110-523: The Andreotti VII Cabinet was a cabinet of the Italian Republic. It held office from 1991 to 1992. Initially the executive was also composed of three ministers of the Italian Republican Party ( Antonio Maccanico as Minister for Regional Affairs, Adolfo Battaglia as Minister of State Holdings and Giuseppe Galasso as Minister of Cultural Heritage) who however did not take an oath, being
220-605: A Constituent Assembly , confirming its traditional strongholds. However, it was very weak if compared to Christian Democracy (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). After that, a ballot on the same day abolished monarchy in Italy and the PRI declared itself available to take a role in the government of Italy, entering the second government of Alcide De Gasperi . In late 1946, Ugo La Malfa and Ferruccio Parri , formerly members of
330-676: A centrist parliamentary alliance with the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI) and the Union for the Republic (UpR). The Clover was responsible for the fall of the D'Alema I Cabinet in December 1999. At the 2001 Italian general election , the party formed an alliance with Silvio Berlusconi 's House of Freedoms and got one deputy (Giorgio La Malfa) and one senator ( Antonio Del Pennino ) elected. This led two left-wing groups to secede from
440-467: A concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting intellectualism and the notion of divorcing theory from practice. In "Duties of Man", Mazzini called for recognition of women's rights . After his many encounters with political philosophers in England, France and across Europe, Mazzini had decided that
550-641: A crippling blow for the Mazzinian organization, whose prestige never recovered. He later opposed the alliance signed by Savoy with Austria for the Crimean War . Also in vain was the expedition of Felice Orsini in Carrara of 1853–1854. In 1856, he returned to Genoa to organize a series of uprisings: the only serious attempt was that of Carlo Pisacane in Calabria, which again met a disappointing end. Mazzini managed to escape
660-571: A divine mission, stating that the fatherland was "the home wherein God has placed us, among brothers and sisters linked to us by the family ties of a common religion, history, and language". According to A. James Gregor , "Mazzini's creed for the New Age thus radically distinguished itself from the orthodox Marxism of the nineteenth century. His Socialism was alive with moral purpose, rather than class identity, infused with exalted intent and specifically inspired by
770-722: A few Italian friends, moved in January 1837 to live in London in very poor economic conditions. On 30 April 1840, Mazzini reformed the Giovine Italia in London, and on 10 November of the same year, he began issuing the Apostolato popolare ("Apostleship of the People"). A succession of failed attempts at promoting further uprisings in Sicily, Abruzzi, Tuscany, and Lombardy-Venetia discouraged Mazzini for
880-566: A five-party government, the Spadolini I Cabinet . Under Spadolini, an urgent decree outlawing all secret lodges, such as Propaganda Due (which included numerous members of previous governments and of military forces), was approved. The Spadolini II Cabinet fell in November 1983 due to a strife between Beniamino Andreatta (DC) and Rino Formica , Ministers of the Treasury and Finances respectively. At
990-532: A fundamental goal necessary for the regeneration of old nations and the rebirth of new ones. Mazzini admired Jessie White Mario , who was described by Giuseppe Garibaldi as the "Bravest Woman of Modern Time". Mario joined Garibaldi's Redshirts for the 1859–1860 campaign during the Second Italian War of Independence . As a correspondent for the Daily News , she witnessed almost every fight that had brought on
1100-599: A group of young Turkish army cadets and students who, later in history, named themselves the " Young Turks ". In 1843, he organized another riot in Bologna, which attracted the attention of two young officers of the Austrian Navy, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera . With Mazzini's support, they landed near Cosenza ( Kingdom of Naples ) but were arrested and executed. Mazzini accused the British government of having passed information about
1210-519: A joint list with the new Italian Liberal Party and won 3.8% of the vote in Calabria, 1.0% in Sicily and 1.0% in Apulia . In 2008, the PRI gained a surprising 9.4% in the provincial election of Messina , Sicily. In Romagna, where it always retained its alliance with the centre-left, the party won the 4.2% of the vote in the provincial election of Forlì-Cesena in 2004 and 3.8% in Ravenna in 2006; and 6.1% in
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#17328700252691320-530: A joint political program. On the occasion of the 2022 Italian general election , the PRI, after having joined Civic Commitment (an electoral list led by Luigi Di Maio within the centre-left coalition ) for a few days, joined forces with the Action – Italia Viva , which ran outside the two main electoral coalitions. The splitaway MRE opted to join the Democratic and Progressive Italy coalition instead. In 2024
1430-526: A long "open letter" to Pope Pius IX , whose apparently liberal reforms had gained him a momentary status as a possible paladin of the unification of Italy, but The Pope did not reply. He also founded the People's International League. By 8 March 1848, Mazzini was in Paris, where he launched a new political association, the Associazione Nazionale Italiana . In apologising for not being able to attend
1540-772: A long period, which dragged on until 1840. He was also abandoned by Sidoli, who had returned to Italy to rejoin her children. The help of his mother pushed Mazzini to create several organizations aimed at the unification or liberation of other nations, in the wake of Giovine Italia : " Young Germany ", "Young Poland", and "Young Switzerland", which were under the aegis of "Young Europe" ( Giovine Europa ). He also created an Italian school for poor people active from 10 November 1841 at 5 Greville Street, London. From London he also wrote an endless series of letters to his agents in Europe and South America and made friends with Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane . The "Young Europe" movement also inspired
