover work. Instead of becoming Bluebeard's next victim, she frees the three previous wives and kills the perpetrator. The reinterpretation has received many positive reviews, such as this one . Traditionally,
1740-436: Is a false presumption that often circulates that anxiety only occurs in situations perceived as uncontrollable or unavoidable, but this is not always so. David Barlow defines anxiety as "a future-oriented mood state in which one is not ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events," and that it is a distinction between future and present dangers which divides anxiety and fear. Another description of anxiety
1827-423: Is a major component of behavioral treatments for anxiety conditions. Performance anxiety and competitive anxiety ( competitive trait anxiety, competitive state anxiety ) happen when an individual's performance is measured against others. An important distinction between competitive and non-competitive anxiety is that competitive anxiety makes people view their performance as a threat. As a result, they experience
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#17328721718521914-518: Is a specific type of social phobia . The DSM-IV classifies test anxiety as a type of social phobia. Research indicates that test anxiety among U.S. high-school and college students has been rising since the late 1950s. Test anxiety remains a challenge for students, regardless of age, and has considerable physiological and psychological impacts. Management of test anxiety focuses on achieving relaxation and developing mechanisms to manage anxiety. The routine practice of slow, Device-Guided Breathing (DGB)
2001-443: Is agony, dread, terror, or even apprehension. In positive psychology , anxiety is described as the mental state that results from a difficult challenge for which the subject has insufficient coping skills. Fear and anxiety can be differentiated into four domains: (1) duration of emotional experience, (2) temporal focus, (3) specificity of the threat, and (4) motivated direction. Fear is short-lived, present-focused, geared towards
2088-477: Is characterized by experiencing discomfort or awkwardness during physical social contact (e.g. embracing, shaking hands, etc.), while in other cases it can lead to a fear of interacting with unfamiliar people altogether. Those with this condition may restrict their lifestyles to accommodate the anxiety, minimizing social interaction whenever possible. Social anxiety also forms a core aspect of certain personality disorders, including avoidant personality disorder . To
2175-464: Is common among young people. It may persist into adulthood and become social anxiety or social phobia. " Stranger anxiety " in small children is not considered a phobia. In adults, an excessive fear of other people is not a developmentally common stage; it is called social anxiety . According to Cutting, social phobics do not fear the crowd but the fact that they may be judged negatively. Social anxiety varies in degree and severity. For some people, it
2262-435: Is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present threat , whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future one. It is often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints , and rumination . Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry , usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. It
2349-459: Is necessary to best complete a task such as an exam, performance, or competitive event. However, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimum, the result is a decline in performance. Test anxiety is the uneasiness, apprehension, or nervousness felt by students who have a fear of failing an exam . Students who have test anxiety may experience any of the following: the association of grades with personal worth ; fear of embarrassment by
2436-489: Is not built on the rock of reality ". According to Viktor Frankl , the author of Man's Search for Meaning , when a person is faced with extreme mortal dangers, the most basic of all human wishes is to find a meaning of life to combat the "trauma of nonbeing" as death is near. Depending on the source of the threat, psychoanalytic theory distinguishes three types of anxiety: realistic, neurotic and moral. According to Yerkes-Dodson law , an optimal level of arousal
2523-457: Is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue , inability to catch one's breath, tightness in the abdominal region, nausea, and problems in concentration. Anxiety is closely related to fear , which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat ( fight-or-flight response ); anxiety involves the expectation of a future threat including dread. People facing anxiety may withdraw from situations which have provoked anxiety in
2610-910: Is often called interracial or intergroup anxiety. As is the case with the more generalized forms of social anxiety , intergroup anxiety has behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects. For instance, increases in schematic processing and simplified information processing can occur when anxiety is high. Indeed, such is consistent with related work on attentional bias in implicit memory . Additionally recent research has found that implicit racial evaluations (i.e. automatic prejudiced attitudes) can be amplified during intergroup interaction. Negative experiences have been illustrated in producing not only negative expectations, but also avoidant, or antagonistic, behavior such as hostility. Furthermore, when compared to anxiety levels and cognitive effort (e.g., impression management and self-presentation) in intragroup contexts, levels and depletion of resources may be exacerbated in
