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46-491: He was born into the aristocratic class. He was close in spirit to Clorinda Matto de Turner whose first novel, Torn from the Nest approached political indigenismo , and to Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera , who like González Prada, practiced a positivism sui generis. González Prada was born on January 5, 1844, in Lima to a wealthy, conservative, aristocratic Spanish family. His father

92-736: A Brazilian writer by the name of Henrique Coelho Neto in her newspaper, El Perú Illustrado . Her controversial writings led to her excommunication by the Archbishop . In 1895, she moved to Buenos Aires , Argentina , where she continued her literary activities. In 1900, she wrote Boreales, Miniaturas y Porcelanas (Northerners, Miniatures, and Porcelain) a collection of essays which includes "Narraciones históricas," an important historiographical contribution that shows her deep sorrow at being exiled from Peru and her longing to return. In Buenos Aires Matto de Turner founded Búcaro Americano ; she also gave numerous public lectures and wrote many articles for

138-451: A Nest), Indole (Character), and Herencia (Heredity). These novels talk about the indigenous people getting stripped of all their civil rights as well as getting persecuted by the community and the self-indulgent priests. Matto de Turner's most famous novel was Aves Sin Nido (1889). This novel was controversial because it was about a love affair between a white man and an indigenous woman, which

184-463: A Peruvian anarchist newspaper, in 1904. He also took up the post of director of the National Library of Peru on Abancay Avenue and helped to improve and reorganise the library to one of international stature. His books Minúsculas (1901) and Exóticas (1911) are often considered as modernista although his work transcends the scope of that movement. Some critics have suggested that his poetry

230-532: A chemistry lab, developing a profitable starch compound, became a more improved poet and received political literature from Europe that would influence him. In 1879, he would release Cuartos de hora just prior to Chile's invasion of Peru, attacking the ruling class and Catholic Church. During Peru's impending defeat by Chile in the War of the Pacific , González Prada would stay in his home for three years, refusing to look at

276-728: A closed limousine or in a car with an open roof. It is common on this route for the President's supporter's to accompany him throwing flowers and shouting praises. During the presidency of Alan García Pérez the trip was always made in an open car. Once he arrives at the seat of the legislature he enters through the Hall of the Lost Footsteps where the Commander in Chief of the military detachment pays his respects to his high position. The President then enters

322-610: A curriculum change in the 1960s for the studies of the Peruvian Armed Forces , military students were taught the writings of González Prada and became disillusioned with the political elite, with officers ultimately overthrowing the government of Fernando Belaúnde in 1968 Peruvian coup d'état due to concerns of inequality. Thomas Ward, director of the Latin American and Latino Studies at Loyola University Maryland , would say of González Prada: "[E]ach century can boast of

368-559: A follower of Darwin , Spencer , and Comte , Manuel González Prada was a powerful polemicist whose targets were the Catholic Church, the Spanish tradition, and, generally, any form of conservatism. He would describe anarchism as "a new Christianity ... without Christ" and that it would provide "unlimited freedom and the greatest well-being for the individual with the abolition of the state and private property". Gonzalez Prada did not see

414-400: A government of force, every victorious revolutionary degenerates into a conservative". After seeing the failures of nationalism, his strong moral values and after embracing anarchism, Gonzalez Prada concluded: "Given the general inclination of man to abuse power, all government is evil and all authority means tyranny." The legacy of González Prada would not be recognized until later into

460-497: A period of time, González Prada traveled through Southern Peru, especially near Cerro de Pasco , where he met with peasants and some of the indigenous peoples of Peru , developing an opposition to centralismo in Lima. Following the death of his father in 1863, González Prada would live in the Tutumo hacienda of his family until 1869. During this period of solitude, he would experiment with

506-560: A positive light, in contrast to the mainstream views of her society. Even though she was of white ancestry, she did not agree with the oppressive treatment of Peru's indigenous peoples, and she used her writings to speak out on their behalf. Matto de Turner also used her writings to campaign for better education for women. In 1881, her husband died, leaving the estate bankrupt . Unable to improve her financial situation in Tinta, Matto de Turner moved to Arequipa where she worked as editor in chief at