1650-591: A manifesto against the alliance between Piedmont and the Emperor of France which resulted in the Second War of Italian Independence and the conquest of Lombardy. On 2 May 1860, he tried to reach Garibaldi, who was going to launch his famous Expedition of the Thousand in southern Italy. In the same year, he released Doveri dell'uomo ("Duties of Man"), a synthesis of his moral, political and social thoughts. In mid-September, he
1760-544: A middle-class republic". Marx believed that Mazzini's point of view, especially after the Revolutions of 1848 and the Paris Commune, had become reactionary and the proletariat had nothing to do with it. In another interview, Marx described Mazzini as "that everlasting old ass". In turn, Mazzini described Marx as "a destructive spirit whose heart was filled with hatred rather than love of mankind" and declared that "[d]espite
1870-539: A new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty, and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. ... His intention
1980-663: A new society' in Karl Marx's words)". This event "allowed a significant section of the radical left, especially a younger generation of radicals led by the poet and satirist Felice Cavallotti and grouped around the newspaper Il Gazzettino Rosa , to break openly and decisively with both Mazzini and the principles and methods of Mazzinian politics. While Il Gazzettino Rosa praised Mazzini as "the 'saviour' and teacher of Italy", it insisted: We have no more idols, we don't accept abstruse, incomprehensible formulas. ... What we object to in Mazzini
2090-508: A new world, we are bound to lay the foundations of a moral unity, a Humanitarian Catholicism." However, Mazzini's relationship with the Catholic Church and the Papacy was not always a kind one. While he initially supported Pope Pius IX upon his election, writing an open letter to him in 1847, Mazzini later published a scathing attack against the pope in his Sull'Enciclica di Papa Pio IX ("On
2200-576: A reconciliation between the MRE and the PRI. During the third congress of the MRE in February 2009, the two parties signed a joint declaration under which despite their different coalition allegiances, the two parties pledged to join forces in Parliament on some key issues such as civil liberties and freedom of research. In October, a joint committee was installed in order to reach an agreement of re-unification between
2310-495: A sense of national, rather than class, mission. It saw itself, unabashedly, as a new religion, a 'climb through philosophy to faith '. It was a religion predicated on a 'living faith in one God, one Law, general and immutable ... and one End." In his 1835 publication Fede e avvenire ("Faith and the Future"), Mazzini wrote: "We must rise again as a religious party. The religious element is universal and immortal. ... The initiators of
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#17328700252692420-414: A short-term existence. Nevertheless, he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary. On 28 May 1834, Mazzini was arrested at Solothurn , and exiled from Switzerland. He moved to Paris, where he was again imprisoned on 5 July. He was released only after promising he would move to England. Mazzini, together with
2530-634: A splinter group from Lega Nord led by Flavio Tosi , whose sub-group in the Mixed Group of the Chamber of Deputies was named Act!–PRI. After Enrico Costa 's entry in August 2017, the sub-group was renamed Act!–PRI–Liberals. In the run-up of the 2018 Italian general election , Saponaro was elected secretary and an alliance with the Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA) was formed. The PRI–ALA list, which
2640-574: A total failure. Mazzini, who had never been popular in the city because he wanted Lombardy to become a republic instead of joining Piedmont, abandoned Milan. He joined Garibaldi's irregular force at Bergamo, moving to Switzerland with him. Mazzini was one of the founders and leaders of the Action Party , the first organized party in the history of Italy. On 9 February 1849, a republic was declared in Rome, with Pius IX already having been forced to flee to Gaeta
2750-490: A traitor. Contemporary historians tended to believe that he ceased to contribute anything productive or useful after 1849, but their modern counterparts take a more favourable view of him. The antifascist Mazzini Society , founded in the United States in 1939 by Italian political refugees, took his name and served Italy from exile, as he had. In London, Mazzini resided at 155 North Gower Street , near Euston Square , which
2860-802: A unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement. The group's motto was God and the People , and its basic principle was the unification of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic as the only true foundation of Italian liberty. The new nation had to be "One, Independent, Free Republic". Mazzini's political activism met some success in Tuscany, Abruzzi , Sicily, Piedmont , and his native Liguria , especially among several military officers. Young Italy counted about 60,000 adherents in 1833, with branches in Genoa and other cities. In that year Mazzini first attempted insurrection, which would spread from Chambéry (then part of
2970-554: A very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the Constitution of Italy , about Europeanism and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson , British prime minister David Lloyd George , Mahatma Gandhi , Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , and Israeli prime minister Golda Meir . Mazzini
