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39-611: The American Gear Manufacturers Association or AGMA is the trade group of companies involved in gears, couplings and related power transmission components and equipment. AGMA was founded in 1916; as of December 30, 2016, there were 456 member companies listed on the association's website . AGMA is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to write all U.S. standards on gearing, including terminology , nominal dimensions, tolerances, and tools for manufacturing and control. In 1993, AGMA became

78-733: A bridge circuit . The cathode-ray oscilloscope works by amplifying the voltage and using it to deflect an electron beam from a straight path, so that the deflection of the beam is proportional to the voltage. A common voltage for flashlight batteries is 1.5 volts (DC). A common voltage for automobile batteries is 12 volts (DC). Common voltages supplied by power companies to consumers are 110 to 120 volts (AC) and 220 to 240 volts (AC). The voltage in electric power transmission lines used to distribute electricity from power stations can be several hundred times greater than consumer voltages, typically 110 to 1200 kV (AC). The voltage used in overhead lines to power railway locomotives

117-430: A capacitor ), and from an electromotive force (e.g., electromagnetic induction in a generator ). On a macroscopic scale, a potential difference can be caused by electrochemical processes (e.g., cells and batteries), the pressure-induced piezoelectric effect , and the thermoelectric effect . Since it is the difference in electric potential, it is a physical scalar quantity . A voltmeter can be used to measure

156-686: A waveguide or in free space via wireless power transfer . Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the 16th century through the Industrial Revolution to the end of the 19th century, mechanical power transmission was the norm. The oldest long-distance power transmission technology involved systems of push-rods or jerker lines ( stängenkunst or feldstängen ) connecting waterwheels to distant mine-drainage and brine-well pumps. A surviving example from 1780 exists at Bad Kösen that transmits power approximately 200 meters from

195-447: A waterwheel to a salt well, and from there, an additional 150 meters to a brine evaporator. This technology survived into the 21st century in a handful of oilfields in the US, transmitting power from a central pumping engine to the numerous pump-jacks in the oil field. Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft ; transmission gears can adjust

234-423: A well-defined voltage between nodes in the circuit, since the electric force is not a conservative force in those cases. However, at lower frequencies when the electric and magnetic fields are not rapidly changing, this can be neglected (see electrostatic approximation ). The electric potential can be generalized to electrodynamics, so that differences in electric potential between points are well-defined even in

273-463: Is a well-defined voltage across the inductor's terminals. This is the reason that measurements with a voltmeter across an inductor are often reasonably independent of the placement of the test leads. The volt (symbol: V ) is the derived unit for electric potential , voltage, and electromotive force . The volt is named in honour of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who invented

312-548: Is affected by thermodynamics. The quantity measured by a voltmeter is the negative of the difference of the electrochemical potential of electrons ( Fermi level ) divided by the electron charge and commonly referred to as the voltage difference, while the pure unadjusted electrostatic potential (not measurable with a voltmeter) is sometimes called Galvani potential . The terms "voltage" and "electric potential" are ambiguous in that, in practice, they can refer to either of these in different contexts. The term electromotive force

351-427: Is between 12 kV and 50 kV (AC) or between 0.75 kV and 3 kV (DC). Inside a conductive material, the energy of an electron is affected not only by the average electric potential but also by the specific thermal and atomic environment that it is in. When a voltmeter is connected between two different types of metal, it measures not the electrostatic potential difference, but instead something else that

390-417: Is defined so that negatively charged objects are pulled towards higher voltages, while positively charged objects are pulled towards lower voltages. Therefore, the conventional current in a wire or resistor always flows from higher voltage to lower voltage. Historically, voltage has been referred to using terms like "tension" and "pressure". Even today, the term "tension" is still used, for example within

429-602: Is one possible means of energy storage . London had a hydraulic network powered by five pumping stations operated by the London Hydraulic Power Company , with a total effect of 5 MW. Pneumatic systems use gasses under pressure to transmit power; compressed air is commonly used to operate pneumatic tools in factories and repair garages. A pneumatic wrench (for instance) is used to remove and install automotive tires far more quickly than could be done with standard manual hand tools. A pneumatic system

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468-547: Is the joule per coulomb , where 1 volt = 1 joule (of work) per 1 coulomb of charge. The old SI definition for volt used power and current ; starting in 1990, the quantum Hall and Josephson effect were used, and in 2019 physical constants were given defined values for the definition of all SI units. Voltage is denoted symbolically by Δ V {\displaystyle \Delta V} , simplified V , especially in English -speaking countries. Internationally,