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552-508: A voice that sounds in the desert shouting against colonialism, the corrupt, and its accomplices. ... A voice that, from the ruins of the War of the Pacific , ... rose up against pusillanimity, against the lack of principles, the Creole concept of Peru excluding the Andean, was that of Manuel González Prada." Besides being a philosopher and a significant political agitator, González Prada is important as

598-616: Is pre-proletarian . Baladas peruanas (1935), perhaps his best book, is a vindication of the Indian. His metrical and rhythmical innovations and experiments are remarkable in Spanish-American poetry. Horas de lucha (1908) is a good example of his prose. Until his death, González Prada dedicated himself to educating university students and workers, holding Luz y Amor (Light and Love) discussion groups and sharing his writings with them. González Prada died of cardiac arrest on 22 July 1918 and

644-455: Is normal for local businesses to generate as much revenue as in the month of December. Tourism tends to increase during these holidays with visitors coming to join in the celebrations. 28 July in each year commemorates the day that Peru gained its independence. General José de San Martín , known as Peru's liberator, proclaimed Peru's independence on this date. At dawn on 28 July a 21 cannon salute begins flag-raising ceremonies as Peru remembers

690-595: The Inca culture she added the extra "T" to give the name an Inca flavor. Growing up in Cuzco, the former Inca capital, Matto spent most of her days on her family's estate, Paullo Chico, which is near the village of Coya . As a teenager, Matto attended the school that is now known as the Escuela Nacional de Educandas (National Women's Secondary School). There she took some very unconventional courses that were viewed as unfeminine in

736-614: The Spanish Empire . They officially consist of two days: The celebration of Fiestas Patrias in Peru coincides with the vacation periods for the local schools as well as some businesses. The first celebration starts on 25 July, on St. James’ Day in Arequipa with the Feast of St. James. Along with Christmas , Fiestas Patrias is one of the most important celebrations of the year for Peruvians and it

782-522: The colonial and the Inca. She became very familiar with indigenous culture, and the more she learned, the more she embraced it. Much of her writing is inspired by what she learned from her acquaintance with this culture. She found work as a journalist , with local and foreign papers. In 1878, Matto de Turner founded El Recreo de Casco , a magazine offering literature, science, art and education. She became known for literary works that portrayed indigenous people in

828-565: The "de" portion of his name in repudiation of his family's aristocratic background. Upon returning to Peru, his father was elected Mayor of Lima in 1857 and he continued his studies at the Seminary of Santo Toribio. Prada abandoned Santo Toribio and enrolled the liberal San Carlos Convictorium , where he studied law and letters. He would go on to live much of his life in Lima, living in a city full of Spanish traditions and conservatism , though he would become estranged from much of his family. For

874-544: The "greatest liberty" be brought through social reform. He stood as his party's Presidential Candidate in the Presidential election of 1899 and came in third with 0.95% of the vote, with aristocrat Eduardo López de Romaña receiving 97% of the vote. Following the presidential election, he was asked to work for the newly formed government. In 1902, González Prada would leave National Union and instead chose to write for working-class newspapers. He began writing for Los Parias ,

920-557: The 20th century, influencing progressive movements within Peru. His writings would also influence indigenismo due to his criticism of the pervasive Spanish culture amongst the Peruvian elite. Linguistics scholar Bohdan Plaskacz would describe González Prada "as one of the greatest essayists of Latin America, champion of the rights of Peruvian Indians and spiritual father of the socialist movement of

966-593: The Ateneo, he would criticize those who looked to the past, stating "Our liberty will be useless if we limit ourselves in torm to the exaggerated purism of Madrid, or if in substance we submit ourselves to the Syllabus of Rome. Let us rid ourselves of the tendency that induces us to prefer the foliage of words to the fruit of ideas." In 1886, he became the head of the Literary Circle, stating: I see myself, from this day on, at

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1012-548: The President returns to Government Palace (commonly referred to as the House of Pizarro) to continue with other official ceremonies. On 29 July, most celebrations are carried out in the morning although the formal celebrations are in the afternoon. In this ceremony the Peruvian Armed Forces and National Police participate in a grand procession. Decorations are placed throughout the main streets with patriotic colors. During

1058-432: The anniversary of its independence. During the whole month of July, homes, office buildings, public and private institutions, schools, and restaurants display the national flag . It is obligatory and it is rare to see any of these places without a flag. The President of Peru fulfills one of his major obligations during these days. In his capacity as Head of State he must, on July 28 of each year, give an accounting of

