Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a land vehicle , including cars , motorcycles , trucks , and buses . A driver's permission to drive on public highways is granted based on a set of conditions being met, and drivers are required to follow the established road and traffic laws in the location they are driving. The word "driving" has etymology dating back to the 15th century. Its meaning has changed from primarily driving working animals in the 15th century to automobiles in the 1800s. Driving skills have also developed since the 15th century, with physical, mental and safety skills being required to drive. This evolution of the skills required to drive have been accompanied by the introduction of driving laws which relate not only to the driver but also to the driveability of a car.
68-458: Top Gear is an American motoring television series, based on the BBC series of the same name . The show's presenters were professional racing driver Tanner Foust , actor and comedian Adam Ferrara , and automotive and racing analyst Rutledge Wood . As with the original British version, the show has its own version of The Stig , an anonymous racing driver, and a celebrity guest is featured each week for
136-649: A Benz Patent-Motorwagen from Mannheim to Pforzheim , Germany. Driving requires both physical and mental skills, as well as an understanding of the rules of the road. In many countries, drivers must pass practical and theoretical driving tests to obtain a driving license. Physical skills required for driving include proper hand placement, gear shifting, pedal operation, steering , braking , and operation of ancillary devices. Mental skills involve hazard awareness, decision-making, evasive maneuvering, and understanding vehicle dynamics . Distractions , altered states of consciousness , and certain medical conditions can impair
204-834: A certificate that proves the vehicle is safe and roadworthy . Also, it needs to have a minimum of third party insurance . Drivers may be required to take lessons with an approved driving instructor (or are strongly encouraged to do so) and must pass a driving test before being granted a license. Almost all countries allow all adults with good vision and health to apply to take a driving test and, if successful, to drive on public roads. In many countries, even after passing one's driving test, new drivers are initially subject to special restrictions under graduated driver licensing rules. For example, in Australia, novice drivers are required to carry "P" ("provisional") plates, while in New Zealand it
272-521: A locomobile , to the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire in the United States to generate publicity for their automobile. The 7.6-mile (12.2 km) journey took over two hours (not counting time to add more water); the descent was accomplished by putting the engine in low gear and much braking. Driving in traffic is more than just knowing how to operate the mechanisms which control
340-588: A Reasonably Priced Car" (retitled "Big Star, Small Car") segment uses a Suzuki SX4 Sportback. Filming of this segment, along with in-studio segments take place at the former Marine Corps Air Station El Toro , now known as the Orange County Great Park , in Irvine, California . Beginning in season 3, the show changed its emphasis to the hosts' stunts involving car customization, with all studio-based segments, as well as car reviews and Power Laps, discarded from
408-606: A driver's mental skills. Safety concerns in driving include poor road conditions, low visibility, texting while driving , speeding , impaired driving , sleep-deprived driving , and reckless driving . Laws regarding driving, driver licensing , and vehicle registration vary between jurisdictions. Most countries have laws against driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Some countries impose annual renewals or point systems for driver's licenses to maintain road safety. The World Health Organization estimates that 1.35 million people are killed each year in road traffic; it
476-484: A genuinely heated debate about which of the presenters’ cars was best. We were just three ordinary chaps watching a car show and loving it, which is exactly what Top Gear should be. Bring on series 2." In a Facebook post on June 26, 2016, Wood stated his belief that the episode set to air the same week would be the last for the series on History. Top Gear premiered in the US on History on November 21, 2010. On February 10, 2011,
544-684: A sum from selling the initial re-versioning rights. The division works alongside the Sales and Distribution division, which sells the broadcasting rights to completed programmes made by the BBC and other producers – an example being the Red Production Company drama Mine All Mine for the ITV network in 2004. It includes the selling of individual clips through the BBC Motion Gallery to other broadcasters. In
612-581: A traumatic brain injury). Some jurisdictions implement road space rationing , where vehicles are banned from driving on certain days depending on a variety of criteria, most commonly the letters and digits in their vehicle registration plate . A few countries banned women driving in the past. In Oman , women were not allowed to drive until 1970. In Saudi Arabia , women were not issued driving licenses until 2018. Saudi women had periodically staged driving protests against these restrictions and in September 2017,
