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63-601: The roots of tribal bellydance are accredited to Jamila Salimpour ,. She fostered a fusion of costumes and folkloric dances styles from the Middle East, North African, Spain, and India (such as the Banjara of Rajasthan ). Salimpour teaches and performs along the West Coast of North America. Using traditional folkloric dance elements and costumes inspired by traditional and ethnographic traditions, she presented on stage through Bal Anat,

126-405: A chorus provides a moving back-drop while the featured duet, trio, or quartet is one focus. Dancers take turns coming out of the chorus in duets, trios, and quartets because if, for example, five dancers were to come out into formation, the view of the leader is less effective. Groups of five or more are generally used toward specific formations to improve this site-line. The principal dancers and

189-460: A colorful company of musicians, singers, and dancers to create a "souk" or "almost-circus" feel. Adapting from native dancers from Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon dancers in the United States, she catalogued "belly dance movement", creating the foundation for Tribal Style and American Tribal Style repertoire. Jamila's Bal Anat "paved the way for others to use a fusion of dances of

252-417: A common origin, with the theories that suggest otherwise reflecting the systemic bias of 19th-century British ethnographers who were keen to create simple classifications. Laxman Satya states that "Their status as Banjaras was circumscribed by the colonial state disregarding the rich diversity that existed among various groups". Although not referred to as Banjara until the 16th century, Habib believes that

315-564: A decorative belt, often with tassels, coins, and/or medallions; and oxidized silver jewelry. The jewelry commonly originates from Central Asia, from any number of nomadic tribes or empires (e.g., Kuchi , Turkoman , Rajasthan ), and is often large and set with semi-precious stones or, mass-produced, glass. Makeup usually focuses on a dark eye and red lip, and a 'bindi' can be used if appropriate. Some dancers "tattoo" their faces with kohl or kajal .[8] Some dancers perform barefoot, others perform in shoes or sandals. I speak for my troupe in terms of

378-489: A mainly red material, means that they are worn for months between careful launderings. The practice of paying a bride price to the girl's father traditionally applies on betrothal, which is a community celebration, although the payment of a dowry by the bride's family is becoming evident. The value of this transaction is set by the gor panchayat and is now a monetary figure. It was traditionally eleven rupees and either four bullocks or one bullock and three cattle, unless

441-505: A nomadic lifestyle on a seasonal basis to supplement their income. They also retained common traits among their exogamous clans, including strict tribal endogamy , use of the Gor-Boli language, referencing themselves as Gor , settling in tanda groups, using tribal councils called gor panchayats to resolve disputes and, in the case of women, dressing in traditional clothing. However, the men have largely given up their traditional attire of

504-624: A non-Afghan race, and claims the Kochis were natives of northern Afghan region, and that during many years of invasion such as Genghis Khan and Timur , they escaped south. Kochis have been identified by the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan as one of the largest vulnerable populations in the country. As Afghanistan's population grows, competing claims over summer pastures, both for rainfed cultivation and for grazing of

567-467: A result, the northern ethnic groups ( Hazara , Tajiks , Uzbeks and Turkmens ) have a long-standing distrust of the Kochi. This political dispute has been deepened over the decades of Kochi transhumance , whereby some Kochis became absentee landlords in their summer areas in the north through customary seizure procedures to attach debtors' land. However, the Kochis themselves see the northern minority groups as

630-546: A significant aspect of the Banjara identity. Lambani women specialise in lepo embroidery, which involves stitching pieces of mirror, decorative beads, and coins onto clothes. Sandur Lambani embroidery is a type of textile embroidery unique to the tribe in Sanduru , Bellary district, Karnataka. It has obtained a GI tag . Banjaras celebrate a festival called Seetala , usually during the month of June or July, during which they pray for