507-475: Is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a static electric field , it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to move a positive test charge from the first point to the second point. In the International System of Units (SI), the derived unit for voltage is the volt (V) . The voltage between points can be caused by the build-up of electric charge (e.g.,

546-530: Is the intensity of the electric field. In this case, the voltage increase from point A to point B is equal to the work done per unit charge, against the electric field, to move the charge from A to B without causing any acceleration. Mathematically, this is expressed as the line integral of the electric field along that path. In electrostatics, this line integral is independent of the path taken. Under this definition, any circuit where there are time-varying magnetic fields, such as AC circuits , will not have

585-450: Is the sum of the voltage between A and B and the voltage between B and C . The various voltages in a circuit can be computed using Kirchhoff's circuit laws . When talking about alternating current (AC) there is a difference between instantaneous voltage and average voltage. Instantaneous voltages can be added for direct current (DC) and AC, but average voltages can be meaningfully added only when they apply to signals that all have

624-399: Is usually performed with overhead lines as this is the most economical way to do so. Underground transmission by high-voltage cables is chosen in crowded urban areas and in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine connections. Power might also be transmitted by changing electromagnetic fields or by radio waves ; microwave energy may be carried efficiently over short distances by

663-430: The voltaic pile , possibly the first chemical battery . A simple analogy for an electric circuit is water flowing in a closed circuit of pipework , driven by a mechanical pump . This can be called a "water circuit". The potential difference between two points corresponds to the pressure difference between two points. If the pump creates a pressure difference between two points, then water flowing from one point to

702-548: The Secretariat for Technical Committee 60 (TC 60) of ISO . TC 60 is the committee responsible for developing all international gearing standards. In addition to the position of Secretariat, AGMA also chairs one-third of the active ISO Working Groups related to gearing. AGMA hosts the industry's trade show, Gear Expo , every two years. Gear Expo is the only trade show dedicated to the complete gear manufacturing process. The AGMA Fall Technical Meeting provides paper presentations on

741-403: The amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current . Factories were fitted with overhead line shafts providing rotary power . Short line-shaft systems were described by Agricola , connecting a waterwheel to numerous ore-processing machines. While the machines described by Agricola used geared connections from the shafts to

780-413: The circuit are not negligible, then their effects can be modelled by adding mutual inductance elements. In the case of a physical inductor though, the ideal lumped representation is often accurate. This is because the external fields of inductors are generally negligible, especially if the inductor has a closed magnetic path . If external fields are negligible, we find that is path-independent, and there

819-431: The device with respect to a common reference point (or ground ). The voltage drop is the difference between the two readings. Two points in an electric circuit that are connected by an ideal conductor without resistance and not within a changing magnetic field have a voltage of zero. Any two points with the same potential may be connected by a conductor and no current will flow between them. The voltage between A and C

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858-446: The electric field in the region exterior to each component is conservative, and voltages between nodes in the circuit are well-defined, where as long as the path of integration does not pass through the inside of any component. The above is the same formula used in electrostatics. This integral, with the path of integration being along the test leads, is what a voltmeter will actually measure. If uncontained magnetic fields throughout

897-428: The electric field, rather than to differences in electric potential. In this case, the voltage rise along some path P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} from r A {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{A}} to r B {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{B}} is given by: However, in this case the "voltage" between two points depends on

936-455: The ice trade. While not technically power transmission, energy is commonly transported by shipping chemical or nuclear fuels . Possible artificial fuels include radioactive isotopes , wood alcohol , grain alcohol , methane , synthetic gas , hydrogen gas (H 2 ), cryogenic gas , and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Voltage Voltage , also known as (electrical) potential difference , electric pressure , or electric tension

975-590: The latest applied technical research in the gear and power transmission industry. The FTM is held annually at a different location in the United States each year. It is often held in conjunction with the Gear Expo. Power transmission Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time . In SI units: Since the development of technology , transmission and storage systems have been of immense interest to technologists and technology users. With

1014-458: The machinery, by the 19th century, drivebelts would become the norm for linking individual machines to the line shafts. One mid 19th century factory had 1,948 feet of line shafting with 541 pulleys. Hydraulic systems use liquid under pressure to transmit power; canals and hydroelectric power generation facilities harness natural water power to lift ships or generate electricity. Pumping water or pushing mass uphill with ( windmill pumps)