680-475: A turnover of £1,115.8m. The company had made a profit of £104m on a turnover of £1,085m in the previous financial year. BBC Worldwide's profit rate was 11.2% in 2011/2012, up slightly from 9.6% the previous year, down from a peak of 21.5% in 2002/2003, contrasting with 7.8% in 2003/2004. Historical price conversion as per RPI figures from "Office for National Statistics – Dataset selector" . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . In 2013, BBC Worldwide reorganised
748-428: Is a Suzuki SX4 Sportback. Each guest practices with The Stig before making several attempts to complete the test track in the fastest time. The guest does not learn their time until the interview. Practice laps, crashes and the drivers' facial expressions are also shown during the segment. Note: (wet) means the track was wet when the lap was taken. In 2005, Discovery Channel made a pilot for an American version of
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#1733093528878816-405: Is a high rate of injury and death caused by motor vehicle accidents that involve teenage drivers. There is evidence that the less teenagers drive, the risk of injury drops. There is a lack of evidence as to whether educational interventions to promote active transport and share information about the risks, cost, and stresses involved with driving are effective at reducing or delaying car driving in
884-411: Is called restricted (R). Many U.S. states now issue graduated drivers' licenses to novice minors. While graduated driver licensing rules vary between jurisdictions, typical restrictions include newly licensed minors not being permitted to drive or operate a motorized vehicle at night or with a passenger other than family members, zero blood alcohol, and limited power-to-weight ratio of the vehicle. It
952-423: Is possible for a driver to be suspended or disqualified (banned) from driving, either for a short time or permanently. This is usually in response to a serious traffic offence (for example, causing death due to drink driving), repeated minor traffic offences (for example, accruing too many demerit points for speeding), or for a specific medical condition which prevents driving, pending a future assessment (for example,
1020-620: Is the leading cause of death for people age 5 to 29. The origin of the term driver , as recorded from the 15th century, refers to the occupation of driving working animals , especially pack horses or draft horses . The verb to drive in origin means "to force to move, to impel by physical force". It is first recorded of electric railway drivers in 1889 and of a motor-car driver in 1896. Early alternatives were motorneer , motor-man , motor-driver or motorist . French favors " conducteur " (the English equivalent, " conductor ", being used—from
1088-578: The Top Gear Live tour is a key example of this. The latter creates and sells a variety of consumer products, occasionally as a stake or partnership in another company, including VHS and DVD releases, spoken word and music audio products, CD-ROMs , video games , books and magazines. These commercial activities allow BBC Worldwide to return profits and dividends to the BBC to re-invest in its broadcasting operations. In 2007/08 BBC Worldwide invested £75.1m in in-house and independent programmes commissioned by
1156-499: The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals standardises road signs, traffic lights and road markings to improve safety. The rules of the road, driver licensing and vehicle registration schemes vary considerably between jurisdictions, as do laws imposing criminal responsibility for negligent driving , vehicle safety inspections and compulsory insurance . Most countries also have differing laws against driving while under
1224-472: The influence of alcohol or other drugs . Aggressive driving and road rage have become problems for drivers in some areas. Some countries require annual renewal of the driver's license. This may require getting through another driving test or vision screening test to get recertified. Also, some countries use a points system for the driver's license. Both techniques (annual renewal with tests, points system) may or may not improve road safety compared to when
1292-497: The rules of the road . Driving over a long distance is referred to as a road trip . In many countries, knowledge of the rules of the road, both practical and theoretical, is assessed with a driving test(s), and those who pass are issued with a driving license . A driver must have physical skills to be able to control direction, acceleration, and deceleration. For motor vehicles, the detailed tasks include: Avoiding or successfully handling an emergency driving situation can involve
1360-422: The 1830s—not of the driver but of the person in charge of passengers and collecting fares), while German influenced areas adopted Fahrer (used of coach-drivers in the 18th century, but shortened about 1900 from the compound Kraftwagenfahrer ), and the verbs führen , lenken , steuern —all with a meaning "steer, guide, navigate"—translating to conduire . The world's first long-distance road trip by automobile
