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Amsterdam University Library is the library of the University of Amsterdam (UvA) and the Academic Medical Centre (AMC). The central complex of the Library is in the town centre at Singel , close to Heiligeweg and Koningsplein . The Library's Special Collections are housed nearby at Oude Turfmarkt, next to UvA's Allard Pierson Museum . The Library also has a large book depot in the grounds of the AMC, with over 40.5 kilometers of books and other materials. The foundation Friends of the Library of the University of Amsterdam regularly donates special manuscripts or rare editions to the library collection.

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82-757: The origins of the library can be traced to 1578, when after the Alteratie (Alteration) books and manuscripts from Roman Catholic institutions in Amsterdam were gathered into a library open to one and all. This City Library was first housed in the Nieuwe Kerk and then moved to the attics of the Agnietenkapel at the founding of the Athenaeum Illustre in 1632. It was not until 1877, when the Athenaeum Illustre became

164-660: A de facto constitution, and would remain the only formal connection between the Dutch provinces until 1797. In spite of the renewed union, the Duke of Parma was successful in reconquering most of the southern part of the Netherlands. Because he had agreed to remove the Spanish troops from the provinces under the Treaty of Arras , and because Philip II needed them elsewhere subsequently, the Duke of Parma

246-803: A Hedge Preaching, the issue rapidly escalated. A commission of old Geuzen and a large group of former exiled residents, many of whom owned land and warehouses on the Lastage , organised a gathering to plan their next move. The next day the Dam Square was closed off from the public. The catholic vroedschap (the city-council) was escorted to the Damrak , where barges had been prepared to take them out of Amsterdam. On May 26, 1578, 24 city-council members were forced to leave Amsterdam. They settled in Haarlem or Leiden or quietly returned later on. The Franciscans , who were hated by

328-688: A Roman Catholic education. William's father acquiesced to this condition on behalf of his 11-year-old son, and this was the founding of the House of Orange-Nassau . Besides the Principality of Orange (located today in France) and significant lands in Germany, William also inherited vast estates in the Low Countries (present-day Netherlands and Belgium) from his cousin. Because of William's young age, Emperor Charles V , who

410-426: A gradual change in his religious opinions, which was to lead William to revert to Lutheranism and eventually moderate Calvinism . Still, he remained tolerant of other religious opinions. Up to this time William's life had been marked by lavish display and extravagance. He surrounded himself with a retinue of young noblemen and dependents and kept open house in his magnificent Nassau palace at Brussels. Consequently,

492-637: A group known as the Watergeuzen ("Sea Beggars") captured the city of Brielle , which had been left unattended by the Spanish garrison. Contrary to their normal "hit and run" tactics, they occupied the town and claimed it for the prince by raising the Prince of Orange's flag above the city. This event was followed by other cities opening their gates for the Watergeuzen, and soon most cities in Holland and Zeeland were in

574-594: A large group of lesser noblemen, including William's younger brother Louis , formed the Confederacy of Noblemen . On 5 April, they offered a petition to Margaret of Parma, requesting an end to the persecution of Protestants. From August to October 1566, a wave of iconoclasm (known as the Beeldenstorm ) spread through the Low Countries. Calvinists (the major Protestant denomination), Anabaptists , and Mennonites , angered by Catholic oppression and theologically opposed to

656-576: A love match on both sides, was happy. After failed peace negotiations in Breda in 1575, the war continued. The situation improved for the rebels when Don Requesens died unexpectedly in March 1576, and a large group of Spanish soldiers, not having received their salary in months, mutinied in November of that year and unleashed the "Spanish Fury" on Antwerp , sacking the city in what became a tremendous propaganda coup for

738-423: A military and diplomatic education under the direction of Jérôme Perrenot de Champagney , brother of Cardinal de Granvelle . On 6 July 1551, William married Anna , daughter and heir of Maximiliaan van Egmond , an important Dutch nobleman, a match that had been secured by Charles V. Anna's father had died in 1548, and therefore William became Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren upon his wedding day. The marriage

