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44-464: Amherst Telephone Company was incorporated on July 3, 1903. Capital to form the new company was provided by 62 area residents who pledged $ 25 each to buy a share of stock. C. J. Iverson was selected as the first president. An old gray mare , named May, was a pioneer partner of the Amherst Telephone Company. May transported poles, materials and linesmen from 1903 though 1929. She was known to

88-408: A broad spectrum of behaviors and physiology, including hibernation, seasonal migrations, and coat color changes. A prime example of the adaptation to photoperiods is the seasonal coat color (SCC) species. These animals undergo molting, transforming from dark summer fur to white coat in winter, that provides crucial camouflage in snowy environments. The view has been expressed that humans' seasonality

132-487: A certain overall developmental stage or age, or in response to alternative environmental stimuli, such as vernalisation (a period of low temperature). Daylength, and thus knowledge of the season of the year, is vital to many animals. A number of biological and behavioural changes are dependent on this knowledge. Together with temperature changes, photoperiod provokes changes in the color of fur and feathers, migration , entry into hibernation , sexual behaviour , and even

176-597: A different length critical photoperiod, or critical night length. Many flowering plants (angiosperms) use a circadian rhythm together with photoreceptor protein , such as phytochrome or cryptochrome , to sense seasonal changes in night length, or photoperiod, which they take as signals to flower. In a further subdivision, obligate photoperiodic plants absolutely require a long or short enough night before flowering, whereas facultative photoperiodic plants are more likely to flower under one condition. Phytochrome comes in two forms: P r and P fr . Red light (which

220-426: A mare every year. In addition, many mares are kept for riding and so are not bred annually, as a mare in late pregnancy or nursing a foal is not able to perform at as athletic a standard as one who is neither pregnant nor lactating . In addition, some mares become anxious when separated from their foals, even temporarily, and thus are difficult to manage under saddle until their foals are weaned . The formation of

264-404: A mare is defined as a female horse more than four years old. The word can also be used for other female equine animals, particularly mules and zebras , but a female donkey is usually called a "jenny". A broodmare is a mare used for breeding. Mares carry their young (called foals ) for approximately 11 months from conception to birth. (Average range 320–370 days.) Usually just one young

308-451: A new building was constructed for the automatic switchboard that was purchased for Rosholt. In 1957, C. O. Iverson died, and C. O. Iverson, Jr. joined the workforce. There were 1,000 subscribers by the end of the decade. In the 1960s, New buildings were constructed in Amherst , Polonia and Nelsonville . New dial switchboards were purchased for Amherst, Rosholt, Polonia and Nelsonville. In

352-780: A small percentage compete against male horses. However, a few fillies and mares have won classic horse races against colts, including the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, the Kentucky Derby , the Preakness Stakes , the Belmont Stakes , the Melbourne Cup and the Breeders' Cup Classic . Mares are used as dairy animals in some cultures, especially by the nomads and formerly nomadic peoples of Central Asia . Fermented mare's milk , known as kumis ,

396-410: Is born; twins are rare. When a domesticated mare foals, she nurses the foal for at least four to six months before it is weaned , though mares in the wild may allow a foal to nurse for up to a year. The estrous cycle , also known as "season" or "heat" of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. As the days shorten, most mares enter an anestrus period during

440-487: Is day. P fr can also be converted back to P r by a process known as dark reversion, where long periods of darkness trigger the conversion of P fr . This is important in regards to plant flowering. Experiments by Halliday et al. showed that manipulations of the red-to far-red ratio in Arabidopsis can alter flowering. They discovered that plants tend to flower later when exposed to more red light, proving that red light

484-472: Is inhibitory to flowering. Other experiments have proven this by exposing plants to extra red-light in the middle of the night. A short-day plant will not flower if light is turned on for a few minutes in the middle of the night and a long-day plant can flower if exposed to more red-light in the middle of the night. Cryptochromes are another type of photoreceptor that is important in photoperiodism. Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain

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528-440: Is largely believed to be evolutionary baggage . . Human birth rate varies throughout the year, and the peak month of births appears to vary by latitude. Seasonality in human birth rate appears to have largely decreased since the industrial revolution. Photoperiodism has also been demonstrated in other organisms besides plants and animals. The fungus Neurospora crassa as well as the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra and

572-416: Is present during the day) converts phytochrome to its active form (P fr ) which then stimulates various processes such as germination, flowering or branching. In comparison, plants receive more far-red in the shade, and this converts phytochrome from P fr to its inactive form, P r , inhibiting germination. This system of P fr to P r conversion allows the plant to sense when it is night and when it

616-400: Is the change of day length around the seasons. The rotation of the earth around its axis produces 24 hour changes in light (day) and dark (night) cycles on earth. The length of the light and dark in each phase varies across the seasons due to the tilt of the earth around its axis. The photoperiod defines the length of the light, for example a summer day the length of light could be 16 hours while

660-429: Is the field of endurance riding , which requires horses to be 60 true calendar months old (5 years) before competing at longer distances. Fillies are sexually mature by age two and are sometimes bred at that age, but generally should not be bred until they have stopped growing, usually by age four or five. A healthy, well-managed mare can produce a foal every year into her twenties, though not all breeders will breed

704-560: Is the national drink of Kyrgyzstan . Some mares, usually of draft horse breeding, are kept in North America for the production of their urine. Pregnant mares' urine is the source of the active ingredient in the hormonal drug Premarin (derived from Pre gnant ma res' u rin e). Until the invention of castration , and even later where there was less cultural acceptance of castration, mares were less difficult to manage than stallions and thus preferred for most ordinary work. Historically,

748-620: The Bedouin nomads of the Arabian Peninsula preferred mares on their raids, because stallions would nicker to the opposing camps' horses, whereas mares would be quiet. However, other cultures preferred male horses over mares either due to a desire for more aggressive behavior in a fighting animal, or to not be inconvenienced with a loss of work ability due to a mare's pregnancy, parturition and lactation . The word mare , meaning "female horse", took several forms before A.D. 900. In Old English

792-432: The canary depends on the photoperiod. In the spring, when the photoperiod increases (more daylight), the male canary's testes grow. As the testes grow, more androgens are secreted and song frequency increases. During autumn, when the photoperiod decreases (less daylight), the male canary's testes regress and androgen levels drop dramatically, resulting in decreased singing frequency. Not only is singing frequency dependent on

836-695: The 1980s, the Nelsonville exchange was eliminated, and new additions were added to the Amherst building. A new cable television was formed. By mid-decade, there were around 3,000 access lines, 90% of which were buried. In 1999, Fire hit the main Amherst Telephone office in Amherst. The disaster knocked out only 20% of customers due to a backup system. In 2018, Amherst Telephone Company now called Amherst Communications continues to expand its Fiber to Home service in neighboring communities, adding hundreds of homes to

880-590: The Wiktionary entry for морь includes a comparison to possibly related words for horse in Korean, Manchu, Chinese (馬/马 mǎ), Japanese (うま uma), and old formal Arabic is Mahrمهر One possible derived term is a mare's nest , an expression for "excitement over something which does not exist". The term nightmare , is not directly connected etymologically with the word for female horse, but rather to homophones that meant "incubus" or "goblin". Photoperiod Photoperiod

924-474: The bond between a mare and her foal "occurs during the first few hours post-partum , but that of the foal to the mare takes place over a period of days". Mares are considered easier to handle than stallions . Some equestrians consider mares to be more difficult to handle than geldings. The results of a study by the Sydney School of Veterinary Science suggested that women riders have gendered assumptions about

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968-407: The circadian clock to light. It has been found that both cryptochrome and phytochrome abundance relies on light and the amount of cryptochrome can change depending on day-length. This shows how important both of the photoreceptors are in regards to determining day-length. Modern biologists believe that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light during