1428-547: The BBC confirmed that the series had completed its contractual run on the History channel." In the United Kingdom, the first and second seasons are broadcast on BBC Three . The first season premiered on October 14, 2011, and the second season premiered on January 13, 2012. The second season halted broadcasting on January 27, but continued its run on June 29, 2012. It is broadcast under the name Top Gear USA to avoid confusion with
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#17330935288781496-490: The BBC's commercial activities took place in 2004 and concluded that the sell off of BBC Worldwide's assets would not be as advantageous as keeping the business and driving it harder. Instead, some changes to its remit, focus, structure and governance were made, e.g. that it would only publish titles in the UK linked to BBC programmes or key genres. In 2004, BBC Video merged with Video Collection International to form 2 Entertain , which
1564-523: The British version is known. The British show is produced for the BBC with public funds while the American show airs on commercial television. Leno believes that the show may have to worry about offending current and potential sponsors by giving their products poor reviews, leading to a compromise in the journalistic integrity and freedom of the original show. On December 11, 2008, NBC reversed its decision to place
1632-544: The Saudi government agreed to lift the ban, which went into effect in June 2018. BBC Worldwide BBC Worldwide Ltd. was the wholly owned commercial subsidiary of the BBC , formed out of a restructuring of its predecessor BBC Enterprises in January 1995. The company monetised BBC brands, selling BBC and other British programming for broadcast abroad with the aim of supplementing
1700-469: The UK version's format. NBC was expected to have Top Gear premiere as a midseason replacement in 2009. Jay Leno , who originally turned down offers to host the show, expressed concern in 2008 over whether or not a show like Top Gear could be successful in America. In a column published by The Sunday Times in 2008, Leno expressed concern that an American version could lack the critical reviews for which
1768-476: The US audience. Regular features like "The News" and "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" were not shown on the Discovery Channel version. In April 2007, the BBC was still looking to launch a locally produced version of Top Gear in the United States. NBC announced, in January 2008, that it had ordered a pilot for an American version of the show, retitled Gear . BBC Worldwide had been contracted to produce
1836-452: The USA. In January 2009, it was announced that Ofcom had put forward the recommendation that Channel 4 merge with either the commercial network Five or BBC Worldwide. Channel 4's preferred option of a partnership with the latter was confirmed by chief executive Andy Duncan , who added: "We're in discussions with BBC Worldwide at the moment and they're really very exciting." In the same year,
1904-467: The broadcaster formed a second commercial subsidiary known as BBC Studios , to hold most of the broadcaster's in-house production units (including Factual, Entertainment, Scripted, and Music & Events). In return for the restructuring, which also allows the BBC to produce programmes for competing broadcasters to fund its public services, the BBC agreed to allow BBC Studios and third-parties to bid on tenders to produce its in-house non-news programmes over
1972-593: The brutal response to the first trailer of the History Channel version of the show on the Internet, with YouTube users noting History's version to be an "'insult to the actual Top Gear" among other less favorable comments. Agreeing with the commenters, Heritage notes that US television doesn't have " Jeremy Clarkson , Captain Slow and The Hamster ," but noting the original BBC version isn't exactly "British" per se, and figured
2040-421: The company along geographical, rather than divisional, lines to better serve its audiences around the world and to position itself to take advantage of opportunities in high growth markets. The seven geographic markets are grouped into three regions: North America; UK, Australia and New Zealand; and Global Markets (Asia, CEMA, Latin America and Western Europe). The two global business areas – Content and Brands – set
2108-494: The company had a turnover of £23 million. On 1 April 1986, all commercial activities of the corporation, including BBC Publications, was merged into BBC Enterprises Ltd. In 1991, BBC World Service Television became the first commercially funded BBC broadcasting operation after the Foreign Office refused to pay for it. BBC Enterprises Ltd was subsequently reorganised on 1 January 1995 as BBC Worldwide Ltd . A review of
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2176-542: The company was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in recognition of the companies growth and success. In 2012, the company began to reorganise their divisions from a product based system to a location-based system, resulting in Jana Bennett leaving the company. In 2013, BBC Worldwide sold Lonely Planet to Kentucky billionaire Brad Kelley 's NC2 Media for US$ 75 million (£51.5 million)— significantly less than
2244-403: The division made a loss of £14,000. This was rectified however as the economic situation eased and by 1982, BBC Publications had a trading profit of £4.7 million. BBC Transcription Services licensed BBC Radio material to overseas broadcasters. The selling of television programmes was at first handled in 1958 with the establishment of a business manager post. This gradually expanded until