2697-414: Is partly due to genetic and environmental influences shared between these traits and anxiety. It is common for those with obsessive–compulsive disorder to experience anxiety. Anxiety is also commonly found in those who experience panic disorders , phobic anxiety disorders , severe stress , dissociative disorders , somatoform disorders , and some neurotic disorders . Anxiety has also been linked to
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2784-701: Is positive and performance improves proportionally to the level of anxiety. This theory is not well accepted. The Inverted U theory is based on the idea that performance peaks at a moderate stress level. It is called Inverted U theory because the graph that plots performance against anxiety looks like an inverted "U". Reversal theory suggests that performance increases in relation to the individual's interpretation of their arousal levels. If they believed their physical arousal level would help them, their performance would increase, if they didn't, their performance would decrease. For example: Athletes were shown to worry more when focusing on results and perfection rather than
2871-558: Is pre-cognate with the Latin angustia , "tensity, tightness" and angor , "choking, clogging"; compare to the Ancient Greek ἄγχω ( ánkhō ) "strangle". It entered English in the 19th century as a technical term used in Psychiatry , though earlier cognates existed, such as ange . In existentialist philosophy , the term angst carries a specific conceptual meaning. The use of
2958-463: Is reported by the Cleveland Clinic that panic disorder affects 2 to 3 percent of adult Americans and can begin around the time of the teenage and early adult years. Some symptoms include: difficulty breathing, chest pain, dizziness, trembling or shaking, feeling faint, nausea, fear that you are losing control or are about to die. Even though they have these symptoms during an attack, the main symptom
3045-608: Is the persistent fear of having future panic attacks. Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by exaggerated feelings of anxiety and fear responses. Anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a fast heart rate and shakiness. There are a number of anxiety disorders: including generalized anxiety disorder , specific phobia , social anxiety disorder , separation anxiety disorder , agoraphobia , panic disorder , and selective mutism . The disorder differs by what results in
3132-452: Is traditional in Hungarian folk music, and the words of the prologue (notably its opening lines "Haj, regő, rejtem") are associated with traditional Hungarian "regősénekek" (Regős songs), which Bartók had previously studied. The prologue is frequently omitted from performances. The stage directions call also for occasional ghostly sighs that seemingly emanate from the castle itself when some of
3219-460: Is typically with a type of cognitive behavioral therapy . Medications, such as antidepressants or beta blockers , may improve symptoms. A 2023 review found that regular physical activity is effective for reducing anxiety. About 12% of people are affected by an anxiety disorder in a given year and between 12% and 30% are affected at some point in their life. They occur about twice as often in women than they do in men, and generally begin before
3306-516: Is used in English to describe an intense feeling of apprehension, anxiety, or inner turmoil. In other languages (with words from the Latin pavor for "fear" or "panic"), the derived words differ in meaning; for example, as in the French anxiété and peur . The word angst has existed in German since the 8th century, from the Proto-Indo-European root * anghu- , "restraint" from which Old High German angust developed. It
3393-473: The Maggio Musicale Fiorentino on 5 May 1938. The production was conducted by Sergio Failoni and starred Mihály Székely in the title role and Ella Némethy as Judith. The Teatro di San Carlo mounted the opera for the first time under Ferenc Fricsay on 19 April 1951 with Mario Petri and Ira Malaniuk . The work's La Scala debut occurred on 28 January 1954 with Petri and Dorothy Dow . This
3480-910: The Rudolf Steiner Theatre during the English tour of Scottish composer Erik Chisholm directing the University of Cape Town Opera Company whose Désirée Talbot was Judith. A few years earlier, Chisholm had premièred this work in South Africa at the Little Theatre in Cape Town. The work was first performed in Japan on 29 April 1954 by the Youth Group of the Fujiwara Opera Company (under conductor Yoichiro Fukunaga with piano accompaniment). The opera
3567-645: The Seattle Symphony 's 2007 performance were designed by glass artist Dale Chihuly . In 1988 the BBC broadcast an adaptation of the opera as Duke Bluebeard's Castle directed by Leslie Megahey . It starred Robert Lloyd as Bluebeard and Elizabeth Laurence as Judith. The Taiwanese première, directed and conducted by Tseng Dau-Hsiong, took place in the National Theater in Taipei on 30 December 2011. In January 2015,
