91-556: Amy Beth Schumer (born June 1, 1981) is an American stand-up comedian, actress, writer, producer, and director. Schumer ventured into comedy in the early 2000s before appearing as a contestant on the fifth season of the NBC reality competition series Last Comic Standing in 2007. From 2013 to 2016, she was the creator, co-producer, co-writer, and star of the Comedy Central sketch comedy series Inside Amy Schumer , for which she received
182-545: A Peabody Award and was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards , winning Outstanding Variety Sketch Series in 2015. Schumer wrote and made her film debut in a starring role in Trainwreck (2015) earning a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . She then starred in the comedy films Snatched (2017), and I Feel Pretty (2019). She created, produced and starred in
273-568: A clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) over a number of days with 45% having motor or sensory problems, 20% having optic neuritis, and 10% having symptoms related to brainstem dysfunction, while the remaining 25% have more than one of the aforementioned difficulties. With optic neuritis as the most common presenting symptom, people with MS notice sub-acute loss of vision, often associated with pain worsening on eye movement, and reduced color vision. Early diagnosis of MS-associated optic neuritis helps timely initiation of targeted treatments. However, it
364-472: A drag queen , a nun , and a clown . After everyone was through, the women picked Amy Schumer as their favorite comedian. Matt Kirshen, Doug Benson, and Ralph Harris were chosen to compete in the head to head. After their performances in the Last Comic Theatre, it was revealed that Ralph Harris had the most votes to become the last person to make the final five. The final five performed in front of
455-538: A lumbar puncture can provide evidence of chronic inflammation in the central nervous system. The cerebrospinal fluid is tested for oligoclonal bands of IgG on electrophoresis , which are inflammation markers found in 75–85% of people with MS. Several diseases present similarly to MS. Medical professionals use a patient's specific presentation, history, and exam findings to make an individualized differential . Red flags are findings that suggest an alternate diagnosis, although they do not rule out MS. Red flags include
546-501: A sketch comedy series for Comedy Central. The show included single-camera vignettes of Schumer playing "heightened versions" of herself. The vignettes are linked together with footage of Schumer's stand-up. The TV show Inside Amy Schumer premiered on Comedy Central on April 30, 2013. Inside Amy Schumer was picked up for a second season that began in 2014. A behind-the-scenes miniseries entitled Behind Amy Schumer premiered in 2012. The third season premiered on April 21, 2015, with
637-732: A 'blind spot for racism' or 'lazy,' but you are wrong. It is a joke ... I am not racist." Schumer was again criticized in July 2020 by Kyndall Cunningham of The Daily Beast for her earlier work, which included "objectifying black men" and calling Latina women "crazy". Cunningham described her "sudden" decision to support the Black Lives Matter movement as "befuddling and laughable". Throughout 2015, several of Schumer's skits in Inside Amy Schumer went viral online, sparking editorials regarding sex, feminism, and rape culture . After
728-409: A 26-minute compilation on YouTube by The Tangerine Show , garnering more than 8.8 million views as of May 2023. On October 4, 2018, Schumer was arrested at the U.S. Capitol while protesting the nomination of Brett Kavanaugh as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court . She has used her role as a comedian to encourage higher voter turnout and spread awareness about voter ID laws . Prior to
819-437: A 30% chance of developing MS, 5% for a nonidentical twin, 2.5% for a sibling, and an even lower chance for a half sibling. If both parents are affected, the risk in their children is 10 times that of the general population. MS is also more common in some ethnic groups than others. Specific genes linked with MS include differences in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system—a group of genes on chromosome 6 that serves as
910-730: A Variety Special nomination. That same year she appeared as herself in the CBS comedy No Activity and the HBO series Crashing . In May 2020, Schumer alongside her husband Chris Fischer starred in an eight-episode cooking show Amy Schumer Learns to Cook , for Food Network which followed Schumer and Fischer cooking while quarantined during the COVID-19 pandemic . The series was self-shot and also featured Schumer donating to The Coalition of Immokalee Workers Fair Food Program and domestic violence organizations. It premiered on May 11, 2020. She next appeared in
1001-557: A co-host of A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus in 2011, later titled Hoppus on Music . She has also written for Cosmopolitan . Schumer did an episode (#154) of WTF with Marc Maron podcast on March 3, 2011, in which she discusses her early life in more detail. Schumer has appeared in roles on the NBC comedy series 30 Rock , the Adult Swim mockumentary series Delocated , and the two HBO series, Curb Your Enthusiasm and Girls . She
