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46-536: Amaram ( transl. Stern ) is a 1991 Indian Malayalam drama film directed by Bharathan and written by A. K. Lohithadas . It stars Mammootty , Maathu , K. P. A. C. Lalitha , Ashokan , Murali , Chitra, and Kuthiravattam Pappu in the main roles. The film's score is composed by Johnson while the songs are by Raveendran . K. P. A. C. Lalitha won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Bhargavi, and Mammootty won
92-485: A Bermudan boat with this form of counter, using the term "square tuck stern" to describe it. The term "tuck" is used in the northwest of England for this area of the hull at the sternpost, and for the bulkhead across the counter if one is fitted. The fantail stern widens from the waterline as it goes upwards. It was found on many 19th century tea clippers and the ill-fated RMS Titanic . A bustle stern refers to any kind of stern (transom, elliptical, etc.) that has
138-452: A fit of daring, goes out alone in his catamaran. When he does not return, people suspect that Achootty killed him at sea as Achootty had also been to the sea that day. It is a stormy night and everyone is afraid of going to the sea to search for him. Kochuraman and some of the villagers attack him. At this point, Achootty's daughter also feels that her father has killed her husband and blames him. Having nothing to lose anymore, Achootty goes to
184-412: A flat panel or a gentle curve, and the counter reached from the sternpost all the way to the taffrail in a continuous arch. It was soon discovered that vessels with cruiser sterns experienced less water resistance when under way than those with elliptical sterns, and between World War I and World War II most merchant ship designs soon followed suit. None of these three main types of stern has vanished from
230-408: A kind of stern with a low rounded shape that is nearly flat at the waterline, but which then slopes upward in a conical fashion towards the deck (practical for small high-speed power boats with very shallow drafts). A Costanzi stern is a type of stern designed for use on ocean-going vessels. Its hard- chined design is a compromise between the 'spoon-shaped' stern usually found on ocean liners , and
276-399: A large "bustle" or blister at the waterline below the stern to prevent the stern from "squatting" when getting underway. It only appears in sailboats, never in power-driven craft. An ice horn is a triangular stern component that protects a ship's rudder and prop while traveling in reverse. Navigation light A navigation light , also known as a running or position light,
322-438: A mandatory second masthead light solely for power-driven vessels over 150 feet (46 m) in length and a fixed sternlight for almost all vessels. The regulations have changed little since then. The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) established in 1972 stipulates the requirements for navigation lights required on a vessel. Watercraft navigation lights must permit other vessels to determine
368-479: A non-watertight counter which is boarded across the fashion timbers curving outward aft from the transom. Some working boats and modern replicas have a similar form of counter, built to be water tight as described in the "transom stern" section above. These are being confused with lute sterns but as a lute is not watertight, a better term is needed. Chappelle in American Small Sailing Craft refers to
414-434: A single all-round white light in place of the two or three white lights carried by larger vessels, they must also carry red and green navigation lights. Vessels under 7 metres (23 ft) with a maximum speed of less than 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) are not required to carry navigation lights, but must be capable of showing a white light. Hovercraft at all times and some boats operating in crowded areas may also carry
460-734: A yellow flashing beacon for added visibility during day or night. In addition to red, white and green running lights, a combination of red, white and green mast lights placed on a mast higher than all the running lights, and viewable from all directions, may be used to indicate the type of craft or the service it is performing. See "User Guide" in external links. Aircraft are fitted with external navigational lights similar in purpose to those required on watercraft. These are used to signal actions such as entering an active runway or starting up an engine. Historically, incandescent bulbs have been used to provide light; however, recently light-emitting diodes have been used. Aircraft navigation lights follow
506-502: Is a source of illumination on a watercraft , aircraft or spacecraft , meant to give information on the craft's position, heading , or status. Some navigation lights are colour-coded red and green to aid traffic control by identifying the craft's orientation. Their placement is mandated by international conventions or civil authorities such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO). A common misconception
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#1732884475301552-486: Is based on "Humko Man Ki Shakti Dena" from Guddi . Darbari Kanada Hameer Kalyani Raagamalika (Vaasanthi, Shuddha Saveri , Hindolam , Shuddha Saveri ) Madhyamavathi The movie is considered a classical masterpiece in the Mollywood industry. Stern The stern is the back or aft -most part of a ship or boat , technically defined as the area built up over the sternpost , extending upwards from
598-422: Is that marine or aircraft navigation lights indicate which of two approaching vessels has the "right of way" as in ground traffic ; this is never true. However, the red and green colours are chosen to indicate which vessel has the duty to "give way" or "stand on" (obligation to hold course and speed). Consistent with the ground traffic convention, the rightmost of the two vehicles is usually given stand-on status and
644-468: Is the top priority. Kochuraman who is Raghavan's father suggests that Achootty accept Radha's relationship with Raghavan to which Achootty scornfully disapproves, resulting in Kochuraman's hatred towards Achootty. One day, Radha and Raghavan elope and get married, leaving Achootty heartbroken. Achootty does not like his son-in-law initially and in disappointment, does not talk to his daughter either. But slowly