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3654-467: The amygdala , which regulates emotions like anxiety and fear, stimulating the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system , and hippocampus , which is implicated in emotional memory along with the amygdala, is thought to underlie anxiety. People who have anxiety tend to show high activity in response to emotional stimuli in the amygdala. Some writers believe that excessive anxiety can lead to an overpotentiation of
3741-399: The limbic system (which includes the amygdala and nucleus accumbens), giving increased future anxiety, but this does not appear to have been proven. Research upon adolescents who as infants had been highly apprehensive, vigilant, and fearful finds that their nucleus accumbens is more sensitive than that in other people when deciding to make an action that determined whether they received
3828-561: The psychological trauma of birth was the pre-eminent human symbol of existential anxiety and encompasses the creative person's simultaneous fear of – and desire for – separation, individuation, and differentiation. The theologian Paul Tillich characterized existential anxiety as "the state in which a being is aware of its possible nonbeing" and he listed three categories for the nonbeing and resulting anxiety: ontic (fate and death), moral ( guilt and condemnation), and spiritual (emptiness and meaninglessness ). According to Tillich,
3915-428: The 'blood' motif, for it is used whenever Judith notices blood in the castle. Overall the music is not atonal, although it is often polytonal, with more than one key center operating simultaneously (e.g. the leadup to the climactic opening of the fifth door). However, there are some passages (for example, door 3) where the music is tonal and mostly consonant. Many critics have found an overall key plan, as one would find in
4002-540: The 1963 miniature score is by Christopher Hassall. The one in the full score is by Chester Kallman . Another singing translation is that made by John Lloyd Davies for the Scottish Opera in 1989 (in British National Opera Guide No. 44, 1991). A reasonably faithful version in French is that of Natalia and Charles Zaremba ( L'Avant-scène opéra [ fr ] , 1992) . In 2023 Bluebeard's Castle
4089-455: The Bard" independently of the play. This poses to the audience the questions "Where is the stage? Is it outside, or inside?" as well as offering a warning to pay careful attention to the events about to unfold. The prologue warns the audience that the morals of the tale can apply to the real world as well as to that of Bluebeard and Judith. The character of the bard (or "regős" in the Hungarian language)
4176-609: The Carmelites ), Dmitri Shostakovich (opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk , symphonies and chamber music), Béla Bartók (opera Bluebeard's Castle ), and Krzysztof Penderecki (especially Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima ). Angst began to be discussed in reference to popular music in the mid- to late 1950s, amid widespread concerns over international tensions and nuclear proliferation . Jeff Nuttall 's book Bomb Culture (1968) traced angst in popular culture to Hiroshima . Dread
4263-827: The Hungarian-language libretto can also be difficult to master. These reasons, coupled with the static effect of the stage action, combine to make staged performances of the opera a comparative rarity; it more often appears in concert form. To support the psychological undertones, Bartók calls for a large orchestra. The instrumentation is as notated below: 4 flutes (3rd and 4th doubling two piccolos ), 2 oboes , cor anglais , 3 clarinets in A and B ♭ (1st and 2nd doubling two E ♭ clarinets, 3rd doubling bass clarinet ), 4 bassoons (4th doubling contrabassoon ), 4 horns , 4 trumpets in B ♭ , 4 trombones , tuba , timpani , bass drum , side drum , tamtam , cymbals , suspended cymbals , xylophone (originally
4350-695: The Metropolitan Opera presented its first production of Bluebeard's Castle in the original Hungarian, starring Mikhail Petrenko as Bluebeard and Nadja Michael as Judith. In 2022 the Teatro Colón of Buenos Aires broadcast a staging directed by Sophie Hunter . Bartók includes the Castle on the dramatis personæ page. Judith and Bluebeard arrive at his castle, which is all dark. Bluebeard asks Judith if she wants to stay and even offers her an opportunity to leave, but she decides to stay. Judith insists that all
4437-470: The UE vocal score in 1963 added a new German translation by Wilhelm Ziegler, but seems not to have corrected any errata. Universal Edition and Bartók Records has published a new edition of the work in 2005 with a new English translation by Péter Bartók [ hu ] , accompanied by an extensive errata list. Balázs originally conceived the libretto for his roommate Zoltán Kodály in 1908, and wrote it during
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#17328721718524524-458: The age of 25. The most common anxiety disorders are specific phobias, which affect nearly 12% of people, and social anxiety disorder, which affects 10% of people at some point in their life. They affect those between the ages of 15 and 35 the most and become less common after the age of 55. Rates appear to be higher in the United States and Europe. Anxiety can be either a short-term "state" or
4611-434: The brain through the vagus nerve or the spinal system. This is demonstrated by the fact that altering the microbiome has shown anxiety- and depression-reducing effects in mice, but not in subjects without vagus nerves. Bluebeard%27s Castle Duke Bluebeard's Castle (Hungarian: A kékszakállú herceg vára , literally The Blue-Bearded Duke's Castle ) is a one-act Symbolist opera by composer Béla Bartók to