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#17328917244571092-515: A degree in theater from Towson University in 2003 and moving to New York City, Schumer portrayed a young woman diagnosed with breast cancer in the Off-Off-Broadway black comedy Keeping Abreast . She started doing stand-up comedy on June 1, 2004, when she first performed at Gotham Comedy Club . In 2007, she recorded a Live at Gotham episode for Comedy Central before appearing on Last Comic Standing ; she later recalled that she thought of
1183-442: A demyelinating process such as MS is bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia, where the patient experiences double vision when attempting to move their gaze to the right & left. Some 60% or more of MS patients find their symptoms, particularly including fatigue, are affected by changes in body temperature. The main measure of disability and severity is the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), with other measures such as
1274-510: A diagnosis of MS. As similarly described before, B-cells can also produce cytokines that induce an inflammatory immune response via activation of autoreactive T-cells. As such, higher levels of these autoreactive B-cells is associated with increased number of lesions & neurodegeneration as well as worse disability. Another cell population that is becoming increasingly implicated in MS are microglia . These cells are resident to & keep watch over
1365-598: A documentary series Expecting Amy , which she also executive produced, following Schumer preparing for a stand-up special while going through a difficult pregnancy for HBO Max , which premiered on July 9, 2020. Schumer appeared in the 2021 film The Humans , based upon play of the same name directed by Stephen Karam . She wrote, directed, and starred in Life & Beth , a 10-episode comedy series for Hulu which premiered on March 18, 2022. The revival of her sketch series Inside Amy Schumer , which had been on hiatus since 2016,
1456-563: A fatal shooting took place at a showing of Trainwreck in Louisiana , Schumer advocated for stricter gun control laws and increased mental health funding. In November 2015, Schumer posed nude for a photo by photographer Annie Leibovitz for the 2016 edition of the Pirelli Calendar . Schumer tweeted the photo, writing "Beautiful, gross, strong, thin, fat, pretty, ugly, sexy, disgusting, flawless, woman. Thank you." In January 2016, Schumer
1547-594: A fourth season ordered the same day. In 2014, Schumer embarked on her Back Door Tour to promote the second season of her show. The show was closed by Bridget Everett , whom Schumer cites as her favorite live performer. She also appeared as a guest on an episode of comedian Jerry Seinfeld 's Internet series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee in 2014. She hosted the 2015 MTV Movie Awards, which took place on April 11. Schumer wrote and played her first leading film role in Trainwreck , co-starring Bill Hader , which
1638-420: A frequently updated set of guidelines used to establish an MS diagnosis. There is no cure for MS. Current treatments aim to mitigate inflammation and resulting symptoms from acute flares and prevent further attacks with disease-modifying medications. Physical therapy and occupational therapy , along with patient-centered symptom management, can help with people's ability to function. The long-term outcome
1729-507: A gradual worsening over time without periods of recovery (10–15% of cases). A combination of these two patterns may also occur or people may start in a relapsing and remitting course that then becomes progressive later on. Relapses are usually unpredictable, occurring without warning. Exacerbations rarely occur more frequently than twice per year. Some relapses, however, are preceded by common triggers and they occur more frequently during spring and summer. Similarly, viral infections such as
1820-427: A guest performance. Amy Schumer received the lowest number of votes and was subsequently the first of the final four to leave the competition. Josh Blue from season four and Harland Williams performed. Jon Reep, Lavell Crawford, and Gerry Dee performed five-minute sets. Before their performances, NBC showed clips of them at their old jobs, where Dee was a waiter , Crawford was a crossing guard , and Reep worked at
1911-414: A live audience for five minutes each. After all five had performed, the phone lines opened to let home viewers vote for their favorite comic. The one with the fewest votes would be eliminated. Each comic had a short bio before their performance. Ralph Harris was eliminated for having the lowest number of votes. The remaining contestants performed another stand-up routine for five minutes. Doug Benson made
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#17328917244572002-531: A nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album . Schumer made her Broadway debut in 2017 acting in Steve Martin 's comedy play Meteor Shower alongside Keegan-Michael Key , Laura Benanti and Jeremy Shamos . The play revolves around about two couples in 1993 who spend an evening with each other. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter wrote "Schumer is one of four terrific performers who juice