1104-501: The ceremony representatives of the three branches as well as the National Police as well as other invitees for a parade. Every military institution is represented. During this ceremony almost all of Peru's weaponry is on display although the most key pieces are not shown as a matter of Defense policy. The military staff on display is minimal. If a new President has been elected it is the day of 28 July on which he assumes his duties. It

1150-491: The civilian elite who stole public funds through special interest groups and the militaristic caudillos who plundered state coffers blatantly. To enforce this system, he said that the elites utilized political repression through the police and military. Culturally, he said the elites were foreign to the majority of Peruvians since they adopted Spanish customs and continued colonial practices, including feudalism , continuing inequality and poor development in rural areas . He

1196-464: The crisis facing Peru as a class conflict , saying that one class achieving power over the other would only mimic actual social justice . When giving the " El intelectual y el obrero " address to the anarchist group Federación de Obreros Panaderos during a International Workers' Day event in 1905, he would make the cautioning statement that "revolutions come from above, but are made operative from below ... every revolution once successful tends to become

1242-454: The culture. She majored in independent studies, which included Philosophy , Natural History , and Physics . Matto left school at the age of sixteen to spend more time taking care of her brother and father. In 1871, at the age of 19, Matto married an Englishman , Dr. Turner, a wealthy landowner. Shortly after their marriage they moved to Tinta , where they lived for 10 years. In Tinta, Matto de Turner became more aware of Peru's two histories:

1288-495: The development of the battleship Almirante Grau . Matto de Turner eventually moved from Tinta to live in Lima , although with her political and controversial writings she often thought it would be safer to live outside of Peru. In Lima she joined many different literary organizations and publications. In 1887, Matto de Turner became director of El Peru Ilustrado , where she published many of her novels. She published three novels between 1889 and 1895: Aves Sin Nido (Birds Without

1334-591: The essay, and most recently Isabelle Tauzin Castellanos has published some of his hitherto unknown fiction. Clorinda Matto de Turner Clorinda Matto de Turner (11 November 1852 in Cusco – 25 October 1909) was a Peruvian writer who lived during the early years of Latin American independence. Her own independence inspired women throughout the region as her writings sparked controversy in her own culture. She

1380-414: The first Latin American author to write in a style known as modernismo (modernista in Spanish, different from Anglo-American modernism ) poet in Peru, anticipating some of the literary innovations that Rubén Darío would shortly bring to the entire Hispanic world. He also introduced new devices such as the triolet, rondel and Malayan pantun which revitalized Spanish verse. Besides his poetry, he cultivated

1426-504: The following generation". Peruvian intellectuals influenced by González Prada include José Carlos Mariátegui and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre . Víctor Andrés Belaúnde was influenced by González Prada's description of a superficial elite class. His intellectual and stylistic footprint can be found in the writing of Clorinda Matto de Turner , Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera , José Santos Chocano , Aurora Cáceres , César Vallejo , José Carlos Mariátegui and Mario Vargas Llosa . Following

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1472-401: The foreign invaders occupying Peru . The conflict proved to him that Peru was a failure under the economic oligarchy and that large reforms were necessary to improve the nation. He would identify businessmen, clergy, military leaders and politicians as the upper class, saying that their wealth and power was gained through crony capitalism . González Prada saw the political elites in two fashions;

1518-480: The head of a group destined to become the radical party of our literature. During Fiestas Patrias on 28 July 1888, González Prada's Speech at the Politeama , read by an Ecuadorian orator due to the writer's stage fright , received thunderous applause by the audience, with President of Peru Andrés Avelino Cáceres , who was in attendance, saying "l did not know whether to arrest him or embrace him". The publication of

1564-560: The main room where he finds the general assembly. Following the introductions, the President begins with his Address to the Nation for the National Holidays giving his accounting of the developments of the state during the year. The President discusses developments in projects economical, social, and cultural achievements as well as others. However, it is not uncommon for these accomplishments to be exaggerated. Once finished with his address