4698-567: The castle is as bright as it can get, and will not get any brighter, but Judith refuses to be stopped after coming this far, and opens the penultimate sixth door, as a shadow passes over the castle. This is the first room that has not been somehow stained with blood; a silent silvery lake is all that lies within, "a lake of tears". Bluebeard begs Judith to simply love him, and ask no more questions. The last door must be shut forever. But she persists, asking him about his former wives, and then accusing him of having murdered them, suggesting that their blood
4785-407: The category for which it was entered: theatrical music. It is thought that the panel of judges who were to look at the musical (rather than the theatrical) aspects of the competition entries never saw Bartók's entry. In 1913 Balázs produced a spoken performance at which Bartók played some piano pieces on a separate part of the program. A 1915 letter to Bartók's young wife, Márta, (to whom he dedicated
4872-404: The doors are opened. Productions implement these in different ways, sometimes instrumentally, sometimes vocally. The most salient characteristic of the music from Bluebeard's Castle is the importance of the minor second , an interval whose dissonance is used repeatedly in both slow and fast passages to evoke aching sadness/disquiet or danger/shock respectively. The minor second is referred to as
4959-473: The doors be opened, to allow light to enter into the forbidding interior, insisting further that her demands are based on her love for Bluebeard. Bluebeard refuses, saying that there are private places not to be explored by others, and asking Judith to love him but ask no questions. Judith persists, and eventually prevails over his resistance. The first door opens to reveal a torture chamber, stained with blood. Repelled, but then intrigued, Judith pushes on. Behind
5046-525: The effort and growth involved. The Zone of Optimal Functioning theory proposes that there is a zone where positive and negative emotions are in a balance which lead to feelings of dissociation and intense concentration, optimizing the individual's performance levels. Humans generally require social acceptance and thus sometimes dread the disapproval of others. Apprehension of being judged by others may cause anxiety in social environments. Anxiety during social interactions, particularly between strangers,
5133-529: The experience of intrusive thoughts . Studies have revealed that individuals who experience high levels of anxiety (also known as clinical anxiety) are highly vulnerable to the experience of intense intrusive thoughts or psychological disorders that are characterised by intrusive thoughts. Anxiety disorders are partly genetic, with twin studies suggesting 30-40% genetic influence on individual differences in anxiety. Environmental factors are also important. Twin studies show that individual-specific environments have
5220-486: The extent that a person is fearful of social encounters with unfamiliar others, some people may experience anxiety particularly during interactions with outgroup members, or people who share different group memberships (i.e., by race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.). Depending on the nature of the antecedent relations, cognitions, and situational factors, intergroup contact may be stressful and lead to feelings of anxiety. This apprehension or fear of contact with outgroup members
5307-435: The fairy tale on which it was based, but that Bluebeard was Bartók himself, and that it portrays his personal suffering and his reluctance to reveal the inner secrets of his soul, which are progressively invaded by Judith. In this way he can be seen as Everyman , although the composer himself was an intensely private man. Here the blood that pervades the story is the symbol of his suffering. The Prologue (often omitted) points to
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#17328721718525394-570: The first Judith. Following Balázs' exile in 1919 and the ban on his work there were no revivals until 1936. Bartók attended rehearsals and reportedly sided with the new Bluebeard, Mihály Székely , over the new conductor Sergio Failoni , who was insisting on fidelity to the printed score. Productions in Germany followed in Frankfurt (1922) and Berlin (1929). Bluebeard's Castle was first performed in Italy at
5481-460: The following two years. It was first published serially in 1910 with a joint dedication to Kodály and Bartók, and in 1912 appeared with the prologue in the collection "Mysteries". Bartók was motivated to complete the opera in 1911 by the closing date of the Ferenc Erkel Prize competition, for which it was duly entered. A second competition, organised by the music publishers Rózsavölgyi and with
5568-424: The gut can connect with the brain to affect anxiety. There are various pathways along which this communication can take place. One is through the major neurotransmitters . The gut microbes such as Bifidobacterium and Bacillus produce the neurotransmitters GABA and dopamine , respectively. The neurotransmitters signal to the nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, and those signals will be carried to