820-471: A simple Dutch burgher . The Burgundian Catholic Balthasar Gérard (born 1557) was a subject and supporter of Philip II, and regarded William of Orange as a traitor to the king and to the Catholic religion. In 1581, when Gérard learned that Philip II had declared William an outlaw and promised a reward of 25,000 crowns for his assassination, he decided to travel to the Netherlands to kill William. He served in

902-511: A strong compassion. On 25 August 1561, William of Orange married for the second time. His new wife, Anna of Saxony , was described by contemporaries as "self-absorbed, weak, assertive, and cruel", and it is generally assumed that William married her to gain more influence in Saxony , Hesse and the Palatinate . The couple had five children. The marriage used Lutheran rites, and marked the beginning of

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984-502: Is the name given to the change of power in Amsterdam on May 26, 1578, when the Catholic city government was deposed in favor of a Protestant one. The coup should be seen in the context of the greater Dutch Revolt that was breaking out in this time. Trade interests played an important role, because Amsterdam was becoming isolated as surrounding cities and towns joined the revolt, and other cities were threatening to take over its trade. No one

1066-622: The Battle of Jemmingen on 21 July, although Louis managed to escape. These two battles are now considered to be the start of the Eighty Years' War . In October 1568, William responded by leading a large army into Brabant , but Alba carefully avoided a decisive confrontation, expecting the army to fall apart quickly. As William advanced, disorder broke out in his army, and with winter approaching and money running out, William turned back and crossed into France. William made several more plans to invade in

1148-525: The Habsburgs as a member of the court of Margaret of Parma , governor of the Spanish Netherlands . Unhappy with the centralisation of political power away from the local estates and with the Spanish persecution of Dutch Protestants , William joined the Dutch uprising and turned against his former masters. The most influential and politically capable of the rebels, he led the Dutch to several successes in

1230-610: The Perpetual Edict in February 1577, promising to comply with the conditions of the Pacification of Ghent, it seemed that the war had been decided in favour of the rebels. However, after Don Juan took the city of Namur in 1577, the uprising spread throughout the entire Netherlands. Don Juan attempted to negotiate peace, but the prince intentionally let the negotiations fail. On 24 September 1577, he made his triumphal entry into Brussels,

1312-559: The States of Holland , but the city government wanted to stay loyal to King Philip II of Spain , and was opposed to adopting the Reformed church as the state religion. Only when the new regent John of Austria recognised the Pacification did Amsterdam follow his example. Lengthy negotiations followed about the Satisfactie (Eng: Satisfaction), a treaty that would put the city under the authority of

1394-626: The Treaty of Arras , in which they agreed to accept their Catholic governor, Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma (who had succeeded Don Juan). Five northern provinces, later followed by most cities in Brabant and Flanders , then signed the Union of Utrecht on 23 January, confirming their unity. William was initially opposed to the Union, as he still hoped to unite all provinces. Nevertheless, he formally gave his support on 3 May. The Union of Utrecht would later become

1476-769: The Alteratie was the reinforcement of the city walls . William the Silent William the Silent or William the Taciturn ( Dutch : Willem de Zwijger ; 24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584), more commonly known in the Netherlands as William of Orange (Dutch: Willem van Oranje ), was the leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) and resulted in

1558-611: The Catholic use of images of saints (which in their eyes conflicted with the Second Commandment ), destroyed statues in hundreds of churches and monasteries throughout the Netherlands. Following the Beeldenstorm, unrest in the Netherlands grew, and Margaret agreed to grant the wishes of the Confederacy, provided the noblemen would help to restore order. She also allowed more important noblemen, including William of Orange, to assist

