Andronikos III Palaiologos ( Medieval Greek : Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος , romanized : Andrónikos Doúkās Ángelos Komnēnós Palaiológos ; 25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341), commonly Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus , was the Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341. He was the son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Rita of Armenia . He was proclaimed co-emperor in his youth, before 1313, and in April 1321 he rebelled against his grandfather , Andronikos II Palaiologos . He was formally crowned co-emperor in February 1325, before ousting his grandfather outright and becoming sole emperor on 24 May 1328.
30-425: Andronikos III may refer to: Andronikos III Palaiologos (1297–1341), Byzantine emperor 1328–1341 Andronikos III of Trebizond (1310–1332), Emperor of Trebizond from 1330 to 1332 [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
60-697: A monastery. Ottoman Turks besieged Nicaea in Asia Minor, historically the provisional capital of the Byzantine Empire from the Fourth Crusade until the Byzantine recapture of Constantinople. Andronikos III launched a relief attempt, which Ottoman sultan Orhan defeated at the Battle of Pelekanon on 10 or 15 June 1329. Also in 1329, Andronikos III sent a naval expedition against Martino Zaccaria , Genoese ruler of
90-597: A son, who died in infancy. In 1320, Andronikos accidentally caused the death of his brother Manuel, after which their father, co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos , died in his grief. The homicide and the general dissolute behavior of Andronikos III and his coterie, mostly the young scions of the great aristocratic clans of the Empire, resulted in a deep rift in the relations between young Andronikos and his grandfather, still reigning as Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos . Emperor Andronikos II disowned his grandson Andronikos, who fled
120-555: A still-tenable situation and generally do not implicate deficiencies in his leadership in its later demise. John V Palaiologos succeeded his father as Byzantine emperor, but at only nine years of age, he required a regent . The energetic campaigns of emperor Andronikos III simply lacked sufficient strength to defeat the imperial enemies and led to several significant Byzantine reverses at the hands of Bulgarians, Serbians, and Ottomans. Andronikos III nevertheless provided active leadership and cooperated with able administrators. Under him,
150-453: A well-conceived plot. Byzantine general Sphrantzes Palaiologos, posing as a deserter, entered the Serbian camp and killed Syrgiannes Palaiologos. Dušan's plans were seriously upset, for his successes until then had been chiefly owing to Syrgiannes' strategic abilities, knowledge of Byzantine position and his allies who had surrendered fortresses to Serbs. Furthering Dušan's willingness to negotiate
180-564: The Byzantine crown jewels to the Republic of Venice for 30,000 ducats as part of an attempt to secure more finances for the war. However Anna at last lost the war . On 3 February 1347, the two sides reached an agreement. John VI was accepted as senior emperor with John V as his junior co-ruler. The agreement included the marriage of John V to Helena Kantakouzene , a daughter of John VI. John VI entered Constantinople and took effective control of
210-562: The Despotate of Epirus in 1337, regaining Byzantine control from Nikephoros II Orsini . Thessaly was also reconquered by Andronikos III during this period. In 1340, Dušan fell seriously ill. At this critical time, one of Dušan's leading commanders, Hrelja deserted to Byzantines. He could do this because he had possessed holdings right on Byzantine-Serbian border that included region of the middle of Struma river, with Strumitsa and other two other strongly fortified castles near-by. In 1341,
240-645: The Golden Horde , and taken the name Bayalun. Ibn Battuta claims to have accompanied her to Constantinople from her husband's court in late 1332 or 1334. Andronikos III died at Constantinople , aged 44, on 15 June 1341, possibly due to chronic malaria , and was buried in the Hodegon Monastery after lying in state at the Hagia Sophia . Historians contend that his reign ended with the Byzantine Empire in
270-665: The Lordship of Chios (which also included Samos and Cos ). The expedition deposed Zaccaria, and regained Byzantine control of the islands. An alliance with Bulgaria failed to secure any gains for the Byzantine empire. On 28 July 1330, the Serbians decisively defeated the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd (modern Kyustendil , Bulgaria) without significant Byzantine participation. The Ottomans continued to advance in 1331, finally taking Nicaea ( İznik ). Andronikos III wanted Nicomedia and