693-405: A white dhoti (skirt) and a red turban, along with the wearing of earrings, finger rings, and kanadoro (silver strings worn around the waist). Aside from retaining their practice of endogamy, Naik records of Banjara customs in 1990s Andhra Pradesh that they follow forms of marriage that include monogamy . Widows are allowed to remarry, and divorce is accepted, provided it has the consent of

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756-577: Is Gor Mati or Gormati , meaning "own people". Motiraj Rathod believes that the community became known as banjara from around the fourteenth century AD and previously had some association with the Laman , who claim a 3,000-year history. Irfan Habib believes the origin of banjara lies in the Sanskrit word variously rendered as vanij , vanik , and banik , as does the name of the Bania caste , which historically

819-415: Is credited with the dance style bearing the name "tribal belly-dance". She registered American Tribal Style Belly-dance, and for decades, Carolena grew her format, then brought her adaptations to mainstream through videos, compilations, performances, and workshops. Dancers inspired by Carolena's work with ATS created offshoots of the style, some re-taining stylistic elements of ATS while others evolved far from

882-434: Is made, before her father agrees to the advice given by his naik and village elders. Horoscopes are consulted and information gleaned regarding the boy's prospects. Sometimes, the arrangement is made earlier and may even be solemnised with a betrothal ceremony, called a sagai , but the girl will remain in the household until she attains puberty. When agreement is reached and both sides make a promise to that effect in front of

945-424: Is not the name for experimental. It actually defines this style." - Carolena Nericco, founder of FatChanceBellyDance Style (formerly ATS) in the podcast interview with Alicia Free American Tribal Style belly dance's movements are inspired by folkloric dances of the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, and India. ATS is a method of improvisational choreography, using a physical vocabulary of movements and cues allowing

1008-401: Is then consumed by the men in the form of liquor. The one religious function in which the women are paramount is the preparations for marriage, a ceremony that usually takes place in the house of the bride's family. It is the men who also perform political functions, settling disputes, and dealing with other problems through the gor panchayat . Any matter that involves a woman is dealt with by

1071-577: The Afghanistan Constitution (Article 14) aimed at improving the welfare of Kochis, including provisions for housing, representation, and education. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees , before the 30 years of war, Kochis owned 30 per cent of the country's goats and sheep and most of the camels for years, and they were largely responsible for the supply of slaughter animals , wool , ghee and quroot to

1134-747: The Central Provinces , the Banjaras had a monopoly on the movement of salt prior to the arrival of the East India Company . More generally, they also traded in cattle, moving the beasts around the country's bazaars, and they rented out their carts. Although some older sources have suggested that they did not use credit, Habib's analysis of historic sources suggests that they did and that some were reliant on it. The peripatetic nature of Banjara life significantly affected their societal behaviours. Satya states that it generated tremendous diversity within

1197-568: The Ghilji Pashtuns . In the southern, western and northern regions of Afghanistan they are also referred to at times as maldar ( Pashto : مالدار maldar , "herd-owner"), or Powindah . Some of the most notable Ghilji Kochi tribes include the Kharoti , Niazi , Andar , Akakhel and nasar Ahmadzai . In the Pashto language , the terms are کوچۍ Kochai (singular) and کوچیان Kochian (plural). In

1260-551: The Persian language , کوچی "Kochi" and "Kochiha" are the singular and plural forms (respectively). The National Multi-sectoral Assessment of Kochi in 2004 estimated that there are about 2.4 million Kochis in Afghanistan, with around 1.5 million (60%) remaining fully nomadic; over 100,000 have been displaced due to natural disasters such as flood and drought in the past few years. The nomads and semi-nomads, generally called Kuchi in Afghanistan, mostly keep sheep and goats. The produce of

1323-485: The arrival of the railways and improved roads. Some tried to work the forests for wood and produce, some settled as farmers, and others turned to crime. Earlier than this, there had been British people who considered them to be undesirable because of their role in passing messages and weapons to armies as they went about their travels, and there was also a general trend among the British to treat criminality as something that