1640-688: The Confederacy, and William went to Antwerp where he succeeded in quelling the riot. In late 1566, and early 1567, it became clear that she would not be allowed to fulfil her promises, and when several minor rebellions failed, many Calvinists and Lutherans fled the country. Following the announcement that Philip II, unhappy with the situation in the Netherlands, would dispatch his loyal general Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba , or Alva (also known as "The Iron Duke"), to restore order, William laid down his functions and retreated to his native Nassau in April 1567. He had been financially involved with several of

1722-644: The Duke of Anjou to come to the aid of the resisters. He did not arrive until 10 February 1582, when he was officially welcomed by William in Flushing . On 18 March, the Spaniard Juan de Jáuregui attempted to assassinate William in Antwerp . Although William suffered severe injuries, he survived thanks to the care of his wife Charlotte and his sister Mary. While William slowly recovered, Charlotte became exhausted from providing intensive care and died on 5 May. The Duke of Anjou

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1804-570: The Emperor's armies at the age of 22. This was in 1555, when Charles sent him to Bayonne with an army of 20,000 to take the city in a siege from the French. William was also made a member of the Raad van State , the highest political advisory council in the Netherlands. It was in November of the same year (1555) that the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles leaned on William's shoulder during the ceremony when he abdicated

1886-542: The Estates, and complained that too many Spaniards were involved in governing the Netherlands. William was also dissatisfied with the increasing persecution of Protestants in the Netherlands. Brought up as a Lutheran and later a Catholic, William was very religious but was still a proponent of freedom of religion for all people. The activity of the Inquisition in the Netherlands, directed by Cardinal Granvelle , prime minister to

1968-497: The King. With the Satisfactie , Amsterdam joined the rest of the cities of Holland in joining the rebellion. Nonetheless, tensions increased when a conflict arose with the burgomasters of Amsterdam about the control over the schutterij . An important issue with all cities was the question of religious freedom: if at least one hundred Protestant families resided in a city, they had the right to gather for their own religious services. After

2050-631: The Low Countries in favour of his son, Philip II of Spain . William was also selected to carry the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire to Charles's brother Ferdinand , when Charles resigned the imperial crown in 1556 and was one of the Spanish signatories for the April 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis . In 1559, Philip II appointed William stadtholder (governor) of the provinces of Holland , Zeeland and Utrecht , thereby greatly increasing his political power. A stadtholdership over Franche-Comté followed in 1561. Although he never directly opposed

2132-634: The Municipal University, that the original City Library officially became the University Library. In the 19th century, the collection had become so large (and the Agnietenkapel so derelict) that the books were housed at several other locations, until 1881 when the library moved to the Handboogdoelen at Singel 421, the former home of the Long-bow militia. During restoration works in 1968, much of

2214-516: The Netherlands, William of Orange emerged as the leader of armed resistance. He financed the Watergeuzen , refugee Protestants who formed bands of corsairs and raided the coastal cities of the Netherlands (often killing Spanish and Dutch alike). He also raised an army, consisting mostly of German mercenaries , to fight Alba on land. William allied with the French Huguenots , following the end of

2296-427: The Netherlands, and the presence of foreign soldiers. On 22 August 1571, his second wife Anna gave birth to a daughter, named Christina von Dietz, and fathered by Jan Rubens , best known as the father of painter Peter Paul Rubens ; Jan Rubens had been sent by Anna's uncle in 1570 to manage her finances. Later that year, William had this marriage legally dissolved on the grounds that Anna was insane. On 1 April 1572,

2378-506: The Prince of Orange and the States of Holland. After an incursion into the city by the Geuzen on November 23, 1577, the city government finally signed the treaty on February 8, 1578. In 1578, Amsterdam was one of the most important cities that had not yet joined the Prince of Orange in his rebellion against King Philip II. The war was costly, and a number of cities threatened to defect to the side of