2312-469: The driver is not continuously or annually evaluated. Car ownership does not require a driver's license at all. As such, even with a withdrawn driver's license , former drivers are still legally allowed to possess a car and thus have access to it. In the USA, between 1993 and 1997 13.8% of all drivers involved in fatal crashes had no driver's license. In some countries (such as the UK), the car itself needs have
2380-431: The entire operations of the company: Channels; Content and Production; Brands, Consumers and New Ventures, Consumer Products and Sales and Distributions. The Channels division was formed in 2005 and is the company's largest generator of revenue and growth. It operates the broadcasting of several international channels and domestic networks: It was also involved with the now defunct: The Content and Production division
2448-554: The establishment of the Television Promotions (later renamed Television Enterprises) department in 1960 under a general manager. In its first year, the department saw the sale of 550 programmes overseas with a turnover of £234,000, with a further 1,200 programmes sold the following year. Radio programmes were only exploited on the same level with the creation of the Radio Enterprises department in 1965. However, following
2516-484: The financial year 2010/11, this division sold the rights to over 74,000 hours worth of television content. The other two divisions of the company deal with the individual programme brands: Global Brands focuses on the international recognition of the brands while the Consumer Products division produces a variety of goods based around these brands. The work of the former includes expanding the brands into new areas –
2584-412: The first Top Gear trailer was published on the web, giving fans a preview on what to expect on the upcoming episodes to be broadcast on the History Channel. In this trailer, new hosts Adam Ferrara , Tanner Foust , and Rutledge Wood were seen participating in a Moonshine Challenge and Tanner Foust also takes a Dodge Viper for a test drive. The first season premiered on November 21, 2010, and as of 2014,
2652-481: The first two seasons, was inspired by the "Star in reasonably priced car" segments on the original Top Gear . During each episode, a celebrity is interviewed by one of the three presenters. Discussion is normally amusing, and focuses on car-related matters, such as the celebrity's car history. Then the presenter and the studio audience watch the guest's fastest lap on the Top Gear test track. The car used for this segment
2720-447: The first two seasons. The show premiered on November 21, 2010, on History . The show's first two seasons follow a similar format of the BBC version: three main hosts present, The Stig (an anonymous race driver) tests vehicles, and celebrities are invited for interviews and to drive vehicles around a test track. In addition, challenges similar in nature to the ones presented in the original show are replicated in Top Gear . The "Star in
2788-492: The following skills: Distractions can compromise a driver's mental skills, as can any altered state of consciousness . One study on the subject of mobile phones and driving safety concluded that, after controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, drivers talking on a phone exhibited greater impairment than drivers who were suffering from alcohol intoxication. In the US "During daylight hours, approximately 481,000 drivers are using cell phones while driving according to
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2856-512: The income received by the BBC through the licence fee . The company merged with BBC Studios on 1 April 2018, to form a new licensing, production, and distribution company under the BBC Studios name. In addition to broadcasting, the BBC has for much of its life also produced additional materials for sale, the profits of which would be returned to the corporation to aid in the financing of these services. The highest profile of these early products
2924-462: The next 11 years. On 29 November 2017, the BBC announced that BBC Worldwide would be merged into BBC Studios in April 2018, which gave the broadcaster an integrated division involved in both the production and sale of programming. In 2013/14, BBC Worldwide generated headline profits of £157.4m and headline sales of £1,042.3m and returned £173.8m to the BBC. In 2012/13, it made a profit of £156.3m on
2992-451: The original UK version . The first season premiered on GO! in Australia on November 26, 2011 whilst season two onward aired on BBC Knowledge , a channel on Australian Pay TV service Foxtel. In Canada, it airs on BBC Canada . In Mexico and Latin America the show broadcasts on History Channel Latino. Before the show started, there was a mixed response to Top Gear being remade for a US audience. Stuart Heritage of The Guardian noted
3060-426: The original, but that the show felt like it was "imported from a 1980s beer commercial." Driving The term "driver" originated in the 15th century, referring to the occupation of driving working animals such as pack or draft horses . It later applied to electric railway drivers in 1889 and motor-car drivers in 1896. The world's first long-distance road trip by automobile was in 1888, when Bertha Benz drove