300-741: The Emperor personally enjoyed hunting and waging war. Andronikos III also reformed the judiciary through his creation of a panel of four judges, designated " Universal Justices of the Romans ". Andronikos III was first married in 1318 with Irene of Brunswick , daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ; she died in 1324. They had an unnamed son, who died shortly after birth in 1321. In 1326, Andronikos III married as his second wife Anna of Savoy , daughter of Amadeus V, Count of Savoy and of his second wife Marie of Brabant, Countess of Savoy . Their marriage produced several children, including: According to
330-508: The Latin lords of the Peloponnese sent a delegation to Constantinople, seeking to swear allegiance to the Byzantine crown. An ailing Andronikos III then received the Latin delegation on one occasion, shortly before succumbing to an illness on 15 June 1341. John Kantakouzenos , megas domestikos of Andronikos III and later emperor, wielded effective administrative authority during the reign, while
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#1733084886368360-490: The capital, rallied his supporters in Thrace , and began to reign as rival emperor in 1321. A few months after the rebellion began, Andronikos II relented and named Andronikos III his co-emperor. The concession was not enough to prevent intermittent civil war between the two monarchs in the years 1321 to 1328. Empress Irene died on 16/17 August 1324 with no surviving child. Theodora Palaiologina , sister of Andronikos III, married
390-515: The city. In 1351, Anna left Constantinople for Thessaloniki . She held her own court in the city, issuing decrees in her name and even controlling a mint . She was the second Byzantine empress to hold court in Thessaloniki, following Irene of Montferrat . Her rule there lasted to about 1365. Her last official act was the donation of a convent in the memory of Agioi Anargyroi ( Greek : «Άγιοι Ανάργυροι» "The Angels Without Money"). Agioi Anargyroi
420-490: The contemporary Byzantine historian Nicephorus Gregoras ( c. 1295 –1360), Andronikos also had an illegitimate daughter, Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond , who married emperor Basil of Trebizond and took over the throne of the Empire of Trebizond from 1340 to 1341. The contemporary traveller Ibn Battuta (1304–1368/69) also records in his Rihla the existence of another daughter, who had been married to Öz Beg Khan of
450-690: The empire came closest to regaining a position of power in the Balkans and the Greek peninsula after the Fourth Crusade. The loss of a few imperial territories in Anatolia, however, left the Ottoman Turks poised to expand into Europe. Within a few months after the death of Andronikos III, controversy over the right to exercise the regency over the new emperor John V Palaiologos and the position of John Kantakouzenos as all-powerful chief minister and friend of Andronikos led to
480-590: The establishment of the Serbian Empire and the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the Balkans. Andronikos was born in Constantinople on 25 March 1297. His father, Michael IX Palaiologos , began reigning in full imperial style as co-emperor c. 1295 . In March 1318, Andronikos married Irene of Brunswick , daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen . In c. 1321 she gave birth to
510-525: The faction under John V and Anna while Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia sided with John VI. Both rulers were actually taking advantage of the civil war for their own political and territorial gains. In time John VI would ally himself with Orhan I of the nascent Ottoman emirate . At the same time Anna was attempting to gain support from Western Europe . In Summer, 1343 an emissary proclaimed her loyalty to Pope Clement VI in Avignon . In August, 1343, Anna pawned
540-469: The last Genoese governor, Domenico Cattaneo . However, this victory failed to stem significantly the Ottoman advance in Asia Minor. Byzantine rule gradually vanished from Anatolia as tribute failed to appease Ottoman sultan Orhan , who took Nicomedia in 1337, leaving only Philadelphia and a handful of ports under Byzantine control. Despite these troubles, Andronikos III took advantage of a secession crisis in
570-570: The last failed attempts to hold back the Ottoman Turks in Bithynia and the defeat at Rusokastro against the Bulgarians , but also the successful recovery of Chios , Lesbos , Phocaea , Thessaly , and Epirus . His early death left a power vacuum that resulted in the disastrous civil war between his widow, Anna of Savoy , and his closest friend and supporter, John VI Kantakouzenos , leading to
600-411: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_III&oldid=971633911 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Andronikos III Palaiologos His reign included