2460-403: The Prince, began to speak of the great number of Protestant sectaries who, during the late war, had increased so much in his kingdom to his great sorrow. His conscience, said the King, would not be easy nor his realm secure until he could see it purged of the "accursed vermin," who would one day overthrow his government, under the cover of religion, if they were allowed to get the upper hand. This

2542-451: The Sixties, when the new building by architect Jan Leupen was built. This modern building is considered a typical example of 1960s architecture. The Special Collections at Oude Turfmarkt are housed in two adjacent buildings: one from 1642, designed by Philips Vingboons , the other from 1842-1843 is the former St Bernardus mental home. The restoration work on the buildings started in 2004, and

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2624-628: The Spaniards from the Netherlands had originated when, in the summer of 1559, he and the Duke of Alba had been sent to France as hostages for the proper fulfilment of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis following the Hispano-French war. During his stay in Paris, on a hunting trip to the Bois de Vincennes, King Henry II of France started to discuss with William a secret understanding between Philip II and himself aimed at

2706-456: The Spanish king, William soon became one of the most prominent members of the opposition in the Council of State, together with Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn , and Lamoral, Count of Egmont . They were mainly seeking more political power for themselves against the de facto government of Count Berlaymont , Granvelle and Viglius of Aytta , but also for the Dutch nobility and, ostensibly, for

2788-422: The Spanish. Van Oldenbarneveldt managed to sign a very favourable twelve-year armistice in 1609, although Maurice was unhappy with this. Maurice was a heavy drinker and died on 23 April 1625 from liver disease. Maurice had several sons by Margaretha van Mechelen, but he never married her. So, Frederick Henry , Maurice's half-brother (and William's youngest son from his fourth marriage, to Louise de Coligny) inherited

2870-792: The Special Collections library was officially opened in May 2007 by Queen Beatrix . In the course of its long history the Library has received many important collections, such as the library of Leeser Rosenthal, now called the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana , on Jewish Cultural History. During the Second World War the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana was confiscated and transported to Germany, but some of its most valuable items were hidden in

2952-466: The anti-Protestant Council of Trent . But, in an iconic speech to the Council of State , William to the shock of his audience justified his conflict with Philip by saying that, even though he had decided for himself to keep to the Catholic faith (at the time), he could not agree that monarchs should rule over the souls of their subjects and take from them their freedom of belief and religion. In early 1565,

3034-482: The army of the governor of Luxembourg , Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort , for two years, hoping to get close to William when the armies met. This never happened, and Gérard left the army in 1584. He went to the Duke of Parma to present his plans, but the Duke was unimpressed. In May 1584, he presented himself to William as a French nobleman, and gave him the seal of the Count of Mansfelt. This seal would allow forgeries of

3116-549: The army under the command of Louis won the Battle of Heiligerlee in the northern province of Groningen against a Spanish army led by the stadtholder of the northern provinces, Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg . Arenberg was killed in the battle, as was William's brother Adolf. Alba countered by killing a number of convicted noblemen (including the Counts of Egmont and Hoorn on 6 June), and then by leading an expedition to Groningen. There, he annihilated Louis' forces on German territory in

3198-436: The capital. At the same time, Calvinist rebels grew more radical, and attempted to forbid Catholicism in areas under their control. William was opposed to this both for personal and political reasons. He desired freedom of religion, and he also needed the support of the less radical Protestants and Catholics to reach his political goals. On 6 January 1579, several southern provinces, unhappy with William's radical following, signed

3280-428: The chest at close range. Gérard fled immediately. According to official records, William's last words were: Mon Dieu, ayez pitié de mon âme; mon Dieu, ayez pitié de ce pauvre peuple. (My God, have pity on my soul; my God, have pity on this poor people). Gérard was caught before he could escape Delft, and was imprisoned. He was tortured before his trial on 13 July, where he was sentenced to an execution brutal even by