2093-793: A patient younger than 15 or older than 60, less than 24 hours of symptoms, involvement of multiple cranial nerves , involvement of organs outside of the nervous system , and atypical lab and exam findings. In an emergency setting, it is important to rule out a stroke or bleeding in the brain. Intractable vomiting, severe optic neuritis, or bilateral optic neuritis raises suspicion for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Infectious diseases that may look similar to multiple sclerosis include HIV, Lyme disease , and syphilis . Autoimmune diseases include neurosarcoidosis , lupus , Guillain-Barré syndrome , acute disseminated encephalomyelitis , and Behçet's disease . Psychiatric conditions such as anxiety or conversion disorder may also present in
2184-535: A person's own immune system. As briefly detailed in the causes section of this article, MS is currently thought to stem from a failure of the body's immune system to kill off autoreactive T-cells & B-cells. Currently, the T-cell subpopulations that are thought to drive the development of MS are autoreactive CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ helper T-cells, and T H 17 cells. These autoreactive T-cells produce substances called cytokines that induce an inflammatory immune response in
2275-748: A relatively high risk and that live closer to the equator such as Sardinians , inland Sicilians , Palestinians , and Parsi . MS symptoms may increase if body temperature is dysregulated. Fatigue is particularly affected. Smoking may be an independent risk factor for MS. Stress may also be a risk factor, although the evidence to support this is weak. Association with occupational exposures and toxins —mainly organic solvents —has been evaluated, but no clear conclusions have been reached. Vaccinations were studied as causal factors; most studies, though, show no association. Several other possible risk factors, such as diet and hormone intake, have been evaluated, but evidence on their relation with
2366-463: A role in MS onset, although EBV alone may be insufficient to cause it. The nuclear antigen of EBV , which is the most consistent marker of EBV infection across all strains, has been identified as a direct source of autoreactivity in the human body. These antigens appear more likely to promote autoimmunity vitamin D-deficient persons. The exact nature of this relationship is poorly understood. MS
2457-428: A small proportion of those infected later develop MS. A study of more than 10 million US military members compared 801 people who developed MS to 1,566 matched controls who did not. The study found a 32-fold increased risk of MS development following EBV infection. It did not find an increased risk after infection with other viruses, including the similar cytomegalovirus . These findings strongly suggest that EBV plays
2548-399: A tire store. Kathleen Madigan , Gilbert Gottfried , and Greg Proops made guest performances. Afterward, Gerry Dee was eliminated from the competition as he received the fewest votes. Reep and Crawford performed their acts in anticipation of the following week's final episode. Jon Reep beat Lavell Crawford in the two-hour finale. Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis ( MS )
2639-414: Is a known risk factor for developing MS. Inversely, those who live in areas of relatively higher sun exposure and subsequently increased UVB radiation have a decreased risk of developing MS. As of 2019, the north–south gradient of incidence is still present and is increasing. On the other hand, MS is more common in regions with northern European populations, so the geographic variation may simply reflect
2730-745: Is an autoimmune disease resulting in damage to the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord . As a demyelinating disease , MS disrupts the nervous system's ability to transmit signals , resulting in a range of signs and symptoms , including physical, mental , and sometimes psychiatric problems. Symptoms include double vision , vision loss, eye pain, muscle weakness, and loss of sensation or coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). In relapsing forms of MS symptoms may disappear completely between attacks, although some permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as
2821-480: Is an autoimmune disease with a combination of genetic and environmental causes underlying it. Both T-cells and B-cells are involved, although T-cells are often considered to be the driving force of the disease. The causes of the disease are not fully understood. The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been shown to be directly present in the brain of most cases of MS and the virus is transcriptionally active in infected cells. EBV nuclear antigens are believed to be involved in
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2912-477: Is crucial to adhere to established diagnostic criteria when treating optic neuritis due to the broad range of alternative causes, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and other autoimmune or infectious conditions. The course of symptoms occurs in two main patterns initially: either as episodes of sudden worsening that last a few days to months (called relapses , exacerbations, bouts, attacks, or flare-ups) followed by improvement (85% of cases) or as
3003-592: Is difficult to predict; better outcomes are more often seen in women, those who develop the disease early in life, those with a relapsing course, and those who initially experienced few attacks. MS is the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Nearly one million people in the United States had MS in 2022, and in 2020, about 2.8 million people were affected globally, with rates varying widely in different regions and among different populations. The disease usually begins between