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1386-542: The gor panchayat , the boy's family distributes liquor, betel leaves, and nuts for the tanda and the girl's family. She is presented with a full set of traditional dress upon marriage, which is made by her mother. Women's dress varies according to marital status, as does their ornamentation. Although the ornamentation was once made of ivory and silver, reduced economic circumstances have caused it to be made of plastic and aluminium. The extremely elaborate nature of their dresses, comprising glass pieces, beads, and seashells on

1449-411: The gor panchayat . Marriages are usually between people who live fairly close together, within the same taluka , or, occasionally, district . The exception to this is the relatively rare occasion when the man has some education, in which case it is becoming more common to see them making arrangements that involve a longer distance. It is the boys' fathers who initiate marriage proposals, usually when

1512-469: The ATS-specific formations and cues. ATS is characterized by costumes inspired by Middle Eastern, Indian, and North African traditions and cultures. They often comprise skirts over pantaloons; a short choli top to emphasize the naked midriff under a brassiere decorated with coins and textiles; a decorative headband, turban, and/or hair flowers and other decorations; hip scarves with yarn, tassels, or fringe;

1575-561: The Banjara community has been listed as a Scheduled Tribe in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Odisha. They were designated as an Other Backward Class in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan, and as a Scheduled Caste in Karnataka, Delhi, and Punjab. Notes Citations Bibliography Kuchi Kochis or Kuchis ( Pashto : کوچۍ Kuchis ) are pastoral nomads belonging primarily to

1638-469: The Banjara society in terms of language, customs, beliefs and practices. It developed in them a rather casual, unorthodox, and open attitude towards religion, family, and women. Many of the practices which were prohibited in the mainstream orthodox Hindu society were freely practised in the Banjara community. Movement of goods around the country meant that the Banjaras had to be, and were, trusted by merchants, moneylenders, and traders. Any disruption caused by

1701-640: The Banjaras. Colonial British administrators quote his stories, place him in the 19th century, and identify his original name as Siva Rathor. Although the Banjaras were traditionally a migratory people, each year, they historically settled in fixed-village accommodations during the monsoon months of June—August. Although the introduction of modern modes of transport largely made the community redundant from their traditional occupation, forcing them into economic distress from which they sought relief by turning to agriculture and other unskilled labour, according to V. Sarveswara Naik, as recently as 1996, many still retained

1764-480: The Middle East and North Africa as inspiration for their version of belly-dancing." In the 1970s, a former student of Salimpour, Masha Archer, taught and directed a troupe known as San Francisco Classic Dance Company. Archer blended the diverse elements of Bal Anat into a single cohesive dance style she styled as "belly-dance" as some of the earliest fusion belly-dance in the Americas. Archer's student Carolena Nerriccio

1827-639: The Roma Gypsies and the Banjara Lambanis". Author B. G. Halbar has stated that most nomadic communities believe that they are descended from Rajput ancestry. They claim that during the Mughal empire , they retreated to the forests and vowed to return only when the foreign influence had gone. According to Halbar, they appear to be of mixed ethnicity, possibly originating in north-central India. Irfan Habib writes that their constituent groups may not in fact share

1890-497: The animals (meat, dairy products, hair and wool) is exchanged or sold in order to purchase grain, vegetables, fruit and other products of settled life. In this way an extensive network of exchange has developed along the main routes annually followed by the nomads. The merchant Powindah (Ghilji) [or Ghilzai] Pashtuns used to move annually from the Afghanistan mountains to the valley of the Indus. These long-distance migrations were stopped in

1953-408: The child reaches the age of 18 and is considered capable of running an independent household. Women and girls, including the prospective bride, have no say in the matter, but the father takes advice from the naik of his tanda and from close relatives. The girls are usually prepared for this arranged marriage from the onset of puberty, and their parents will make a show of resistance when a proposal