1053-407: The other will be able to do work, such as driving a turbine . Similarly, work can be done by an electric current driven by the potential difference provided by a battery . For example, the voltage provided by a sufficiently-charged automobile battery can "push" a large current through the windings of an automobile's starter motor . If the pump is not working, it produces no pressure difference, and

1092-424: The path taken. In circuit analysis and electrical engineering , lumped element models are used to represent and analyze circuits. These elements are idealized and self-contained circuit elements used to model physical components. When using a lumped element model, it is assumed that the effects of changing magnetic fields produced by the circuit are suitably contained to each element. Under these assumptions,

1131-697: The phrase " high tension " (HT) which is commonly used in thermionic valve ( vacuum tube ) based and automotive electronics. In electrostatics , the voltage increase from point r A {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{A}} to some point r B {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{B}} is given by the change in electrostatic potential V {\textstyle V} from r A {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{A}} to r B {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{B}} . By definition, this is: where E {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }

1170-430: The points across which the voltage is measured. When using a voltmeter to measure voltage, one electrical lead of the voltmeter must be connected to the first point, one to the second point. A common use of the term "voltage" is in describing the voltage dropped across an electrical device (such as a resistor). The voltage drop across the device can be understood as the difference between measurements at each terminal of

1209-414: The presence of time-varying fields. However, unlike in electrostatics, the electric field can no longer be expressed only in terms of the electric potential. Furthermore, the potential is no longer uniquely determined up to a constant, and can take significantly different forms depending on the choice of gauge . In this general case, some authors use the word "voltage" to refer to the line integral of

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1248-415: The same frequency and phase. Instruments for measuring voltages include the voltmeter , the potentiometer , and the oscilloscope . Analog voltmeters , such as moving-coil instruments, work by measuring the current through a fixed resistor, which, according to Ohm's law , is proportional to the voltage across the resistor. The potentiometer works by balancing the unknown voltage against a known voltage in

1287-465: The symbol U is standardized. It is used, for instance, in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's circuit laws . The electrochemical potential is the voltage that can be directly measured with a voltmeter. The Galvani potential that exists in structures with junctions of dissimilar materials is also work per charge but cannot be measured with a voltmeter in the external circuit (see § Galvani potential vs. electrochemical potential ). Voltage

1326-401: The turbine will not rotate. Likewise, if the automobile's battery is very weak or "dead" (or "flat"), then it will not turn the starter motor. The hydraulic analogy is a useful way of understanding many electrical concepts. In such a system, the work done to move water is equal to the " pressure drop" (compare p.d.) multiplied by the volume of water moved. Similarly, in an electrical circuit,

1365-400: The voltage between two points in a system. Often a common reference potential such as the ground of the system is used as one of the points. In this case, voltage is often mentioned at a point without completely mentioning the other measurement point. A voltage can be associated with either a source of energy or the loss, dissipation, or storage of energy. The SI unit of work per unit charge

1404-477: The widespread establishment of electrical grids , power transmission is usually associated most with electric power transmission . Alternating current is normally preferred as its voltage may be easily stepped up by a transformer in order to minimize resistive loss in the conductors used to transmit power over great distances; another set of transformers is required to step it back down to safer or more usable voltage levels at destination. Power transmission

1443-465: The work done to move electrons or other charge carriers is equal to "electrical pressure difference" multiplied by the quantity of electrical charges moved. In relation to "flow", the larger the "pressure difference" between two points (potential difference or water pressure difference), the greater the flow between them (electric current or water flow). (See " electric power ".) Specifying a voltage measurement requires explicit or implicit specification of

1482-612: Was first used by Volta in a letter to Giovanni Aldini in 1798, and first appeared in a published paper in 1801 in Annales de chimie et de physique . Volta meant by this a force that was not an electrostatic force, specifically, an electrochemical force. The term was taken up by Michael Faraday in connection with electromagnetic induction in the 1820s. However, a clear definition of voltage and method of measuring it had not been developed at this time. Volta distinguished electromotive force (emf) from tension (potential difference):

1521-518: Was proposed by proponents of Edison's direct current as the basis of the power grid. Compressed air generated at Niagara Falls would drive far away generators of DC power. The war of the currents ended with alternating current (AC) as the only means of long distance power transmission. Thermal power can be transported in pipelines containing a high heat capacity fluid such as oil or water as used in district heating systems, or by physically transporting material items, such as bottle cars, or in

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