3080-526: Is associated with liberalism , social liberalism , and centrism . The PRI has old roots and a long history that began with a left-wing position, being the heir of the Historical Far Left and claiming descent from the political thought of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi . With the rise of the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) to its left, it
3190-402: Is characterized by a strong religious fervour and a deep sense of spirituality. A deist who believed in divine providence, Mazzini described himself as a Christian and emphasized the necessity of faith and a relationship with God while vehemently denouncing atheism and rationalism. His motto was Dio e Popolo ("God and People"). Mazzini regarded patriotism as a duty and love for the fatherland as
3300-434: Is not his opinion in itself, as much as his opinion erected into a system and a political dogma. We are materialists, but we don't make a political school out of our materialism. To us it does not matter if one believes or does not believe in God. ... [I]nstead Mazzini wants to impose a new religion on us. According to Lucy Riall , "the emphasis by younger radicals on the 'social question' was paralleled by an increase in what
3410-558: Is now marked with a commemorative blue plaque . A plaque on Laystall Street in Clerkenwell , London's Little Italy during the 1850s, also pays tribute to Mazzini, calling him "The Apostle of Modern Democracy". Mazzini was an important influence on British idealists such as Thomas Hill Green, and other important figures at the University of Oxford (e.g. Benjamin Jowett and Algernon Swinburne) and
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3520-540: Is the sole true cause of the social and political disturbances that torment the peoples of Europe". Mazzini rejected the concept of the "rights of man" which had developed during the Age of Enlightenment, arguing instead that individual rights were a duty to be won through hard work, sacrifice and virtue, rather than " rights " which were intrinsically owed to man. Mazzini outlined his thought in his Doveri dell'uomo ("Duties of Man"), published in 1860. Similarly, Mazzini formulated
3630-781: The 1900 Italian general election the PRI won 4.3% of the vote (7.3% in Lombardy , 9.6% in Emilia-Romagna, 15.0% in the Marche, 9.6% in Umbria and 7.2% in Apulia ) and 29 seats from several regions of Italy, including also Veneto and Sicily , where they had some local strongholds. After that, the Republicans were reduced almost to their power base in Romagna and Northern Marche, where the party had more than 40% and where most of their deputies came from. That
3740-491: The 1983 Italian general election , the PRI gained its best result ever (5.1%) thanks to Spadolini's popularity after his stint as Prime Minister and became the third largest party after the DC and the PCI in several Italian cities, notably including Turin . Spadolini was Minister of Defence from 1983 to 1987 under Bettino Craxi (PSI). Following the 1987 Italian general election , Spadolini
3850-404: The Action Party (PdA), moved to the PRI. La Malfa would be appointed as minister in several of the following governments. At the 19th congress of the party held in 1947, there were two main inner trends: one, represented by the national secretary Randolfo Pacciardi , supported an alliance with the PCI; the other, led by Giovanni Conti and Cipriano Facchinetti , considered the PCI the cause of
3960-682: The Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and finally merged into the Democrats of the Left (DS) in 1998. Others, notably including Enzo Bianco and Antonio Maccanico , joined Democratic Union (UD), The Democrats (Dem) and finally Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL). The party continued to exist under the leadership of La Malfa, who had been elected MEP for the ELDR Group at the 1994 European Parliament election in Italy and who worked hard to re-organise
4070-728: The Kingdom of Sardinia ), Alessandria , Turin , and Genoa. However, the Savoy government discovered the plot before it could begin and many revolutionaries (including Vincenzo Gioberti ) were arrested. The repression was ruthless: 12 participants were executed, while Mazzini's best friend and director of the Genoese section of the Giovine Italia , Jacopo Ruffini, killed himself. Mazzini was tried in absentia and sentenced to death. Despite this setback, whose victims later created numerous doubts and psychological strife in Mazzini, he organized another uprising for
4180-627: The National Fascist Party (PNF) caused the collapse of all Italian left-wing parties, including the PRI, which was banned in 1926. Several Republicans were arrested, confined or exiled and the PRI collaborated to the anti-fascist struggle. In 1927, the party joined Anti-fascist Concentration. In the late 1930s, it also participated in the Spanish Civil War . In 1940, the German occupation of France, where many Republicans had taken refuge, put
4290-611: The Province of Forlì-Cesena (11.3%) and the Province of Ravenna (13.9%). At the 1992 Italian general election , the last before the Tangentopoli scandals, the PRI won 4.4% of the vote (+0.7% from 1987 ) and increased its share of vote in the South. With the end of the First Republic , the party was severely diminished in term of votes and retreated to its traditional strongholds and in
4400-678: The Ravenna municipal election. In the 2011 local elections, the party was almost stable in Ravenna and its province (5.1% and 3.1%, respectively) and in Reggio Calabria and its province (3.1% and 4.1%), but it gained some ground in Naples (1.5%). In the 2012 municipal elections, the party won 6.5% in Brindisi . In 2016, the party won 4.4% in Ravenna. The electoral results of the PRI in general elections (Chamber of Deputies) from 1897 to 1992 are shown in