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2016-469: The chorus function improvisationally. Formations for the principal dancers and the chorus are formalized in the ATS format to maximize dancer visibility to spectators while maximizing group visibility of the leader. In most traditional ATS formations, the leader is left with followers behind and to the right. Dancers angle their bodies to the left to be able to read the leader's cues. Similar rules apply for members of

2079-433: The chorus; their leader is left. While dancers face each other in a circle, the lead is "neutral"; the next movement can be initiated by any dancer in the circle. Thus, maintaining eye contact is important each time dancers are in a circle. The cues and formations are the foundation of group improvisational dance. They allow the dancers to move together without choreography. Other troupes create formal choreography while using

2142-735: The class". In the 19th century, and despite some British officials such as Thurston praising their trustworthiness as carriers, the British colonial authorities brought the community under the purview of the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 . Edward Balfour wrote in his On the migratory tribes of natives in Central India (1843) that the reduction in the number of wars by that time had contributed to their economic deprivation, while East India Company encroachment on monopolies such as salt also affected them. Many also lost their work as carriers due to

2205-432: The dancers to improvise while dancing. This dance vocabulary allows ATS dancers from different regions to collaborate from their first meeting. American Tribal Style belly-dancers use finger cymbals or zils , focusing on the group instead of solo performance. There are two families of movements: slow movements and fast movements. Zils are worn but usually not played while performing "slow movements". However, for example, if

2268-639: The early 1960s when the border with Afghanistan and Pakistan were closed, but many Kuchis are still allowed to cross as border officials recognize the Kuchi migrations which occur seasonally and allow them to pass even in times of political turmoil. In recent decades, migrations inside Afghanistan continue, although trucks are now often being used to transport livestock and family from one place to another. Kochis historically abstained from politics, because they are nomadic, but under Afghanistan's constitution, they were given ten seats in parliament. Provisions are written into

2331-852: The evolution of costuming style. My teacher, Masha, encouraged us to wear a choli and pantaloons, a fringe shawl, lots of big, chunky jewelry, and a headdress or some sort of embellished hair worn 'up'. Our coin bras were optional. Early versions of FCBD used that format, then dancers evolved into other pieces such as skirts and tassel belts. We eventually standardized our look to be choli, bra, pantaloons, skirt, shawl and/or tassel belt, headdress, and lots of jewelry. "American Tribal Style Make-Up And Costuming," an interview with Carolena Nericcio by Sheri Waldrop Banjara The Banjara are nomadic tribes found in India. The Gor usually refer to themselves as Banjaras and outsiders as Kor , but this usage does not extend outside their own community. A related usage

2394-413: The family and community. She should not refer to her husband by name but with a respectful word Gharwalo who leads the family. Her speech is low and submissive in front of their men in the community. Women consider the men as wise because they have the ability to learn many things. It is the responsibility of men to learn many skills. The women have to follow the path as directed by their men. As of 2008,

2457-410: The family's cattle and with work in the crop fields. A Banjara wife is subservient to her husband and is expected to perform daily tasks for her parents-in-law. While she and her husband live with her parents-in-law, she is also subservient to her mother-in-law. This period of co-habitation with the extended family usually lasts until the husband has helped to arrange the marriages of his brothers. Once

2520-569: The featured duet trio or quartet are dancing to a Moroccan 6 rhythm, members of the chorus may accompany them through playing their zils. During "fast movements", the zils are played. One common rhythm played on the dancer's zils is the right-left-right pattern. Certain "fast" movements require the dancers and chorus to play the military zil pattern. Infrequently-played patterns include the Moroccan 6; some troupes experiment with 9/8 Turkish rhythm. ATS features call-and-answer interspersed with solos. Often,

2583-424: The gang would take care of their families. Poor, mostly illiterate and unskilled, the Banjaras were also resistant to improvement through education, which the British felt left no recourse other than tight control through policing. Their reputation for misdeeds persisted into the early twentieth century. The status of the Banjaras as a designated criminal tribe continued until after the independence of India , when