3362-512: The cities in Holland, where they took Haarlem after seven months and a loss of 8,000 soldiers, and they had to break off their siege of Alkmaar . In 1573, William joined the Calvinist Church. He appointed a Calvinist theologian, Jean Taffin (1573–1581) as his court preacher. Taffin was later joined by Pierre Loyseleur de Villiers (1577–1584), who also became an important political advisor to

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3444-597: The city of Leiden . They broke off their siege when nearby dykes were breached by the Dutch. William was content with the victory, and established the University of Leiden , the first university in the Northern Provinces. William married for the third time on 24 April 1575 to Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier , a former French nun, who was also popular with the public, although less so with the Catholic faction. They had six daughters. The marriage, which seems to have been

3526-648: The city on 18 January 1583, in what is known as the " French Fury ". Almost all of Anjou's men were killed, and he was reprimanded by both Catherine de Medici and Elizabeth I of England (whom he had courted). Anjou's position became untenable, and he subsequently left the country in June. His departure discredited William, who nevertheless maintained his support for Anjou. William stood virtually alone on this issue and became politically isolated. Holland and Zeeland nevertheless maintained him as their stadtholder and attempted to declare him count of Holland and Zeeland, thus making him

3608-482: The descendants of his brother. Many of the Dutch national symbols can be traced back to William of Orange: Other remembrances of William of Orange: There are several explanations for the origin of the style, "William the Silent". The most common one relates to his prudence in regard to a conversation with Henry II, the king of France. One day, during a stag-hunt in the Bois de Vincennes , Henry, finding himself alone with

3690-416: The extirpation of heresy. But the Prince, subtle and adroit as he was, answered the good King in such a way as to leave him still under the impression that he, the Prince, knew all about the scheme proposed by Alba; and on this understanding the King revealed all the details of the plan which had been arranged between the King of Spain and himself for the rooting out and rigorous punishment of the heretics, from

3772-540: The female line. See House of Orange for a more extensive overview. As the chief financer and political and military leader of the early years of the Dutch revolt, William is considered a national hero in the Netherlands, even though he was born in Germany, and usually spoke French. In the 19th century the Netherlands became a constitutional monarchy, currently with King Willem-Alexander as head of state: he has cognatic descent from William of Orange. All stadtholders after William of Orange were drawn from his descendants or

3854-831: The fight against the Spanish. Declared an outlaw by the Spanish king in 1580, he was assassinated by Balthasar Gérard in Delft in 1584. William was born on 24 April 1533 at Dillenburg Castle in the County of Nassau-Dillenburg , in the Holy Roman Empire (now in Hesse , German Federal Republic ). He was the eldest son of Count William I of Nassau-Siegen and his second wife, Countess Juliana of Stolberg . William's father had one surviving daughter by his previous marriage to Walburga of Egmont , and his mother had four surviving children by her previous marriage to Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg . His parents had twelve children together, of whom William

3936-500: The first firearm assassination of a head of government.) Traditionally, members of the Nassau family were buried in Breda , but as that city was under royal control when William died, he was buried in the New Church in Delft . The monument on his tomb was originally very modest, but it was replaced in 1623 by a new one, made by Hendrik de Keyser and his son Pieter. Since then, most of

4018-422: The formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. Born into the House of Nassau , he became Prince of Orange in 1544 and is thereby the founder of the Orange-Nassau branch and the ancestor of the monarchy of the Netherlands . In the Netherlands, he is also known as Father of the Fatherland ( Latin : Pater Patriae ; Dutch: Vader des Vaderlands ). A wealthy nobleman , William originally served

4100-446: The hands of the rebels, notable exceptions being Amsterdam and Middelburg . The rebel cities then called a meeting of the Staten Generaal (which they were technically unqualified to do), and reinstated William as the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Concurrently, rebel armies captured cities throughout the entire country, from Deventer to Mons . William himself then advanced with his own army and marched into several cities in