3094-439: Is more advanced, walking difficulties lead to higher risk of falling. Difficulties thinking and emotional problems such as depression or unstable mood are also common. The primary deficit in cognitive function that people with MS experience is slowed information-processing speed, with memory also commonly affected, and executive function less commonly. Intelligence, language, and semantic memory are usually preserved, and
3185-405: Is not considered a hereditary disease , but several genetic variations have been shown to increase its risk. Some of these genes appear to have higher expression levels in microglial cells than expected by chance. The probability of developing MS is higher in relatives of an affected person, with a greater risk among those more closely related. An identical twin of an affected individual has
3276-448: Is provided in the pathophysiology section of this article as well as the standalone article on the pathophysiology of MS . Early evidence suggested the association between several viruses with human demyelinating encephalomyelitis , and the occurrence of demyelination in animals caused by some viral infections. One such virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), can cause infectious mononucleosis and infects about 95% of adults, though only
3367-511: Is responsible for the immune system's central tolerance, where autoreactive T-cells are killed without being released into circulation. A similar mechanism kills autoreactive B-cells in the bone marrow. Some autoreactive T-cells & B-cells may escape these defense mechanisms, which is where peripheral immune tolerance defenses take action by preventing them from causing disease. However, these additional lines of defense can still fail. Further detail on immune dysregulation's contribution to MS risk
3458-465: Is the most commonly used method of diagnosis with the Schumacher and Poser criteria being of mostly historical significance. The McDonald criteria states that patients with multiple sclerosis should have lesions which are disseminated in time (DIT) and disseminated in space (DIS), i.e. lesions which have appeared in different areas in the brain and at different times. Below is an abbreviated outline of
3549-417: Is typically diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms, in combination with supporting medical imaging and laboratory testing. It can be difficult to confirm, especially early on, since the signs and symptoms may be similar to those of other medical problems. The McDonald criteria , which focus on clinical, laboratory, and radiologic evidence of lesions at different times and in different areas,
3640-466: The CNS , a person with MS can have almost any neurological symptom or sign referable to it. Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of MS. Roughly 65% of people with MS experience fatigue symptomatology, and of these, some 15–40% report fatigue as their most disabling MS symptom. Autonomic , visual, motor, and sensory problems are also among the most common symptoms. The specific symptoms depend on
3731-603: The HBO documentary series Expecting Amy (2020), and the Hulu comedy-drama series Life & Beth (2022–2024). She made her Broadway debut acting in Steve Martin 's comedic play Meteor Shower for which she earned a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play nomination. Schumer has earned two Grammy Award nominations for Best Comedy Album for Amy Schumer: Live at the Apollo , and Best Spoken Word Album for narrating her The New York Times Best Selling memoir The Girl with
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3822-570: The William Esper Studio for two years and worked as a bartender and a waitress. She also lived in Santa Barbara, California with her boyfriend, who she characterized as abusive, where she worked as a pedicab driver. She has a younger sister, Kim Caramele, who is a comedy writer and a producer, and a half-brother, Jason Stein, who is a musician in Chicago , Illinois . After graduating with
3913-487: The common cold , influenza , or gastroenteritis increase their risk. Stress may also trigger an attack. Many events do not to affect rates of relapse requiring hospitalization including vaccination , breast feeding , physical trauma, and Uhthoff's phenomenon . Many people with MS who become pregnant experience lower symptoms During the first months after delivery, the risk increases. Overall, pregnancy does not seem to influence long-term disability. MS
4004-404: The equator (e.g. those who live in northern regions of the world), although exceptions exist. The cause of this geographical pattern is not clear, although exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and vitamin D levels may be possible explanations. For example, those who live in northern regions of the world have less exposure to UVB radiation and subsequently lower levels of vitamin D, which
4095-463: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The contribution of HLA variants to MS susceptibility has been known since the 1980s, and it has also been implicated in the development of other autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus . The most consistent finding is the association between higher risk MS development and the MHC allele DR15 , which is present in 30% of