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2646-464: The grazing of their livestock along the trade routes was tolerated, because the same beasts provided manure to fertilise the land. However, many Europeans historically thought the Banjaras to be similar to Gypsies , although this was unjustified, as there were significant differences. Habib writes that "Superstitions of all kinds, including suspected witch killings and sacrifices, reinforced the Gypsy image of

2709-413: The groom's family was particularly wealthy. The marriage is usually arranged for a time when there is little work, so the months of April and May are common, as they fall just after the harvest period. Banjara families prefer to have both sons and daughters. The son is considered necessary, because they are a patrilineal society, while at least one daughter is deemed desirable, because she can look after

2772-559: The hills, including tobacco and grass. Some traded in specific goods, such as the Labana (salt), Multani (grain), and Mukeri (wood and timber). One common Banjara practice in Berar before the British colonial period was the movement of cotton out of the region and then a return journey with produce, salt, spices, and similar consumptibles into the region. In that area, the Deccan Plateau and

2835-405: The husband is free of his obligation to his brothers, his wife will apply pressure to achieve a separation from the joint household, which grants her a measure of independence, although she remains economically reliant upon her husband. The separating of the households leads to the husband receiving some property from his parents, such as land, livestock, and money, but as it is a patrilineal society,

2898-447: The inland regions of India, for which they used boats, carts, camels, oxen, donkeys, and sometimes the relatively scarce horse, hence controlling a large section of trade and economy. The mode of transport depended upon the terrain. For example, camels and donkeys were better suited to the highlands, which carts could not negotiate, while oxen were able to progress better through wet lowland areas. Their prowess in negotiating thick forests

2961-469: The men, and it is a man who represents her interests, an example being the dealings for marriage proposals, which always require the consent of the gor panchayat . If a woman leaves her husband and the marital abode, then that, too, is a matter to be judged by the men. V. Sarveswara Naik, herself a Banjara, wrote in 1983 that for Banjara women in Andhra Pradesh, Her activities are restricted within

3024-560: The name is altered to banijagaru . A survey conducted in 1968 by the All India Banjara Seva Sangh, a caste association, recorded 27 synonyms and 17 subgroups. According to author J. J. Roy Burman, Banjaras have settled across Rajasthan and other parts of India. Together with the Bhopa , Domba , and Kalbelia , they are sometimes called the "gypsies of India". D. B. Naik has said that "There are so many cultural similarities in

3087-562: The national economy. Kochis were also favored by the Kings of Afghanistan, who were themselves ethnic Pashtuns, since the late 1880s. They were awarded " firman ," or royal proclamations, granting them use of summer pastures all over Afghanistan including the northern parts of the country. During the Taliban era, Kochis were a main factor and supporter of the Taliban and their leader Mullah Omar . As

3150-492: The needs of armies, whose movements naturally followed the same trade and caravan routes. The Duke of Wellington used them for that purpose in his campaign against the Maratha Confederacy around the late 1790s, and Jahangir , a Mughal emperor who reigned in the early seventeenth century, described them as a fixed class of people, who possess a thousand oxen, or more or less, varying in numbers. They bring grain from

3213-544: The original. 2021, Tribal Style represents everything from folkloric-inspired dances (such as Bal Anat) to a fusion of ancient dance techniques from India, the Middle East, Spain, and Africa. Tribal Style covers many flavors of American Belly-Dance, folklorically inspired and fusion and cross-over styles, each exploring modern, jazz, dance theatre, and slum with belly-dance, as well as fusion with traditional classical ethnic dance forms such as Bhangra , Bharata Natyam , Flamenco , Polynesian, and West African Dance . "Tribal

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3276-424: The parents in their old age if the son is too preoccupied in his marriage. Daughters also contribute greatly to the running of the family unit prior to their own marriage and are prized by their mothers for that reason, being trained in various domestic tasks that benefit both the unit and their future married life. Aside from strictly domestic tasks, they are an economic boon, because they help with herding and grazing