4510-541: The Segni Pact . At that time, the party seemed quite finished. Many Republicans, including Jas Gawronski , Guglielmo Castagnetti , Alberto Zorzoli , Luigi Casero , Denis Verdini , Piergiorgio Massidda and Mario Pescante , left the PRI in order to join Forza Italia . Others, mostly affiliated to SR, including Giorgio Bogi , Stefano Passigli , Giuseppe Ayala , Andrea Manzella and Adolfo Battaglia , approached with
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4620-461: The classical liberal principles of the Age of Enlightenment based on the doctrine of individualism, which he criticized as "presupposing either metaphysical materialism or political atheism". In the first volume of Carl Landauer's European Socialism , Mazzini is mentioned alongside Garibaldi as outstanding "Italian revolutionaries". Albert Charles Brouse argued that "socialism is found in its entirety in
4730-536: The DS soon after the election, but during the legislature the PRI was joined by three more deputies elected with other parties: Gianantonio Mazzocchin , Giovanni Marongiu (both former DS members) and Luigi Negri (a former member of Lega Nord and Forza Italia). The Republicans were very disappointed by the five years of government of the centre-left and soon became critical supporters of the Prodi I Cabinet as part of The Clover ,
4840-534: The Encyclical of Pope Pius IX") in 1849. Although some of his religious views were at odds with the Catholic Church and the Papacy, with his writings often tinged with anti-clericalism , Mazzini also criticized Protestantism , stating that it is "divided and subdivided into a thousand sects, all founded on the rights of individual conscience, all eager to make war on one another, and perpetuating that anarchy of beliefs which
4950-414: The International , whose "defence of the International and the Paris Commune caused a stir in Italy and provoked many renunciations of Mazzini and declarations of support for the International in the press", even leading to "the first nationwide increase in membership in the organisation". In an interview by R. Landor from 1871, Marx stated that Mazzini's ideas represented "nothing better than the old idea of
5060-402: The Marche (26.6% in Ancona and 32.9% in Jesi ), 11.0% in Umbria and 15.2% in Lazio . However, the PRI soon lost its character as a mass party in those areas (although it retained some of its positions there), as the Italian Communist Party conquered many formerly Republican workers' votes and the party settled around 1–2% at the national level in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s, under
5170-411: The Marxist doctrine and ... considered an alliance with the left-wing to be legitimate and desirable". Mazzini's Italian nationalism has been described as "cosmopolitan patriotism". In Socialism: National or International , first published in 1942, Franz Borkenau described Mazzini as "that impressive Genoese" and "leader of the Italian underground democratic and unitarian movement". About Mazzini and
5280-435: The PLI, and the two parties usually ran together in European Parliament elections. After joining the centrist Segni Pact in 1994, the PRI was part of the centre-left coalition from 1996 to 2006, and then of the centre-right coalition from 2008 to 2013 (its leader Giorgio La Malfa was minister in 2005–2006). Afterwards, it ran alone until joining the centrist Action – Italia Viva in 2022. The PRI traces its origins from
5390-408: The PRI allied with the centre-right; this caused the European Republicans Movement to again split away from the Party to pursue an alliance with the centre-left. In 2021 Carlo Cottarelli , a former director of the International Monetary Fund , was chosen by the PRI, A, +E, the Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy (ALI), and The Liberals to head of a scientific committee designed to elaborate of
5500-501: The PRI as a stable member of the so-called Pentapartito , an alliance between the DC, the PSI, the PRI, the Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) which governed Italy from 1983 to 1991. The PRI abandoned the coalition in 1991 in disagreement with the Mammì bill (named after Oscar Mammì , a Republican) on telecommunications. In June 1981, Spadolini became Prime Minister of Italy (the first non-Christian Democrat to do so following 1945) and formed
5610-421: The PRI by the late 1960s (although Pacciardi, who received much criticism at this time for his association with coup plotters and neo-fascists , did not come back until after the UDNR was disbanded in 1980). La Malfa was elected national secretary in 1965. The alliance with the DC ended in 1974 when the Republicans left over disagreements on budgetary policy. In 1979, La Malfa received by President Sandro Pertini
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#17328700252695720-457: The PRI formed a federative pact with Action. Throughout the Kingdom of Italy , the Republicans along with the other party of the far left, the Italian Radical Party , were strong especially among the rural workers in Romagna , in the Marche and around Rome . In the 1890s, they suffered from competition with the Italian Socialist Party for the single-seat constituencies of Emilia-Romagna , where both parties had their heartlands. However, at
5830-417: The PRI to join the De Gasperi IV Cabinet . Pacciardi refused to take a position as minister. As the PCI became ever closer to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , Pacciardi later changed his mind and became Deputy Prime Minister. The 1948 Italian general election saw the PRI as a solid ally of the DC, but also a reduction of the party's share to 2.5%. In the following years, the strongest party faction
5940-438: The PRI was influential thanks to leaders like Eugenio Chiesa , Giovanni Conti , Cipriano Facchinetti , Randolfo Pacciardi , Oronzo Reale , Ugo La Malfa , Bruno Visentini , Oddo Biasini and Giovanni Spadolini . The latter served as Prime Minister of Italy in 1981–1982, the first non Christian Democrat since 1945. From 1976 to 2010, the PRI was a member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), along with