4186-458: The multiple sclerosis functional composite being increasingly used in research. EDSS is also correlated with falls in people with MS. While it is a popular measure, EDSS has been criticized for some of its limitations, such as overreliance on walking. MS may have a prodromal phase in the years leading up to its manifestation, characterized by psychiatric issues, cognitive impairment, and increased use of healthcare. 85% of cases begin as
4277-443: The 2017 McDonald Criteria for diagnosis of MS. As of 2017 , no single test (including biopsy) can provide a definitive diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine may show areas of demyelination (lesions or plaques). Gadolinium can be administered intravenously as a contrast agent to highlight active plaques, and by elimination, demonstrate the existence of historical lesions not associated with symptoms at
4368-473: The 2022 midterm elections, Schumer worked with voter ID education and assistance organization VoteRiders to raise awareness of local ID requirements. In October 2023, Schumer was one of over 700 Hollywood professionals who signed an open letter condemning the terrorist group Hamas and demanding the release of hostages held in Gaza . The letter reads, "As Israel takes the necessary steps to defend its citizens in
4459-672: The Apollo premiered on HBO . In 2016, it was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Variety Special, Writing, and Directing. It also garnered her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . Schumer started her first world tour on August 26 in Dublin. Also that year, Schumer wrote a memoir, entitled The Girl with the Lower Back Tattoo . It held the top position on The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Seller list for two weeks in September 2016 and garnered her
4550-495: The CNS, leading to the development of the disease. More recently, however, the role of autoreactive B-cells has been elucidated. Evidence of their contribution to the development of MS is implicated through the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands (antibodies produced by B-cells) in the CSF of patients with MS. The presence of these oligoclonal bands has been used as supportive evidence in clinching
4641-671: The CNS, responding to pathogens by shifting between pro- & anti-inflammatory states. Microglia have been shown to be involved in the formation of MS lesions and have been shown to be involved in other diseases that primarily affect the CNS white matter. Although, because of their ability to switch between pro- & anti-inflammatory states, microglia have also been shown to be able to assist in remyelination & subsequent neuron repair. As such, microglia are thought to be participating in both acute & chronic MS lesions, with 40% of phagocytic cells in early active MS lesions being proinflammatory microglia. The name multiple sclerosis refers to
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#17328917244574732-568: The Lower Back Tattoo (2016). Schumer was born on June 1, 1981, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , New York City, to Sandra Jane (née Jones) and Gordon David Schumer, who owned a baby furniture company. Schumer's father was born to a Jewish family from Ukraine . She is a second cousin, once removed, of U.S. Senator and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer . Her mother is from a Protestant background and has deep New England roots, and converted to Judaism before her marriage. Schumer
4823-500: The U.S. and Northern European population. Other loci exhibit a protective effect, such as HLA-C554 and HLA-DRB1 *11 . HLA differences account for an estimated 20 to 60% of the genetic predisposition . Genome-wide association studies have revealed at least 200 MS-associated variants outside the HLA locus . The prevalence of MS from a geographic standpoint resembles a gradient, with it being more common in people who live farther from
4914-470: The ages of 20 and 50 and is twice as common in women as in men. MS was first described in 1868 by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot . The name "multiple sclerosis " is short for multiple cerebro-spinal sclerosis , which refers to the numerous glial scars (or sclerae – essentially plaques or lesions) that develop on the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. As MS lesions can affect any part of
5005-467: The best with the heckler was Lavell Crawford . The pairs for this challenge are as follows: Ralph Harris, Gina Yashere, and Dante all tied in the main vote, they went head-to-head. Ralph Harris gained the majority of the audience vote, sending the other two home. The comics were driven to Medieval Times where they were told that they were going to dress up like court jesters and tell Medieval jokes in front of an audience. Jon Reep beat Amy Schumer in
5096-421: The body. The peripheral nervous system is rarely involved. To be specific, MS involves the loss of oligodendrocytes , the cells responsible for creating and maintaining a fatty layer—known as the myelin sheath—which helps the neurons carry electrical signals (action potentials). This results in a thinning or complete loss of myelin, and as the disease advances, the breakdown of the axons of neurons. When
5187-473: The brain. Gadolinium cannot cross a normal BBB, so gadolinium-enhanced MRI is used to show BBB breakdowns. The pathophysiology and mechanisms causing MS fatigue are not well understood. MS fatigue can be affected by body heat, and this may differentiate MS fatigue from other primary fatigue. Fatigability (loss of strength) may increase perception of fatigue, but the two measures warrant independent assessment in clinical studies. Multiple sclerosis