1610-734: The morning of 28 July representatives of the Congress of the Republic of Peru go to the Government Palace to invite the President to give the traditional Address to the Nation. The delegation of the Peruvian Legislature can be led by any congressman or by the President of the Congress. Once he has been invited, the President leaves by car headed toward the seat of Congress or, rarely, on foot. The nation's leader will sometimes choose to travel in

1656-656: The nation's progress up to this date. This Peruvian custom was established by José de San Martín . On the morning of 28 July the Archbishop of Lima celebrates the Mass of the Te Deum as mandated by the Catholic Church . Originally, the Mass was celebrated on 29 July but was later changed to its present date. The President, other government officials, and ranking dignitaries attend the service. The Mass officially begins at 9:00 A.M. On

1702-750: The newspaper La Bolsa Americana . While there she published two volumes of "tradiciones cuzqueñas," one in 1884 and another in 1886. She also wrote the drama Himacc-Suacc (1884) and translated the four Gospels , the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans into the Quechua language spoken by the indigenous people in the Cuzco Region of Peru. Besides her literary works she also got involved in politics, and raised money for

1748-465: The press. Matto de Turner spent most of her time teaching at a local university as a professor. In 1908, when she visited Europe for the first time in her life, she made sure to carefully document this in the book Viaje de Recreo (Trip of Amusement). The book was released in newspapers upon her death in 1909. Fiestas Patrias (Peru) The Fiestas Patrias peruanas , or Peruvian National Holidays, are celebrations of Peru's independence from

1794-528: The speech was unsuccessfully censored by the Cáceres government. His most famous book, Free Pages , caused a public outcry that brought González Prada dangerously close to excommunication from the Catholic Church . His mother, a devout Catholic, died in 1888 and his criticism became more vitriolic afterwards. He said the Church "preached the sermon on the mount and practiced the morals of Judas." In fact González Prada

1840-536: Was an original partner in the Lima Literary Club and he participated in the foundation of the Peruvian Literary Circle , a vehicle to propose a literature based on science and the future. The Literary Circle saw themselves as freethinkers and that they were destined to change Peru, reaching out to González Prada, who immediately reoriented the groups direction. During his first address to the group at

1886-515: Was born and raised in Cuzco , Peru. Matto de Turner's father was Ramón Mato Torres and her mother was Grimanesa Concepción Usandivares. When her mother died, she became known as Azucena de los Andes ("Lily of the Andes") throughout the region. Matto de Turner was baptized Grimanesa Martina Mato, but was called Clorinda among her friends and family. She originally had one "T" in her last name, but after studying

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1932-511: Was buried in the Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro as a Peruvian patriot . His writings on Anarchism , Anarquía , was posthumously released in 1936. Upon returning to Peru from Europe in 1898, Gonzalez Prada would support anarchism , believing it provided more liberty compared to liberalism , which had prevented reform in Peru. He had similar anarchist thoughts as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Bakunin . An atheist,

1978-417: Was considered a disgrace among Latin American society during this time, and because it spoke of the immorality of the priests during that period. The reason the characters in the novel couldn't marry was because they eventually learned that they were both fathered by the same philandering priest. Aves Sin Nido was not Matto de Turner's only controversial work. She also published a controversial story written by

2024-707: Was initially a member of the Civilista Party , but left to found with his friends, a radical party known as the National Union , a party of "propaganda and attack." The Literary Circle was transformed into National Union in 1891. González Prada was named as a presidential candidate, but had to flee to Europe following persecution . He would spend seven years in Europe, visiting France and Spain, finally returning to Peru in May 1898. Upon his return, he called for social revolution and

2070-459: Was part of a group of social reformers that included Ricardo Palma , Juana Manuela Gorriti , Clorinda Matto de Turner and Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera . These important authors were concerned with the enduring influence of Spanish colonialism in Peru. González Prada was perhaps the most radical of them all. The most radical work he published during his lifetime was Hours of Battle , translated as Hard Times . In political life, González Prada

2116-666: Was the judge and politician Francisco González de Prada Marrón y Lombrera, who served as Member of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima and Mayor of Lima. His mother was María Josefa Álvarez de Ulloa y Rodríguez de la Rosa. His grandfather was an important administrative figure in the Viceroyalty of Peru . Due to the political exile of his father, the family temporarily settled down in Valpariso , where he started his education at an English school. During his youth, González Prada would remove

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