6050-437: The Piedmontese authorities. He then became one of the leading authors of L'Indicatore Livornese , published at Livorno by Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi , until this paper was closed down by the authorities. In 1827, Mazzini travelled to Tuscany , where he became a member of the Carbonari , a secret association with political purposes. On 31 October of that year, he was arrested at Genoa and interned at Savona. In early 1831, he
6160-415: The South. After that, most Republicans from the Marche left the party to join the European Republicans Movement in 2001, and most Republicans from Campania switched to the Democratic Republicans . The PRI was left only with Romagna (where the local party is affiliated to the centre-left) and its new heartlands in Calabria and Sicily. At the 2004 European Parliament election in Italy , the party formed
6270-405: The book 10,000 Famous Freemasons by William R. Denslow lists Mazzini as a Mason and even a Past Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy, articles on the Grand Orient of Italy's own website question whether he was ever a regular Mason and do not list him as a Past Grand Master. Often viewed in Italy of the time as a god-like figure, Mazzini was nonetheless denounced by many of his compatriots as
6380-437: The chart below. Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini ( UK : / m æ t ˈ s iː n i / , US : / m ɑː t ˈ -, m ɑː d ˈ z iː n i / , Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe matˈtsiːni] ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about
6490-404: The communist egalitarianism which [Marx] preaches, he is the absolute ruler of his party, admittedly he does everything himself, but he is also the only one to give orders and he tolerates no opposition". While Mazzini saw the Paris Commune as "a socially divisive mistake", many other radicals "followed the socialist lead and mythologised the Commune as a social revolution ('the glorius harbinger of
6600-415: The doctrine of Mazzini", his republicanism being both "democratic and social". In 1871, Mazzini condemned the radical, anti-religious and revolutionary socialist revolt in France that led to the creation of the short-lived Paris Commune . This caused Karl Marx to refer to Mazzini as a reactionary after 1848. It also prompted anarchist Mikhail Bakunin to write The Political Theology of Mazzini and
6710-471: The expeditions to the Neapolitans, and the question was raised in the British Parliament. When it was admitted that his private letters had indeed been opened, and its contents revealed by the Foreign Office to the Austrian and Neapolitan governments, Mazzini gained popularity and support among the British liberals, who were outraged by such a blatant intrusion of the government into his private correspondence. In 1847, he moved again to London, where he wrote
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#17328700252696820-428: The family of Démosthène Ollivier , with whom Mazzini was staying. The Olliviers took care of the child in June 1833 when Giuditta and Mazzini left for Switzerland. The child died in February 1835. Mazzini organized a new political society called Young Italy . It was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: "One, free, independent, republican nation." Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create
6930-439: The first annual celebration of the Leeds Redemption Society (a communitarian experiment) on 7 January 1847 he offered to become a subscriber. On 7 April 1848, Mazzini reached Milan, whose population had rebelled against the Austrian garrison and established a provisional government. The First Italian War of Independence , started by the Piedmontese king Charles Albert to exploit the favourable circumstances in Milan, turned into
7040-414: The following year. A group of Italian exiles were to enter Piedmont from Switzerland and spread the revolution there, while Giuseppe Garibaldi , who had recently joined Young Italy, was to do the same from Genoa. However, the Piedmontese troops easily crushed the new attempt. Denis Mack Smith writes: In the spring of 1834, while at Bern, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland, and Germany founded
7150-399: The government's lack of efficiency. The latter was to prevail. Carlo Sforza , a Republican, was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the De Gasperi III Cabinet , although only as an independent. Sforza signed the treaty of peace and contributed to the entrance of Italy into the Marshall Plan , NATO and the Council of Europe . The exclusion of left-wing parties from the government in 1947 led
7260-468: The idea, though not its practical execution, caught on in other European countries. One reason of Mazzini's partial failure was the emergence of socialism in France and England. France, at any rate, had a strong underground movement, much stronger under Louis-Philippe than previously under the Bourbon restoration . But this movement gradually evolved towards the left. Ordinary democrats of the Mazzini type were no longer persecuted in France after 1830. But to
7370-406: The independent and unified Italy in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state. Mazzini's thoughts had
7480-409: The leadership of Giovanni Spadolini the Republicans gained support among educated middle-class voters, losing some ground in their traditional strongholds, but also increasing their share of vote elsewhere, notably in Piedmont , Lombardy and Liguria , where they became a strong competitor to the Italian Liberal Party for the votes of entrepreneurs and professionals. This led to a gradual recovery in
7590-399: The left of him. He came out entirely in favour of the Paris Commune and internationalism, and his stance brought him much closer to the younger radicals, ... and gave him a new lease on political life. From his support was born an initiative to relaunch a broad party of the radical left." For Seamus Flahert, Henry Hyndman , who was an admirer of Mazzini, thought that "Mazzini's greatness ...