5278-618: The brothers. Through the success of her father's furniture company in Manhattan, Schumer's household was wealthy during her early years. When she was nine years old, her father's business failed and he went bankrupt, and either then or when she was 12 (sources differ), her father was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis . Some time afterward, her parents divorced. Schumer moved to Long Island with her mother, Schumer lived in Rockville Centre, New York , and attended South Side High School . She
5369-551: The coming days and weeks, social media will be overrun by an orchestrated misinformation campaign spearheaded by Iran. We urge everyone to remember the horrific images that came out of Israel and to not amplify or fall for their propaganda." Schumer dated professional wrestler Nic Nemeth, known by his ring name Dolph Ziggler , and comedian Anthony Jeselnik . On February 13, 2018, Schumer married chef and farmer Chris Fischer in Malibu, California . In October 2018, she announced that she
5460-800: The condition. In February 2024, she announced that she had been diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome . Last Comic Standing 5 On June 13, 2007, competitive reality show Last Comic Standing began airing its fifth season on NBC with new host, Bill Bellamy . For the first time ever people could vote in Canada , Australia , and the United Kingdom . This season is also taped rather than filmed. Auditions were held in London , Montreal , Sydney , Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , San Antonio and Tempe . Numerous established comedians auditioned for Last Comic Standing this season. They included: Some of
5551-667: The darkest, most serious thing about yourself. I talk about life and sex and personal stories and stuff everybody can relate to, and some can't." She acted in three films in 2012: the independent comedy Price Check , the comedy-drama Seeking a Friend for the End of the World , and the independent comedy Sleepwalk with Me . Schumer also appeared on The Comedy Central Roast of Charlie Sheen in September 2011, and The Comedy Central Roast of Roseanne Barr in August 2012. In June 2012, Schumer began work on
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#17328917244575642-473: The disease advances. In progressive forms of MS, bodily function slowly deteriorates once symptoms manifest and will steadily worsen if left untreated. While its cause is unclear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be due to either destruction by the immune system or inactivation of myelin-producing cells. Proposed causes for this include immune dysregulation, genetics , and environmental factors, such as viral infections . The McDonald criteria are
5733-449: The disease is "sparse and unpersuasive". Gout occurs less than would be expected and lower levels of uric acid have been found in people with MS. This has led to the theory that uric acid is protective, although its exact importance remains unknown. Obesity during adolescence and young adulthood is a risk factor for MS. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease, primarily mediated by T-cells. The three main characteristics of MS are
5824-538: The entertainment of this high-sheen production...which would never have made it this far without Martin’s name behind it, or more crucially, without the marquee draw of Schumer making her Broadway debut." Schumer was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play losing to Glenda Jackson for the revival of Edward Albee 's Three Tall Women . In 2018, she starred in the comedy film I Feel Pretty which received negative reviews from critics. Spotify released
5915-492: The episode as her "big break". Rebounding from an unsuccessful audition for an earlier season, she advanced to the finals of the fifth season of the NBC reality television talent show Last Comic Standing and placed fourth. Schumer said in April 2011, " Last Comic was totally fun. I had a great time because there was no pressure on me; I had been doing stand-up around two years. I wasn't supposed to do well. So every time I advanced it
6006-420: The finalists have also appeared elsewhere: Episodes 1-6 consisted of the early auditions and the selection of the finalists. The contestants were driven to The Ice House , where they were paired up. One performed on stage while the other sat in the audience heckling them about their jokes. They then switched roles. The best heckler and the best performer would be rewarded with immunity . The winner for dealing
6097-432: The finals to win immunity. This episode's head to head put Debra DiGiovanni against Matt Kirshen. Matt beat Debra by a narrow margin (in the closest head-to-head vote the show had ever had) to stay in the competition. The contestants were told that they would have ninety seconds to tell jokes to six Deal or No Deal models . However, the contestants didn't know that four of the deal or No Deal models were switched out for
6188-401: The formation of lesions in the central nervous system (also called plaques), inflammation, and the destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons . These features interact in a complex and not yet fully understood manner to produce the breakdown of nerve tissue, and in turn, the signs and symptoms of the disease. Damage is believed to be caused, at least in part, by attack on the nervous system by