4182-428: The lowest to the highest rank, and in this service the Spanish troops were to be mainly employed. Exactly when and by whom the nickname "the Silent" was used for the first time is not known with certainty. It is traditionally ascribed to Cardinal de Granvelle, who is said to have referred to William as "the silent one" sometime during the troubles of 1567. Both the nickname and the accompanying anecdote are first found in

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4264-428: The meantime, William and his supporters were looking for foreign support. The prince had already sought French assistance on several occasions, and this time he managed to gain the support of Francis, Duke of Anjou , brother of King Henry III of France . On 29 September 1580, the Staten Generaal (with the exception of Zeeland and Holland) signed the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours with the Duke of Anjou. The Duke would gain

4346-417: The members of the House of Orange-Nassau , including all Dutch monarchs , have been buried in the same church. His great-grandson William III and II , King of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Stadtholder in the Netherlands, was buried in Westminster Abbey . Philip William , William's eldest son by his first marriage, to Anna of Egmond , succeeded him as the Prince of Orange . However, as Philip William

4428-482: The messages of Mansfelt to be made. William sent Gérard back to France to pass the seal on to his French allies. Gérard returned in July, having bought two wheel-lock pistols on his return journey. On 10 July, he made an appointment with William of Orange in his home in Delft , the Prinsenhof. That day, William was having dinner with his guest Rombertus van Uylenburgh . After William left the dining room and walked downstairs, van Uylenburgh heard Gérard shoot William in

4510-420: The new governor Margaret of Parma (1522–1583, natural half-sister to Philip II), increased opposition to Spanish rule among the then mostly Catholic population of the Netherlands. Lastly, the opposition wished to see an end to the presence of Spanish troops. According to the Apology , William's letter of justification, which was published and read to the States General in December 1580, his resolve to expel

4592-413: The next few years, but little came of them, since he lacked support and money. He remained popular with the public, in part through an extensive propaganda campaign conducted through pamphlets. One of his most important claims, with which he attempted to justify his actions, was that he was not fighting the rightful ruler of the land, the King of Spain, but only the inadequate rule of the foreign governors in

4674-407: The official sovereign. In the middle of all this, William married for the fourth and final time on 12 April 1583 to Louise de Coligny , a widowed French Huguenot and daughter of Gaspard de Coligny . She was to be the mother of Frederick Henry (1584–1647), William's fourth legitimate son. With her, "Father William", as he was affectionately styled, settled at the Prinsenhof at Delft, and lived like

4756-423: The original 16th-century building reappeared and it turned out that the Library probably contains some of the oldest masonry in town and the only fireplace with a late medieval mantelpiece. The buildings at Handboogstraat 16 and 18 were added in 1919, and during World War II also the building at Singel 423, which has a façade from 1609 by Hendrick de Keyser . This was originally the town arsenal and later served as

4838-412: The other members of the opposition had ostensibly been directed at Granvelle; however, after the latter's departure early that year, William, who may have found increasing confidence in his alliance with the Protestant princes of Germany following his second marriage, began to openly criticise the King's anti-Protestant politics. In August of that year, Philip issued an order for carrying out the decrees of

4920-407: The population, were also forced to leave. The remaining monks were allowed to remain in the city, and received a pension. The monks were rich and possessed much land; in some monasteries there were hardly any monks present. As a result of the Alteratie, the parish-churches and chapels came into the hands of the Protestants, who renamed them. The oldest parish church of the city, the St. Nicolaschurch,

5002-425: The prince. In 1574, William's armies won several minor battles, including several naval encounters. The Spanish, led by Don Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens since Philip replaced Alba in 1573, also had their successes. Their decisive victory in the Battle of Mookerheyde in the south east, on the Meuse embankment, on 14 April cost the lives of two of William's brothers, Louis and Henry. Requesens's armies also besieged

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5084-428: The rebellions. After his arrival in August 1567, Alba established the Council of Troubles (known to the people as the Council of Blood ) to judge those involved in the rebellion and the iconoclasm. William was one of the 10,000 to be summoned before the council, but he failed to appear. He was subsequently declared an outlaw, and his properties were confiscated. As one of the most prominent and popular politicians of