7700-442: The left of them arose more advanced movements. When he was a socialist, Benito Mussolini harshly criticized Mazzini, "the religious Mazzini in particular", being "particularly opposed to Mazzini's 'sanctification'". After advocating interventionism in World War I and enlisting, Mussolini "found himself immersed in a patriotic atmosphere permeated by Mazzinian references". Influenced by his Jansenist upbringing, Mazzini's thought
7810-482: The mandate to form a new government. It was the first time for a non-DC member since the Italian Republic had been created. The attempt failed and a new government led by Giulio Andreotti was formed, with La Malfa as Deputy Prime Minister, but he suddenly died five days later. In September, the PRI chose Giovanni Spadolini as national secretary and Bruno Visentini as president. The following twelve years, first under Spadolini and then under La Malfa's son Giorgio , saw
7920-447: The motherland of human rights ) and annexing Trento and Trieste (then part of Austria-Hungary ). After the end of the conflict, the party tried to form an alliance with other left-wing parties, but the attempt failed as the PSI at was strongly influenced by its "maximalist" (radical) wing. In 1921, Pietro Nenni left the PRI to become one of the leaders of the PSI. In the 1920s, the rise of
8030-552: The organisation". In his two-volume autobiography, Hyndman spoke at length about Mazzini, even comparing him to Marx. Christopher Bayly wrote that Mazzini "had arrived at similar conclusions", referring to "the Saint-Simonian ideas of association and Charles Fourier 's 'law of attraction'", but "through an emotive process that owed little to rationalisation". As with the Christian socialist George D. Herron , Mazzini's socialism
8140-478: The party decided to run under its own banner for the Senate in some regions, obtaining little more than 0.1% of the vote. Del Pennino was elected senator on Forza Italia's list. At the 2008 Italian general election , the PRI got two deputies elected in the list of The People of Freedom (PdL): La Malfa and Nucara. At time, the party had 12,000 members. The common battle in Parliament against electoral reform favoured
8250-412: The party in jeopardy. During the armed resistance against the German occupation of Italy from 1943, PRI members were part of the provincial National Liberation Committees (CLN), but they did not participate to the national CLN as they did not want to collaborate with Italian monarchists, some of whom were active members of the committee. In 1946, the PRI gained 4.4% of the popular vote in the election for
8360-561: The party left by the majority following the non-assignment of the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. Andreotti resigned on 24 April 1992. Italian Republican Party The Italian Republican Party ( Italian : Partito Repubblicano Italiano , PRI ) is a political party in Italy established in 1895, which makes it the oldest political party still active in the country. The PRI identifies with 19th-century classical radicalism , as well as Mazzinianism , and its modern incarnation
8470-667: The party's fortunes, which reached their highest peak at the 1983 Italian general election . Spadolini had been Prime Minister of Italy for two years by this point, and the party enjoyed a bounce which led it to the 5.1% of the vote. This time, the PRI did better in Piedmont (7.7%, 10.3% in Turin and 12.8% in Cuneo ) and Lombardy (6.9%, 12.3% in Milan ) than in Emilia-Romagna (5.1%) and the Marche (4.7%). The party did very well in its local strongholds, such as
8580-455: The party, welcoming back people such as Sbarbati who had left it in the wake of the 1994 general election. From 1996 to 2001, the PRI was part of The Olive Tree centre-left coalition led by Romano Prodi . At the 1996 Italian general election , the party elected two deputies (Giorgio La Malfa and Luciana Sbarbati) and two senators ( Antonio Duva and Stelio De Carolis ) thanks to the alliance with larger parties. Duva and De Carolis switched to
8690-491: The party. In June 2011, Del Pennino, who had been a PdL candidate in 2008, returned to the Senate after the death of a PdL senator. In January 2012, Ossorio replaced a Democrat in the Chamber and joined the PRI sub-group. In the 2013 Italian general election , the PRI contested the election locally as a stand-alone list and obtained negligible results. In December 2013, Nucara resigned from secretary after more than twelve years at
8800-716: The party: the European Republicans Movement (MRE), led by Luciana Sbarbati; and the Democratic Republicans , led by Giuseppe Ossorio . The PRI took part to Berlusconi's governments and La Malfa was appointed Minister of European Affairs in the Berlusconi III Cabinet . At the 2006 Italian general election , Nucara and La Malfa were elected on the Forza Italia's lists for the Chamber of Deputies while
8910-686: The police but was condemned to death by default. From this moment on, Mazzini was more of a spectator than a protagonist of the Italian Risorgimento , whose reins were now strongly in the hands of the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II and his skilled prime minister, Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour . The latter defined him as "Chief of the Assassins". In 1858, he founded another journal in London called Pensiero e azione ("Thought and Action"). On 21 February 1859, together with 151 republicans, he signed
9020-481: The political lines of moderates such as Camillo Benso di Cavour , the Republicans remained aside from the political life of the new country, proclaiming their abstention from elections. They created several democratic movements, like the Brotherhood Pact of Workers' Societies, founded by Mazzini in 1871. However, Mazzini's death the following year and internationalism put the Republicans in a difficult position. In