6279-526: The global distribution of these high-risk populations. A relationship between season of birth and MS lends support to this idea, with fewer people born in the Northern Hemisphere in November compared to May being affected later in life. Environmental factors may play a role during childhood, with several studies finding that people who move to a different region of the world before the age of 15 acquire
6370-423: The level of cognitive impairment varies considerably between people with MS. Uhthoff's phenomenon , a worsening of symptoms due to exposure to higher-than-usual temperatures, and Lhermitte's sign , an electrical sensation that runs down the back when bending the neck, are particularly characteristic of MS, although may not always be present. Another presenting manifestation that is rare but highly suggestive of
6461-662: The locations of the lesions within the nervous system, and may include focal loss of sensitivity or changes in sensation in the limbs, such as feeling tingling, pins and needles, or numbness; limb motor weakness/pain, blurred vision , pronounced reflexes , muscle spasms , difficulty with ambulation (walking), difficulties with coordination and balance ( ataxia ); problems with speech or swallowing , visual problems ( optic neuritis manifesting as eye pain & vision loss, or nystagmus manifesting as double vision ), fatigue, and bladder and bowel difficulties (such as urinary or fecal incontinence or retention), among others. When MS
6552-408: The loss of myelin, or they may cause the axon to break down completely. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a part of the capillary system that prevents the entry of T cells into the central nervous system. It may become permeable to these types of cells secondary to an infection by a virus or bacteria. After it repairs itself, typically once the infection has cleared, T cells may remain trapped inside
6643-461: The moment of the evaluation. Central vein signs (CVSs) have been proposed as a good indicator of MS in comparison with other conditions causing white lesions. One small study found fewer CVSs in older and hypertensive people. Further research on CVS as a biomarker for MS is ongoing. Only postmortem MRI allows visualization of sub-millimetric lesions in cortical layers and in the cerebellar cortex. Testing of cerebrospinal fluid obtained from
6734-403: The myelin is lost, a neuron can no longer effectively conduct electrical signals. A repair process, called remyelination , takes place in early phases of the disease, but the oligodendrocytes are unable to completely rebuild the cell's myelin sheath. Repeated attacks lead to successively less effective remyelinations, until a scar-like plaque is built up around the damaged axons. These scars are
6825-544: The new region's risk of MS. If migration takes place after age 15, the persons retain the risk of their home country. Some evidence indicates that the effect of moving may still apply to people older than 15. There are some exceptions to the above mentioned geographic pattern. These include ethnic groups that are at low risk and that live far from the equator such as the Sami , Amerindians , Canadian Hutterites , New Zealand Māori , and Canada's Inuit , as well as groups that have
6916-502: The origin of the symptoms and during an attack magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often shows more than 10 new plaques. This could indicate that some number of lesions exist, below which the brain is capable of repairing itself without producing noticeable consequences. Another process involved in the creation of lesions is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the destruction of nearby neurons. A number of lesion patterns have been described. Apart from demyelination,
7007-436: The original podcast Amy Schumer Presents: 3 Girls, 1 Keith on June 21, 2018, starring Schumer and her best comedy friends Rachel Feinstein , Bridget Everett and Keith Robinson as they talk about comedy, pop culture, politics and their personal lives. She released her standup special Amy Schumer: Growing (2019) on Netflix to received positive reviews. Schumer receiving a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for
7098-529: The other sign of the disease is inflammation . Fitting with an immunological explanation, the inflammatory process is caused by T cells , a kind of lymphocytes that plays an important role in the body's defenses. T cells gain entry into the brain as a result of disruptions in the blood–brain barrier . The T cells recognize myelin as foreign and attack it, explaining why these cells are also called "autoreactive lymphocytes". The attack on myelin starts inflammatory processes, which trigger other immune cells and
7189-427: The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but not all people with MS have signs of EBV infection. Dozens of human peptides have been identified in different cases of the disease, and while some have plausible links to infectious organisms or known environmental factors, others do not. Failure of both central and peripheral nervous system clearance of autoreactive immune cells is implicated in MS development. The thymus