5655-435: The idea further in individual ways. While Kierkegaard's angst referred mainly to ambiguous feelings about moral freedom within a religious personal belief system , later existentialists discussed conflicts of personal principles, cultural norms, and existential despair . Existential angst makes its appearance in classical musical composition in the early twentieth century as a result of both philosophical developments and as
5742-511: The intergroup situation. Anxiety can be either a short-term "state" or a long-term " personality trait". Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency across the lifespan of responding with acute, state anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations (whether they are actually deemed threatening or not). A meta-analysis showed that a high level of neuroticism is a risk factor for development of anxiety symptoms and disorders. Such anxiety may be conscious or unconscious. Personality can also be
5829-519: The last of these three types of existential anxiety, i.e. spiritual anxiety, is predominant in modern times while the others were predominant in earlier periods. Tillich argues that this anxiety can be accepted as part of the human condition or it can be resisted but with negative consequences. In its pathological form, spiritual anxiety may tend to "drive the person toward the creation of certitude in systems of meaning which are supported by tradition and authority " even though such "undoubted certitude
5916-437: The most persistent mental problems and often last decades. Anxiety can also be experienced within other mental disorders , e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder , post-traumatic stress disorder . Anxiety is distinguished from fear , which is an appropriate cognitive and emotional response to a perceived threat . Anxiety is related to the specific behaviors of fight-or-flight responses , defensive behavior or escape. There
6003-432: The night). She is horrified and begs him to stop, but it is too late. He dresses her in the jewellery they wear, which she finds exceedingly heavy. Her head drooping under the weight, she follows the other wives along a beam of moonlight through the seventh door. It closes behind her, and Bluebeard is left alone as all fades to total darkness. The Hungarian conductor István Kertész believed that we should not relate this to
6090-573: The opera for the first time on 10 June 1974 with conductor Sixten Ehrling and singers David Ward and Shirley Verrett . The South American premiere was in Buenos Aires's Teatro Colón , 23 September 1953 conducted by Karl Böhm . Bluebeard's Castle received its French premiere on 17 April 1950 in a radio broadcast on Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française . Ernest Ansermet conducted the performance, which featured Renée Gilly as Judith and Lucien Lovano as Bluebeard. The first staged production of
6177-469: The opera) ends: "Now I know that I will never hear it in this life. You asked me to play it for you—I am afraid I would not be able to get through it. Still I'll try so that we may mourn it together." The success of the ballet The Wooden Prince in 1917 paved the way for the May 1918 première with the same conductor, Egisto Tango . Oszkár Kálmán was the first Bluebeard and Olga Haselbeck [ hu ]
6264-548: The past. The emotion of anxiety can persist beyond the developmentally appropriate time-periods in response to specific events, and thus turning into one of the multiple anxiety disorders (e.g. generalized anxiety disorder , panic disorder ). The difference between anxiety disorder (as mental disorder ) and anxiety (as normal emotion), is that people with an anxiety disorder experience anxiety excessively or persistently during approximately 6 months, or even during shorter time-periods in children. Anxiety disorders are among
6351-650: The person. However, most people do not suffer from chronic anxiety. Anxiety can induce several psychological pains (e.g. depression ) or mental disorders , and may lead to self-harm or suicide . The behavioral effects of anxiety may include withdrawal from situations which have provoked anxiety or negative feelings in the past. Other effects may include changes in sleeping patterns, changes in habits, increase or decrease in food intake, and increased motor tension (such as foot tapping). The emotional effects of anxiety may include feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or jumpy, anticipating
6438-428: The right advice." Overthinking a choice is called analysis paralysis . In a decision context, unpredictability or uncertainty may trigger emotional responses in anxious individuals that systematically alter decision-making. There are primarily two forms of this anxiety type. The first form refers to a choice in which there are multiple potential outcomes with known or calculable probabilities. The second form refers to
6525-405: The second door is a storehouse of weapons, and behind the third a storehouse of riches. Bluebeard urges her on. Behind the fourth door is a secret garden of great beauty; behind the fifth, a window onto Bluebeard's vast kingdom. All is now sunlit, but blood has stained the riches, watered the garden, and grim clouds throw blood-red shadows over Bluebeard's kingdom. Bluebeard pleads with her to stop:
6612-415: The set is a single dark hall surrounded by the seven doors around the perimeter. As each door is opened, a stream of symbolically colored light comes forth (except in the case of the sixth door, for which the hall is actually darkened). The symbolic colors of the seven doors are as follows: The slow orchestral introduction to the work is preceded by a spoken prologue, also by Balázs, published as "Prologue of