9130-497: The preceding November. On the same day the Republic was declared, Mazzini reached the city. He was appointed, together with Carlo Armellini and Aurelio Saffi , as a member of the triumvirate of the new republic on 29 March, becoming soon the true leader of the government and showing good administrative capabilities in social reforms. However, the French troops called by the Pope made clear that
9240-415: The principle of equality between men and women was fundamental to building a truly democratic Italian nation. He called for the end of women's social and judicial subordination to men. Mazzini's vigorous position heightened attention to gender among European thinkers who were already considering democracy and nationalism. He helped intellectuals see women's rights not merely as a peripheral topic, but rather as
9350-589: The pro- NATO alliance formed by Christian Democracy (DC), the Italian Democratic Socialist Party , and the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), enabling it to participate in most governments of the 1950s, a period later known as Centrism . In 1963, the party helped bring together DC and PSI in Italy's first centre-left government, the Organic centre-left . Although small in terms of voter support,
9460-494: The question of social justice, starting a dialogue with socialism, and Mazzini in particular finding many affinities with the Saint-Simonians . At the same time, Mazzini was vigorously opposed to Marxism, which for him was "a dreadful perversion of utilitarianism because of its insistence on class interests, especially class struggle, a conflictual vision that could not harmonize with Mazzini's unitarianism". Mazzini also rejected
9570-569: The resistance of the Republican troops, led by Garibaldi, was in vain. On 12 July 1849, Mazzini set out for Marseille, from where he moved again to Switzerland. Mazzini spent all of 1850 hiding from the Swiss police. In July he founded the association Amici di Italia ("Friends of Italy") in London, to attract consensus towards the Italian liberation cause. Two failed riots in Mantua (1852) and Milan (1853) were
9680-507: The run-up of the 1880 Italian general election , the Republicans chose to abandon abstentionism. At the time, their ranks included both members of the middle class, such as Giovanni Bovio , Arcangelo Ghisleri and Napoleone Colajanni , as well as the working class, such as Valentino Armirotti . The PRI, whose power base was limited to Romagna , Umbria , Marche , the Tuscan littoral and Lazio , all but Tuscany former Papal States territories,
9790-400: The time of Italian unification and more specifically to the democratic-republican wing represented by figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini , Carlo Cattaneo and Carlo Pisacane . They were against the so-called piemontesizzazione of Italy, meaning the conquest by war of the Kingdom of Sardinia ( Piedmont ) of the rest of Italy. After the latter was unified under the Savoy kings, following
9900-481: The top. He was replaced by two successive coordinators, Saverio Collura (from March 2014, when Nucara was contextually elected president, to December 2015) and Corrado Saponaro (from January 2016). In the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy , the PRI supported the European Choice electoral list, which won 0.7% of the vote and failed to elect any MEPs. In April 2016, the party joined forces with Act! ,
10010-515: The two parties. By February 2011, the MRE and Ossorio's Democratic Republicans reunited with the PRI. Another split loomed when La Malfa voted against the Berlusconi IV Cabinet and was suspended from the party in December 2010. Moreover, La Malfa along with Sbarbati (MRE) took part to the foundation of the New Pole for Italy (NPI) instead. In May 2011 La Malfa was finally expelled from
10120-413: The underground movement, Borkenau further wrote: Mazzini did a great deal to organize and united this underground movement, known under the name of " Young Italy ". He conceived the idea of parallel organizations in other European countries, which should all of them join in a "Young Europe" movement. The plan had only incipient success and Italy remained the sole stronghold of this underground movement. But
10230-555: The unification of Italy. Mazzini's socio-political thought has been referred to as Mazzinianism and his worldview as the Mazzinian conception , terms that were later used by Mussolini and Italian fascists , such as Giovanni Gentile , to describe their political ideology and spiritual conception of life. In the first volume of his Reminiscences , Carl Schurz gives a biographical sketch of Mazzini and recalls two meetings he had with him when they were both in London in 1851. While
10340-467: Was "essentially a religious and moral revival". Mazzini rejected the Marxist doctrines of class struggle and materialism , stressing the need for class collaboration . Nonetheless, there was a more radical, socialist interpretation of Mazzini's doctrine within the Italian Republican Party , a Mazzinian party, where "there were many who believed the teachings of the Genoese patriot could be compatible with
10450-403: Was admitted to university at 14, graduating in law in 1826 and initially practised as a "poor man's lawyer". Mazzini also hoped to become a historical novelist or a dramatist and in the same year wrote his first essay, Dell'amor patrio di Dante ("On Dante's Patriotic Love"), published in 1827. In 1828–1829, he collaborated with the Genoese newspaper L'Indicatore Genovese which was soon closed by
10560-402: Was associated with centre-left politics . The early PRI was also known for its anti-clerical , anti-monarchist , republican , and later anti-fascist stances. While maintaining those traits, during the second half of the 20th century the party moved towards the centre on the left–right political spectrum , becoming increasingly economically liberal . After 1949, the PRI was a member of