7280-501: The release of soluble factors like cytokines and antibodies . A further breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, in turn, causes a number of other damaging effects, such as swelling , activation of macrophages , and more activation of cytokines and other destructive proteins. Inflammation can potentially reduce transmission of information between neurons in at least three ways. The soluble factors released might stop neurotransmission by intact neurons. These factors could lead to or enhance
7371-404: The scars (sclerae – better known as plaques or lesions) that form in the nervous system. These lesions most commonly affect the white matter in the optic nerve , brain stem , basal ganglia , and spinal cord , or white matter tracts close to the lateral ventricles . The function of white matter cells is to carry signals between grey matter areas, where the processing is done, and the rest of
7462-484: Was a happy surprise. I kept it honest on the show and it served me well." Schumer co-starred in the Comedy Central reality show Reality Bites Back in 2008. In 2009, she appeared in an advertising campaign for Butterfinger . Schumer was a recurring guest on Fox News late-night program Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld between 2007 and 2012. Her first Comedy Central Presents special aired on April 2, 2010. She served as
7553-406: Was accused of stealing jokes from comedians Tammy Pescatelli , Kathleen Madigan , Wendy Liebman , and Patrice O'Neal . Schumer denied the allegations. Other comedians, such as Marc Maron and Dave Rubin , defended Schumer. Pescatelli later apologized, stating it had "gone too far" and was probably " parallel thinking ". In 2017, a video showcasing all cases of alleged joke thefts were collated in
7644-499: Was also a frequent guest on The Howard Stern Show and the Opie and Anthony radio show. Schumer released a stand-up comedy album, Cutting , in 2011. Her stand-up comedy special Mostly Sex Stuff premiered on Comedy Central on August 18, 2012, to positive reviews. Schumer said in February 2012, "I don't like the observational stuff. I like tackling the stuff nobody else talks about, like
7735-455: Was announced in February 2021, with five additional specials to be released through Paramount+ . In January 2022, she was cast as a guest role for season two of Only Murders in the Building . She co-hosted the 94th Academy Awards with Regina Hall and Wanda Sykes on March 27, 2022. In June, she joined the cast of Jerry Seinfeld 's Unfrosted . In 2023 her comedy special Emergency Contact
7826-411: Was expecting their first child. On May 5, 2019, Schumer gave birth to a boy, Gene. Schumer initially gave Gene the middle name Attell, in honor of comedian Dave Attell , but changed it to David after realizing that "Gene Attell" sounded like "genital". Her son was born by caesarean section because of her endometriosis . In September 2021, Schumer had her uterus removed to alleviate symptoms related to
7917-409: Was raised Jewish and says she had to deal with antisemitism as a child. Her mother is of Puritan ancestry dating back to the colonial -era Massachusetts Bay Colony . In 2017, as a guest on Finding Your Roots , Schumer learned that in 1704, three children from her ancestor Thomas Tarbell's family were captured at Groton, Massachusetts , in a French- Abenaki raid and taken to Montreal . The girl
8008-497: Was ransomed by a French-Canadian family and ultimately joined a French Catholic convent; the two boys were each adopted by Mohawk families at Kahnawake and became thoroughly assimilated. They married Mohawk women and some of their descendants became chiefs. There are still Mohawk by the surname Tarbell in Kahnawake and Akwesasne , another village reserve on the St. Lawrence River founded by
8099-455: Was released on July 17, 2015. In August 2015, Jennifer Lawrence said she and Schumer planned to co-star in a film for which they and Schumer's sister Kim were co-writing a screenplay. However, Schumer later revealed the project was on the "back burner". Schumer performed as opening act for Madonna on three New York City dates of the singer's Rebel Heart Tour in September 2015. On October 17, 2015, Schumer's comedy special Amy Schumer: Live at
8190-720: Was released. Schumer's comedic influences include Wendy Liebman , Carol Burnett , Lucille Ball , and Joan Rivers . Additionally, she called actress-producer Goldie Hawn one of her "heroes". In 2015, Schumer was named one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people . Schumer was named to Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People for 2015. Schumer has received praise for addressing various social issues through comedy. In June 2015, Monica Heisey of The Guardian criticized her for "a shockingly large blind spot around race". Schumer responded on Twitter, stating "I go in and out of playing an irreverent idiot. That includes making dumb jokes involving race ... You can call it
8281-703: Was voted both "Class Clown" and "Teacher's Worst Nightmare" upon graduation in 1999. She attended the Hebrew school of the Central Synagogue of Nassau County, a Reform synagogue in Rockville Centre, where her mother served on the school's board. After graduating from high school, Schumer attended Towson University in Towson, Maryland , where she graduated with a degree in theater in 2003. After graduating from college, she returned to New York City, where she studied at
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