3128-415: The pilot for NBC. According to NBC reality chief Craig Plestis , many automakers had shown interest in America's version of Top Gear . On June 16, 2008, NBC and the BBC officially announced an American version of Top Gear , to be hosted by Adam Carolla , Tanner Foust and Eric Stromer . The studio segments for the pilot were taped on July 26, 2008 to generally favorable reviews citing close following of
3196-590: The pilot proved to be unsuccessful, the Discovery Channel later began airing a slightly "Americanized" version of the British Top Gear show with presenters Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , and James May . This show featured clips of features and challenges from Series 1–5 from the BBC Two show with introduction segments recorded by Clarkson, Hammond and May at the Dunsfold Aerodrome studio especially for
3264-578: The publication on the National Highway Traffic Safety Association. Another survey indicated that music could adversely affect a driver's concentration." Seizure disorders and Alzheimer's disease are among the leading medical causes of mental impairment among drivers in the United States and Europe. Whether or not physicians should be allowed, or even required, to report such conditions to state authorities, remains highly controversial. Safety issues in driving include: There
3332-522: The retirement of the Radio Enterprises general manager in 1969, the two departments were merged to form the BBC Enterprises department. On 15 May 1979, the department became BBC Enterprises Ltd. , a subsidiary company wholly owned by the BBC. By 1982, the division were expanding with divisions responsible for home video (under the brand BBC Video ), recorded audio (under the brands BBC Records and BBC Cassettes), film and merchanding. At this point
3400-463: The series has been renewed for its fifth season. Commenting on the second season renewal, UK host Jeremy Clarkson noted, "Top Gear is our baby so you can understand why Hammond, May and I were anxious about passing it on to the presenters of the US show. We needn’t have worried because Top Gear is clearly in safe hands, even if they do insist on speaking in those stupid accents. Watching an episode from series 1 with Richard and James, we found ourselves in
3468-524: The series. The first two seasons feature a Power Laps segment in which The Stig completes a lap around the track in a reviewed car to compare its performance to previous contenders. All laps are timed with the car's manufacturer-provided adjustable settings configured for maximum performance — all adjustable suspensions are set at their most efficient, all gear shift maps are at their most aggressive, and driving aids such as traction control are deactivated. Big Star, Small Car , another recurring segment in
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#17330935288783536-453: The show as a midseason replacement, citing concerns about the potential success of a car-themed show in light of the failure of Knight Rider . NBC allowed the BBC to shop it around to cable networks to possibly pick it up. In February 2009, Jeremy Clarkson stated that the American version had been "canned", claiming that focus groups "... just don't understand a single word we're on about. They just don't get it really." On August 6, 2010,
3604-525: The show as a whole, noting, "It's a promising beginning for a show most thought would end up in a ditch." Goodman noted the shaky history of the show being brought over to the US (including Jay Leno 's take on the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car segment for his short-lived show ) and the venom of online comments, to which Goodman replies: "Everyone gets it." Mike Hale of the New York Times had mixed reactions to
3672-424: The show could possibly translate easily if done right. Top Gear premiered at 1.9 million viewers in its first episode, which dropped to 1.3 million viewers after the first episode. The second-season premiere had a viewership of 2 million viewers. Metacritic collected an aggregated score of 72 for season one. The show has received mixed reviews from numerous critics. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter judged
3740-501: The show featuring actor and IHRA driver Bruno Massel , actor John Jenkinson, and actor John Littlefield as the hosts. The attempt was not picked up by the Discovery Channel. The pilot featured Iron Man director Jon Favreau as the Star in a Reasonably Priced Car, a race between Littlefield's 2005 Ford Mustang and Jenkinson's 2005 Dodge Charger R/T , and a review of the Lexus RX 400h . After
3808-437: The show seems worthwhile, but while it won't match up the original BBC version, it was worth to have two versions of Top Gear around. The A.V. Club gave the show an overall rating of C, lamenting that Season One of the series ended with a clip show, and not liking host Adam Ferrara. The review compared both the BBC and History Channel versions, and claimed that History's version borrowed "the graphics, music, and editing...." of