10670-611: Was being achieved. In 1867, he refused a seat in the Italian Chamber of Deputies . In 1870, he tried to start a rebellion in Sicily and was arrested and imprisoned in Gaeta. In October, he was freed in the amnesty declared after the Kingdom finally took Rome and returned to London in mid-December. Mazzini died of pleurisy at the house known now as Domus Mazziniana in Pisa in 1872, aged 66. His body
10780-483: Was born in Genoa , which had recently been annexed by the First French Empire . His father Giacomo Mazzini, originally from Chiavari , was a university professor who had adhered to Jacobin ideology, while his mother Maria Drago was renowned for her beauty and religious Jansenist fervour. From a very early age, Mazzini showed good learning qualities as well as a precocious interest in politics and literature. He
10890-481: Was called 'internationalist' or socialist activity (mostly Bakuninist anarchism) throughout northern and southern Italy, which was given a big boost by the Paris Commune." The rise of this socialism "represented a genuine challenge to Mazzini and the Mazzinian emphasis on politics and culture, and Mazzinis' death early in 1872 only served to underline the prevailing sense that his political era was over. Garibaldi now broke definitively with Mazzini, and this time he moved to
11000-417: Was composed of only Republican candidates, presented its slates in one third of the constituencies and obtained 0.1% of the vote. In 2019, Giorgio La Malfa was welcomed back into the party's fold. The PRI was part of More Europe (+E) at the 2019 European Parliament election . In 2020, the PRI formed a pact with Action (A), a political party led by Carlo Calenda . In the 2020 Marche regional election ,
11110-520: Was divided in three groups: one led by Giorgio La Malfa joined the Pact for Italy , a second one led by Luciana Sbarbati joined Democratic Alliance (AD) and a third group left the party and formed Republican Left (SR). At the 1994 Italian general election , some PRI members including Sbarbati were elected to the Italian Parliament from the list of AD while Carla Mazzuca were the sole elected with
11220-412: Was elected president of the Senate (an office he would retain until 1994) and was replaced by Giorgio La Malfa as party leader. The early-1990s Tangentopoli scandals destroyed the party which fell under 1% of the vote, making it dependent on alliances with other parties to survive under the new electoral system based on plurality . In 1992–1994, the PRI lost most of its voters and members. The party
11330-592: Was embalmed by Paolo Gorini . His funeral was held in Genoa, with 100,000 people taking part in it. An Italian nationalist , Mazzini was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and independent Italy. Unlike his contemporary Giuseppe Garibaldi , who was also a republican, Mazzini refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy until after the Capture of Rome. He and his followers were sensitive to
11440-587: Was in Naples, then under Garibaldi's dictatorship, but was invited by the local vice-dictator Giorgio Pallavicino to move away. The new Kingdom of Italy was created in 1861 under the Savoy monarchy. In 1862, Mazzini joined Garibaldi in his failed attempt to free Rome. In 1866, Italy joined the Austro-Prussian War and gained Venetia . At this time, Mazzini frequently spoke out against how the unification of his country
11550-542: Was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. ... Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. In practice, Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than
11660-431: Was obscured for younger socialists by his 'opposition to Marx in the early days of the 'International', and his vigorous condemnation a little later of the Paris Commune", insisting that "Mazzini's conception of the conduct of human life' had been 'a high and noble one'", praising the "No duties without rights" mention in the "General Rules" that Marx composed and passed as "a concession Marx made to Mazzini's followers within
11770-584: Was officially founded in 1895. By the end of the century, the party was allied with the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the Italian Radical Party in several local governments, including Milan , Florence and Rome . In 1904 the Republican Youth Federation was formed in Terni . At the outbreak of World War I , the PRI sided with interventionists, aiming at supporting France (considered
11880-476: Was released from prison, but confined to a small hamlet. He chose exile instead, moving to Geneva, Switzerland. In 1831, Mazzini went to Marseille , where he became a popular figure among the Italian exiles. He was a frequent visitor to the apartment of Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli , a Modenese widow who became his lover. In August 1832 Giuditta Sidoli gave birth to a boy, almost certainly Mazzini's son, whom she named Joseph Démosthène Adolpe Aristide after members of
11990-504: Was that of La Malfa, who refused to participate to the DC-led governments until 1962. In 1963, the party voted in favour of the first centre-left government in Italy led by Aldo Moro . Pacciardi, who had voted against, was expelled and founded a separate movement, Democratic Union for the New Republic (UDNR), whose electoral result were disappointing and whose members had largely returned to
12100-469: Was why the party, which was little more than a regional party, lost many seats when proportional representation was introduced in 1919. At the 1946 Italian general election , despite competition from the Action Party , which had a similar constituency and regional base, the PRI won 4.4% of the vote, with peaks in its traditional strongholds: around 21% in Romagna (32.5% in Forlì and 37.3% in Ravenna ), 16.4% in
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