3339-417: The protection of their cattle. During the month of August, they celebrate the festival of Teej , in which young, unmarried girls pray for a good groom. They sow seeds in bamboo bowls and water it three times a day for nine days, and if the sprouts grow "thick and high", it is considered a good omen. During Teej, girls sing and dance around the seedling baskets. Fire dance, Ghumar dance, and Chari dance are

3402-676: The repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act caused them to be classified as one of the Denotified Tribes . As the Banjara language has no script, it is either written in Devanagari or in the script of the local language, such as Telugu or Kannada . Many Banjaras today are bilingual or multilingual, adopting the predominant language of their surroundings, but those that continue to live in areas of dense Banjara population continue to use their traditional language. There have been calls for

3465-584: The royal court chroniclers Ziauddin Barani and Shaikh Nasiruddin documented them operating in the Delhi Sultanate some centuries earlier, around the time of the rule of Alauddin Khalji . Halbar dates things earlier, suggesting that Dandin , a Sanskrit writer who lived in the 6th century, refers to them but, again, not by name. Banjaras were historically pastoralists, traders, breeders, and transporters of goods in

3528-417: The settled communities' livestock, have created conflict over land across central and northern Afghanistan. Paying head-count fees for each animal crossing someone else's property is exacting a harsh economic toll on the Kochi way of life, one that is already having to contend with recurrent droughts that are now occurring with increasing frequency. There are communities of Pashtun Kochi origin in other parts of

3591-409: The traditional dance forms of the Banjaras. Banjaras have a sister community of singers known as Dadhis, or Gajugonia. They traditionally travelled from village to village, singing songs to the accompaniment of sarangi . Banjara people are known to worship deities such as Balaji and Jagadamba . They also hold Guru Nanak in great respect. Sevalal , or Sevabhaya, is the most important saint of

3654-465: The traditional language to be recognised in the Constitution of India ; the state of Telangana has introduced two textbooks in the language for primary school children. Banjara art includes performance arts, such as dance and music, as well as folk and plastic arts, such as rangoli , textile embroidery, tattooing , and painting. Banjara embroidery and tattooing are especially prized and also form

3717-427: The villages to the towns and also accompany armies. With an army, there may at least be a hundred thousand oxen, or more. Some Banjara subgroups engaged in trading specific goods, but most traded anything that might make them money —the range was vast, encompassing plains produce such as oilseed, sugarcane, opium, fruits and flowers, forest products (for example, gums, chironji , mahua , berries, honey), and items from

3780-416: The wife has nothing. Banjara men take the lead in religious festivals, with women playing a subsidiary role. The men sing the devotional songs and perform the temple rituals, but it is the women who do most of the singing and dancing. Women are also expected to work with men when groups enact performances in front of non-Banjara audiences to raise money for the celebration of festivals, but most of that money

3843-537: Was India's "pre-eminent" trading community. However, according to B. G. Halbar, the word banjara is derived from the Sanskrit vana chara . The group is known by different names in different parts of the country, including Gor Banjara, Baladiya, Gor, Gour Rajput, Rajput Banjara, Ladaniya, Labana, Nayak, etc. Despite the community adopting a multitude of languages, banjara is used throughout India, although in Karnataka ,

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3906-449: Was normal among communities without fixed abode. They were sometimes associated by the British with the Thugee and by the 1830s had gained some notoriety for committing crimes such as roadside robbery, cattle lifting, and theft of grain or other property. The women took a leading role in such criminality, led by the headman of the gang, and if someone was convicted, then the other members of

3969-402: Was particularly prized. They often travelled in groups for protection, this tanda being led by an elected headman, variously described as a muqaddam , nayak , or naik . Such tandas usually comprised carriage of one specific product and thus were essentially a combined trade operation. They could be huge assemblies, some being recorded as comprising 190,000 beasts, and they also serviced

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