1012-428: The dark is 8 hours, whereas a winter day the length of day could be 8 hours, whereas the dark is 16 hours. Importantly, the seasons are different in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere. Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of light or a dark period. It occurs in plants and animals . Plant photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to

1056-485: The daytime, with the rhythms of the circadian clock that allows plants to measure the length of the night. Other than flowering, photoperiodism in plants includes the growth of stems or roots during certain seasons and the loss of leaves. Artificial lighting can be used to induce extra-long days. Long-day plants flower when the night length falls below their critical photoperiod. These plants typically flower during late spring or early summer as days are getting longer. In

1100-403: The earth orbits the sun. In 1920, W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard published their discoveries on photoperiodism and felt it was the length of daylight that was critical, but it was later discovered that the length of the night was the controlling factor. Photoperiodic flowering plants are classified as long-day plants or short-day plants even though night is the critical factor because of

1144-851: The form was mīere , mere or mȳre , the feminine forms for mearh (horse). The Old German form of the word was Mähre . Similarly, in Irish and Gaelic , the word was marc , in Welsh , march , in Cornish "margh", and in Breton marc'h . The word is "said to be of Gaulish origin." It is said by some writers to derive from Proto-Germanic * marhijō ("female horse"), from Proto-Germanic marhaz ("horse"), from Proto-Indo-European * markos ("horse"). The word has no known cognates beyond Germanic and Celtic . However, an interesting hypothesis links these Indo-European words to Mongolian морь (mori, horse). In addition,

1188-628: The harshest part of the year, a time when it would be most difficult for the foal to survive. However, for most competitive purposes, foals are given an official "birthday" of January 1 (August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere ), and many breeders want foals to be born as early in the year as possible. Therefore, many breeding farms begin to put mares "under lights" in late winter in order to bring them out of anestrus early and allow conception to occur in February or March. One exception to this general rule

1232-483: The herd will move and to where. The herd stallion usually brings up the rear and acts as a defender of the herd against predators and other stallions. Mares are used in every equestrian sport and usually compete equally with stallions and geldings in most events, though some competitions may offer classes open only to one sex of horse or another, particularly in breeding or "in-hand" conformation classes. In horse racing , mares and fillies have their own races and only

1276-425: The initial misunderstanding about daylight being the controlling factor. Along with long-day plants and short-day plants, there are plants that fall into a "dual-day length category". These plants are either long-short-day plants (LSDP) or short-long-day plants (SLDP). LSDPs flower after a series of long days followed by short days whereas SLDPs flower after a series of short days followed by long days. Each plant has

1320-442: The largest Wisconsin-based fiber optic transport network in the state. Additional partners include: Airstream and Midwest Video Solutions, help provide for high bandwidth, high speed video and data capabilities. Mare A mare is an adult female horse or other equine . In most cases, a mare is a female horse over the age of three, and a filly is a female horse three and younger. In Thoroughbred horse racing ,

1364-557: The light input through the RHT and by innate circadian rhythms . This hormonal signal, combined with outputs from the SCN inform the rest of the body about the time of day, and the length of time that melatonin is secreted is how the time of year is perceived. Many mammals, particularly those inhabiting temperate and polar regions, exhibit a remarkable degree of seasonality in response to changes in daylight hours(photoperiod). This seasonality manifests in

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1408-490: The night lengths exceed their critical photoperiod. They cannot flower under short nights or if a pulse of artificial light is shone on the plant for several minutes during the night; they require a continuous period of darkness before floral development can begin. Natural nighttime light, such as moonlight or lightning, is not of sufficient brightness or duration to interrupt flowering. Short-day plants flower as days grow shorter (and nights grow longer) after September 21st in

1452-452: The northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year (summer solstice) is on or about 21 June. After that date, days grow shorter (i.e. nights grow longer) until 21 December (the winter solstice ). This situation is reversed in the southern hemisphere (i.e., longest day is 21 December and shortest day is 21 June). Some long-day obligate plants are: Some long-day facultative plants are: Short-day (also called long-night) plants flower when