5166-412: The rebels. While the new governor, Don Juan of Austria , was en route, William of Orange got most of the provinces and cities to sign the Pacification of Ghent , in which they declared themselves ready to fight for the expulsion of Spanish troops together. However, he failed to achieve unity in matters of religion. Catholic cities and provinces would not allow freedom for Calvinists. When Don Juan signed

5248-622: The recently acquired Artis Library of the Amsterdam zoo Natura Artis Magistra . By a miracle this valuable collection was returned virtually undamaged after the war. There is also an impressive map collection, collections on the history of the book trade, on graphic design and typography, and on church history. Special Collections have an image database (with a Dutch interface) where objects from its collections or even whole books can be viewed. 52°22′04″N 4°53′22″E  /  52.36778°N 4.88944°E  / 52.36778; 4.88944 Alteratie The Alteratie (Eng: Alteration)

5330-421: The revenue of his vast estates was not sufficient to prevent him being crippled by debt. But after his return from France, a change began to come over William. Philip made him councillor of state, knight of the Golden Fleece, and stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, but there was a latent antagonism between the natures of the two men. Up to 1564, any criticism of governmental measures voiced by William and

5412-408: The royal stables. Queen Wilhelmina , who had fled to London at the outbreak of the war, gave her written permission to add the building to the Library. The main building at Singel 425 is from the 1960s. Here were originally the premises of the Arbalest Militia, and later the 19th-century Catholic St Catherine’s church. In 1939 the church was demolished and the plot left vacant until the second half of

5494-431: The second Religious War in France when they had troops to spare. Led by his brother Louis, the army invaded the northern Netherlands in 1568. However, the plan failed almost from the start. The Huguenots were defeated by French royal troops before they could invade, and a small force under Jean de Villers was captured within two days. Villers gave all the plans of the campaign to the Spanish following his capture. On 23 May,

5576-556: The south, including Roermond and Leuven . William had counted on intervention from the Huguenots as well, but this plan was thwarted after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre on 24 August, which signalled the start of a wave of violence against the Huguenots. After a successful Spanish attack on his army, William had to flee and he retreated to Enkhuizen , in Holland. The Spanish then organised countermeasures, and sacked several rebel cities, sometimes massacring their inhabitants, such as in Mechelen or Zutphen . They had more trouble with

5658-506: The standards of that time. The magistrates decreed that the right hand of Gérard should be burned off with a red-hot iron, that his flesh should be torn from his bones with pincers in six different places, that he should be quartered and disembowelled alive, that his heart should be torn from his chest and flung in his face, and that, finally, his head should be cut off. William was the first politician to be assassinated by handgun. (The Scottish Regent Moray had been shot 13 years earlier in

5740-446: The title "Protector of the Liberty of the Netherlands" and become the new sovereign. This, however, required that the Staten Generaal and William renounce their formal support of the King of Spain, which they had maintained officially up to that moment. On 22 July 1581, the Staten Generaal declared that they no longer recognised Philip II of Spain as their ruler, in the Act of Abjuration . This formal declaration of independence enabled

5822-506: The title of Prince of Orange. Frederick Henry continued the battle against the Spanish. Frederick Henry died on 14 March 1647 and is buried with his father William "The Silent" in Nieuwe Kerk, Delft. The Netherlands became formally independent after the Peace of Münster in 1648. The son of Frederick Henry, William II of Orange succeeded his father as stadtholder, as did his son, William III of Orange . The latter also became king of England , Scotland and Ireland from 1689. Although he

5904-480: The violent extermination of Protestantism in France, the Netherlands "and the entire Christian world". The understanding was being negotiated by Alba, and Henry had assumed, incorrectly, that William was aware of it. At the time, William did not contradict the king's assumption, but he had decided for himself that he would not allow the slaughter of "so many honourable people", especially in the Netherlands, for which he felt