6699-405: The story that is portrayed as occurring in the imagination of the audience. While Kertész felt Judith is a villain in this sense, Christa Ludwig , who had sung the role, disagreed, stating that she only voices all that she has heard about Bluebeard. She refers repeatedly to the rumours ( hír ), Jaj, igaz hír; suttogó hír (Ah, truthful whispered rumours). Ludwig also believed that Judith was telling
6786-689: The symptoms. People often have more than one anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are caused by a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors. To be diagnosed, symptoms typically need to be present for at least six months, be more than would be expected for the situation, and decrease a person's ability to function in their daily lives. Other problems that may result in similar symptoms include hyperthyroidism , heart disease , caffeine , alcohol , or cannabis use, and withdrawal from certain drugs, among others. Without treatment, anxiety disorders tend to remain. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, counselling , and medications. Counselling
6873-401: The term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). In The Concept of Anxiety (also known as The Concept of Dread ), Kierkegaard used the word Angest (in common Danish, angst , meaning "dread" or "anxiety") to describe a profound and deep-seated condition. Where non-human animals are guided solely by instinct , said Kierkegaard, human beings enjoy
6960-541: The truth every time she says to him, Szeretlek! (I love you!). Another Judith, Nadja Michael , had a somewhat different, more symbolic interpretation. In a broadcast from the Metropolitan Opera on 14 February 2015, she stated that it does not matter who Judith is; she symbolises a human being who has to face up to all the fears that she brings from her past. In 2020, the Bayerische Staatsoper presented
7047-649: The uncertainty and ambiguity related to a decision context in which there are multiple possible outcomes with unknown probabilities. Panic disorder may share symptoms of stress and anxiety, but it is actually very different. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs without any triggers. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this disorder can be distinguished by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear. Someone with panic disorder will eventually develop constant fear of another attack and as this progresses it will begin to affect daily functioning and an individual's general quality of life. It
7134-712: The work in France was at the Opéra national du Rhin on 29 April 1954 with Heinz Rehfuss in the title role, Elsa Cavelti as Judith, and conductor Ernest Bour . The first performance in Paris was at the Opéra-Comique on 8 October 1959 with soprano Berthe Monmart and bass Xavier Depraz . The production was directed by Marcel Lamy and used a French translation by Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi . The London première took place on 16 January 1957 at
7221-442: The worst, irritability, restlessness, watching for signs of danger, and a feeling of empty mindedness. as well as "nightmares/bad dreams, obsessions about sensations, déjà vu , a trapped-in-your-mind feeling, and feeling like everything is scary." It may include a vague experience and feeling of helplessness. The cognitive effects of anxiety may include thoughts about suspected dangers, such as an irrational fear of dying or having
7308-489: Was expressed in works of folk rock such as Bob Dylan 's " Masters of War " (1963) and " A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall ". The term often makes an appearance in reference to punk rock , grunge , nu metal , and works of emo where expressions of melancholy , existential despair, or nihilism predominate. Anxiety Anxiety is an emotion which is characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety
7395-578: Was followed by several other productions at major opera houses in Italy, including the Teatro Regio di Torino (1961), Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (1962), Teatro Comunale di Bologna (1966), La Fenice (1967), and the Teatro Regio di Parma (1970). The first American performance was by the Dallas Symphony Orchestra broadcast on NBC Radio's Orchestras of the Nation on 9 January 1949, followed by
7482-804: Was presented with full orchestra in the 348th regular concert of the NHK Symphony Orchestra on 16 March 1957. The opera's Austrian premiere took place at the Salzburg Festival on 4 August 1978 with conductor George Alexander Albrecht , Walter Berry and Katalin Kasza . In Israel, the opera premiered on 15 December 2010 at the New Israeli Opera in Tel Aviv. Vladimir Braun was Bluebeard and Svetlana Sandler sang Judith. Shirit Lee Weiss directed and Ilan Volkov conducted. The sets, originally used in
7569-505: Was the blood everywhere, that their tears were those that filled the lake, and that their bodies lie behind the last door. At this, Bluebeard hands over the last key. Behind the door are Bluebeard's three former wives, but still alive, dressed in crowns and jewellery. They emerge silently, and Bluebeard, overcome with emotion, prostrates himself before them and praises each in turn (as his wives of dawn, midday and dusk), finally turning to Judith and beginning to praise her as his fourth wife (of
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