3876-483: The show was renewed for a second season to premiere on November the same year. On May 11, 2012, History renewed Top Gear for a 16 episode third season, which premiered August 14, 2012. The second half of the season premiered January 29, 2013. It was renewed for a fourth season, which started filming April 30, 2013, and premiered on September 3, 2013. The fifth season premiered on June 3, 2014. Its most recent season, Season 6, began airing on April 26, 2016. On June 28, 2016,
3944-406: The show, going from how History's version almost slavishly follows the formula the BBC version uses ("that any subject or concept can appeal to a wide audience if you find the right balance of competition and destruction (the childlike smashing of large objects) with humor, sentiment and pretty locations.") to how the show has gaps between the BBC and History Channel version. Hale had concerns the show
4012-427: The strategic framework and parameters for activities within the regions and keep a close connection into BBC Worldwide's parent, the BBC. Digital is embedded throughout the business. BBC Worldwide was responsible for a wide range of commercial activities, primarily connected in some way with the output and public purposes of the main BBC. In the past, the business was divided into five operating businesses which covered
4080-509: The teenage years. Driveability of a vehicle means the smooth delivery of power, as demanded by the driver. Typical causes of driveability degradation are rough idling , misfiring , surging , hesitation , or insufficient power. Drivers are subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which they are driving. Some jurisdictions submit to some or all of the requirements of the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic of 1949. Additionally,
4148-443: The third episode, viewers should "have the snack tray full and an hour free," and praising the show despite its initial roughness. Chris Shunk, writing for Autoblog , was impressed with the first show, but warned readers to not compare History's version of Top Gear to the BBC version of Top Gear so easily. Also, the show would encourage Autoblog to "keep watching... at least for nine more weeks." Lee Pray of Edmunds Inside Line noted
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#17330935288784216-422: The vehicle; it requires knowing how to apply the rules of the road (which ensure safe and efficient sharing with other users). An effective driver also has an intuitive understanding of the basics of vehicle handling and can drive responsibly. Although direct operation of a bicycle and a mounted animal are commonly referred to as riding , such operators are legally considered drivers and are required to obey
4284-483: The £130.2 million the BBC had paid for the company, at an £80 million loss. In December 2016, BBC Worldwide and ITV plc announced BritBox , an international subscription streaming brand focusing on British television. The service was planned to launch first in the United States in 2017, with AMC Networks as a local partner. In 2017, under revisions to the BBC Charter and subsequent BBC Trust approval,
4352-516: Was 60% owned by BBC Worldwide; the following year the company sold Eve magazine to Haymarket Group and in 2006 the company sold a majority stake in BBC Books to publisher Random House . In 2007, BBC Worldwide purchased a 75% stake in the travel guide publisher Lonely Planet , acquiring the final 25% of the company in 2011. The acquisition was part of the BBC's strategy to grow its online portfolio and to increase its operations in Australia and
4420-540: Was formed in 2006 and invests the company's money into new productions by both the BBC and other independent productions. It also exploits the formats of BBC programmes and alters them to be suitable for an international audience – an example is the exploitation of the Strictly Come Dancing brand to become Dancing with the Stars – maximising revenues by receiving a production fee from the local broadcaster as well as
4488-708: Was in August 1888, when Bertha Benz , wife of Benz Patent-Motorwagen inventor Karl Benz , drove 66 mi (106 km) from Mannheim to Pforzheim , Germany , and returned, in the third experimental Benz motor car, which had a maximum speed of 10 mph (16 km/h), with her two teenage sons Richard and Eugen but without the consent and knowledge of her husband. She had said she wanted to visit her mother, but also intended to generate publicity for her husband's invention, which had only been taken on short test drives before. In 1899, F. O. Stanley and his wife Flora drove their Stanley Steamer automobile, sometimes called
4556-438: Was not translating well, as the History version lacks the "going out of the lines" aspect of the original, and the host lineup for History's version being younger and more callow than the BBC version's hosts. John Krewson of Gawker Media , writing for Jalopnik , encouraged readers to watch the show. Watching the first three episodes of season one, he noted the first episode would be "little strange for most viewers." but towards
4624-435: Was the listings magazine Radio Times , but the net revenue gained from this in 1928 (£93,686, 10 s , 1 d ) only equated to 10% of total BBC income. Prior to 1979, several BBC departments dealt with the exploitation and sale of BBC brands and programmes. BBC Publications, which produced magazines, books and other supplementary materials, had expanded rapidly in the late 1960s but still had difficulties with finances. In 1974,
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