1496-533: The northern hemisphere, which is during summer or fall. The length of the dark period required to induce flowering differs among species and varieties of a species. Photoperiodism affects flowering by inducing the shoot to produce floral buds instead of leaves and lateral buds. Some short-day facultative plants are: Day-neutral plants, such as cucumbers , roses , tomatoes , and Ruderalis ( autoflowering cannabis ) do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism. Instead, they may initiate flowering after attaining

1540-432: The photoperiod but the song repertoire is also. The long photoperiod of spring results in a greater song repertoire. Autumn's shorter photoperiod results in a reduction in song repertoire. These behavioral photoperiod changes in male canaries are caused by changes in the song center of the brain. As the photoperiod increases, the high vocal center (HVC) and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) increase in size. When

1584-429: The photoperiod decreases, these areas of the brain regress. In mammals, daylength is registered in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is informed by retinal light-sensitive ganglion cells , which are not involved in vision. The information travels through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). In most species the hormone melatonin is produced by the pineal gland only during the hours of darkness, influenced by

1628-426: The relative lengths of light and dark periods. They are classified under three groups according to the photoperiods: short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants. In animals photoperiodism (sometimes called seasonality) is the suite of physiological changes that occur in response to changes in day length. This allows animals to respond to a temporally changing environment associated with changing seasons as

1672-527: The resizing of organs. In insects , sensitivity to photoperiod has been proven to be initiated by photoreceptors located in the brain. Photoperiod can affect insects at different life stages, serving as an environmental cue for physiological processes such as diapause induction and termination, and seasonal morphs. In the water strider Aquarius paludum , for instance, photoperiod conditions during nymphal development have been shown to trigger seasonal changes in wing frequency and also induce diapause, although

1716-483: The service area every year through expansion into the under-served countryside. Amherst Communications has made improvements to their network. They have buried their lines for less storm damage and more reliability. They have grown from party lines to private service, analog service to digital service and upgraded from copper wire to fiber-optic cable . They partner with WIN ( Wisconsin Independent Network ),

1760-459: The suitability of mares, geldings and stallions for different disciplines and for different riders and chose different and more negative descriptors for the behavior of mares. This is despite an absence of scientific data confirming the assumptions. This may be significant for the handling and welfare of mares. In wild herds, a "boss mare" or "lead mare" leads the band to grazing, to water, and away from danger. She eats and drinks first, decides when

1804-451: The threshold critical day lengths for the determination of both traits diverged by about an hour. In Gerris buenoi , another water strider species, photoperiod has also been shown to be the cause of wing polyphenism , although the specific daylengths changed between species, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity in response to photoperiod has evolved even between relatively closely related species. The singing frequency of birds such as

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1848-456: The whole community, and many local youths had fun riding her carriage to social gatherings. A car was hired to help her in 1920, but she was often still needed due to the poor roads, which were piled high with snow in the winter. In 1907, A connection was made with the Bell System . In 1908, 90.5 miles (145.6 km) of line were laid, 233 telephones distributed and 200 shares bought. The line

1892-401: The winter and thus do not cycle in this period. The reproductive cycle in a mare is controlled by the photoperiod (length of the day), the cycle first triggered when the days begin to lengthen. As the days shorten, the mare returns to the anestrus period when she is not sexually receptive. Anestrus prevents the mare from conceiving in the winter months, as that would result in her foaling during

1936-570: Was built to Custer and Polonia , and a switchboard was installed in the Lukasavitz home. In 1925, Amherst Telephone purchased the Nelsonville and Rosholt exchanges with 400 subscribers. This merger almost doubled the number of telephones in the network. In 1930, The Great Depression arrived. During the coming years the company lost half of its subscribers due in large part to economic hardships. In 1935, The Custer exchange closed. In 1955,

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