5986-465: Was a happy one and produced three children, one of whom died in infancy. Anna died on 24 March 1558, aged 25, leaving William much grieved. Being a ward of Charles V and having received his education under the tutelage of the Emperor's sister Mary, William came under the particular attention of the imperial family, and became a favourite. He was appointed captain in the cavalry in 1551 and received rapid promotion thereafter, becoming commander of one of

6068-636: Was a hostage in Spain and had been for most of his life, his brother Maurice of Nassau was appointed Stadholder and Captain-General at the suggestion of Johan van Oldenbarneveldt , and as a counterpoise to the Earl of Leicester . Phillip William died in Brussels on 20 February 1618 and was succeeded by his half-brother Maurice , the eldest son by William's second marriage, to Anna of Saxony , who became Prince of Orange. A strong military leader, he won several victories over

6150-521: Was injured or killed during the coup. On May 29, a new city council was formed, consisting of 30 Calvinists and 10 Catholics. Already after a few months, plans were presented to expand the city and the harbor on the eastern side ( Lastage ), and to construct new defensive fortifications ( Oude Schans ). After the Pacification of Ghent in 1576, Amsterdam was forced to subject itself to the Prince of Orange and

6232-472: Was married to Mary II , Queen of Scotland and England for 17 years, he died childless in 1702. He appointed his cousin Johan Willem Friso (William's great-great-great-grandson) as his successor as the Prince of Orange. Because Albertine Agnes , a daughter of Frederick Henry, married William Frederik of Nassau-Dietz , the present royal house of the Netherlands is descended from William the Silent through

6314-563: Was not very popular with the population. The provinces of Zeeland and Holland refused to recognise him as their sovereign, and William was widely criticised for what was called his "French politics". When Anjou's French troops arrived in late 1582, William's plan seemed to pay off, as even the Duke of Parma feared that the Dutch would now gain the upper hand. However, Anjou himself was displeased with his limited powers and secretly decided to seize Antwerp by force. The citizens, who had been warned in time, ambushed Anjou and his troops as they entered

6396-756: Was rechristened as the Oude Kerk , and the Heilige Stede became the Nieuwe Zijds Kapel . The New Church was taken over by the Calvinists after an iconoclastic movement in September. The large number of monasteries of the city came under the control of the new city-government, and were given new, non-religious purposes, such as orphanages or prisons. Valuable books were collected in the New Church. Another consequence of

6478-427: Was the eldest; he had four younger brothers and seven younger sisters. The family was religiously devout and William was raised a Lutheran . In 1544, William's agnatic first cousin, René of Châlon , Prince of Orange , died in the siege of St Dizier , childless. In his testament, René of Chalon named William the heir to all his estates and titles, including that of Prince of Orange, on the condition that he receive

6560-416: Was the more to be feared since some of the chief men in the kingdom, and even some princes of the blood, were on their side. But he hoped by the grace of God and the good understanding that he had with his new son, the King of Spain, that he would soon get the better of them. The King talked on thus to Orange in the full conviction that he was aware of the secret agreement recently made with the Duke of Alba for

6642-595: Was the overlord of most of these estates, served as regent until William was old enough to rule them himself. William received his Catholic education in the Low Countries , first at his family's estate in Breda and later in Brussels under the supervision of the Emperor's sister Mary of Hungary , governor of the Habsburg Netherlands ( Seventeen Provinces ). In Brussels, he was taught foreign languages and received

6724-446: Was unable to advance any further until the end of 1581. In March 1580 Philip issued a royal ban of outlawry against the Prince of Orange, promising a reward of 25,000 crowns to any man who would succeed in killing him. William responded with his Apology , a document (in fact written by Villiers) in which his course of actions was defended, the person of the Spanish king viciously attacked, and his own Protestant allegiance restated. In

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