630-639: The meeting. Stephen Gabrielopoulos , ruler over Thessaly , died circa 1333; taking advantage of the secession crisis, Andronikos III extended Byzantine control over the region. Syrgiannes Palaiologos , entrusted with the governorship of Thessalonica , deserted to the side of king Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia and aided their advance in Macedonia . Serbs soon found themselves in possession of Ohrid, Prilep and Srumitsa. Syrgiannes then directed capture of Kastoria, after this Serbs marched down towards Tessaloniki,soon reaching city's walls. Byzantines responded with
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#1733084886368660-477: The new tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria defeated Byzantine forces at the Battle of Rusokastro on 18 July 1332. Andronikos III secured peace with Bulgaria by territorial concessions and the marriage of his daughter Maria (renamed Irene) to Ivan Alexander's son, the future Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria . The Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta visited Constantinople towards the end of 1332 and mentions meeting Andronikos III in his memoirs. Byzantine sources do not attest to
690-546: The new tsar Michael Shishman of Bulgaria in 1324. Andronikos III, then a widower, married Anna of Savoy in October 1326. In 1327 she gave birth to Maria (renamed Irene) Palaiologina. Andronikos III concluded the Treaty of Chernomen of 1327, an alliance with tsar Michael Shishman of Bulgaria against Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia . In 1328 the Byzantine civil war ended with the deposition of Emperor Andronikos II, who retired to
720-523: The other few Byzantine forts in Anatolia not to suffer the same fate and sought to pay off the Ottomans with tribute. Andronikos III reorganized and attempted to strengthen the weakened Byzantine navy , which comprised only 10 ships by 1332; in emergencies, he still could muster a hundred extra merchant ships. Having failed to gain anything against Serbia, Andronikos III attempted to annex Bulgarian Thrace, but
750-529: The outbreak of the destructive Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 , which consumed the resources of the empire and left it in an untenable position. The weakened Byzantine Empire failed to prevent the formation of the Serbian Empire and, more ominously, the Ottoman invasion of Europe. Anna of Savoy Anna of Savoy , born Giovanna (1306–1365), was a Byzantine Empress consort, as the second spouse of Andronikos III Palaiologos . She served as regent , with
780-412: The senior advisor was her enemy. Anna declared Kantakouzenos an enemy of the state and offered the title of eparch of Constantinople to Apokaukos. On 26 October 1341, Kantakouzenos answered by proclaiming himself emperor at Didymoteicho . He still controlled part of the Byzantine army , and his claim to the throne began a civil war that lasted until 1347. Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria soon allied with
810-451: The titles augusta and autokratorissa , during the minority of her son John V Palaiologos from 1341 until 1347. In Byzantium, she was known as Anna Palaiologina , owing to her marriage to Andronikos. Anna was a daughter of Amadeus V, Count of Savoy , and his second wife, Maria of Brabant . She was betrothed to Andronikos III Palaiologos in September 1325, during which time he
840-436: Was appointed regent for her son. However, Andronikos III had entrusted the administration to his advisor John Kantakouzenos , whom Anna did not trust. At about the same time, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia launched an invasion of Northern Thrace . Kantakouzenos left Constantinople to try to restore order to the area. In his absence, Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople and courtier Alexios Apokaukos convinced Anna that
870-480: Was intelligence that Byzantines just repelled a major Turkish raiding party, enabling more Byzantine troops to aid Tessaloniki front and the report that Hungarians were mobilizing to attack Serbia in the north. Serbs agreed to peace on 26. August 1334. Byzantines recognized Serbian gains in Ohrid, Prilep, Strumitsa, Siderokastron, Chermen and Prosek. Andronikos III meanwhile effected the recovery of Phocaea in 1334 from
900-489: Was involved in a civil war with his paternal grandfather Andronikos II Palaiologos . The marriage took place in October 1326. She joined the Eastern Orthodox Church and took the name Anna. In 1328, Andronikos III entered Constantinople and finally deposed his grandfather. On 14-15 June 1341, Andronikos III died. He was succeeded by their son John V who was still three days short of his ninth birthday. Anna
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