690-842: The Filmfare Awards South Best Actor Award for his role. The film was a critical and commercial success and is considered a classic in Malayalam Cinema. It ran for more than 200 days in Ragam theater, Thrissur, and played for over 50 days at Safire (Madras) theater. Achootty, a fisherman , lives with his daughter, Radha. The uneducated Achootty wants his daughter to be educated and become a doctor. His dreams are shattered when she falls in love with her childhood friend Raghavan which results in Achootty beating him up. Achootty restricts her from seeing Raghavan and tells her that education
736-491: The International Space Station , utilize a navigational lighting system consisting of five flashing high power LED lights. The Cygnus displays a flashing red light on the port side of the vessel, a flashing green on the starboard side of the vessel, two flashing white lights on the top and one flashing yellow on the bottom side of the fuselage . The SpaceX Dragon and Dragon 2 spacecraft also feature
782-588: The United Kingdom passed the Steam Navigation Act 1846 ( 9 & 10 Vict. c. 100) enabling the Lord High Admiral to publish regulations requiring all sea-going steam vessels to carry lights. The admiralty exercised these powers in 1848 and required steam vessels to display red and green sidelights as well as a white masthead light whilst under way and a single white light when at anchor. In 1849
828-399: The square or transom stern and the elliptical , fantail , or merchant stern, and were developed in that order. The hull sections of a sailing ship located before the stern were composed of a series of U-shaped rib-like frames set in a sloped or "cant" arrangement, with the last frame before the stern being called the fashion timber(s) or fashion piece(s) , so called for "fashioning"
874-451: The 20th century); the vertical transom stern or plumb stern is raked neither forward nor back, but falls directly from the taffrail down to the wing transom. The rocket ship stern is a term for an extremely angled retroussé stern. A double ended ship with a very narrow square counter formed from the bulwarks or upper deck above the head of the rudder is said to have a pink stern or pinky stern. The torpedo stern or torpedo-boat stern describes
920-537: The U.S. Congress extended the light requirements to sailing vessels. In 1889 the United States convened the first International Maritime Conference to consider regulations for preventing collisions. The resulting Washington Conference Rules were adopted by the U.S. in 1890 and became effective internationally in 1897. Within these rules was the requirement for steamships to carry a second mast head light. The international 1948 Safety of Life at Sea Conference recommended
966-527: The after part of the ship. This frame is designed to support the various beams that make up the stern. In 1817 the British naval architect Sir Robert Seppings introduced the concept of a rounded stern. The square stern had been an easy target for enemy cannon, and could not support the weight of heavy stern chase guns . But Seppings' design left the rudder head exposed, and was regarded by many as simply ugly—no American warships were designed with such sterns, and
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#17328844753011012-575: The aircraft for better visibility of the ground near the aircraft. While seldom seen, the International Code of Signals allows for the exclusive use of flashing blue lights (60 to 100 flashes/minute), visible from as many directions as possible, by medical aircraft to signal their identity. In 2011, ORBITEC developed the first light-emitting diode (LED) system for use as running lights on spacecraft. Currently, Cygnus spacecraft , which are uncrewed transport vessels designed for cargo transport to
1058-405: The anti-collision light system, as well as the red flashing beacon. All aircraft built after 11 March 1996 must have an anti-collision light system (strobe lights or rotating beacon) turned on for all flight activities in poor visibility. The anti-collision system is recommended in good visibility, where only strobes and beacon are required can use white (clear) lights to increase conspicuity during
1104-423: The company logo on the tail fin. These lights are optional to turn on, though most pilots switch them on at night to increase visibility from other aircraft. Modern airliners also have a wing light. These are positioned on the outer side just in front of the engine cowlings on the fuselage . These are not required to be on, but in some cases pilots turn these lights on for engine checks and also while passengers board
1150-408: The convention of marine vessels established a half-century earlier, with a red navigation light located on the left wingtip leading edge and a green light on the right wingtip leading edge. A white navigation light is as far aft as possible on the tail or each wing tip. High-intensity strobe lights are located on the aircraft to aid in collision avoidance . Anti-collision lights are flashing lights on
1196-399: The counter rail to the taffrail . The stern lies opposite the bow , the foremost part of a ship. Originally, the term only referred to the aft port section of the ship, but eventually came to refer to the entire back of a vessel. The stern end of a ship is indicated with a white navigation light at night. Sterns on European and American wooden sailing ships began with two principal forms:
1242-407: The cruiser stern—another design without transoms and known variously as the canoe stern, parabolic stern, and the double-ended stern—became the next prominent development in ship stern design, particularly in warships of the earlier half of the 20th century. The intent of this re-design was to protect the steering gear by bringing it below the armor deck. The stern now came to a point rather than
1288-405: The curvature is complete. The finished stern has a continuous curved edge around the outside and is raked aft. Other names for the elliptical stern include a "counter stern", in reference to its very long counter, and a "cutaway stern". The elliptical stern began use during the age of sail , but remained very popular for both merchant and warships well into the nautical age of steam and through
1334-416: The daytime. For example, just before pushback, the pilot must keep the beacon lights on to notify ground crews that the engines are about to start. These beacon lights stay on for the duration of the flight. While taxiing, the taxi lights are on. When coming onto the runway, the taxi lights go off and the landing lights and strobes go on. When passing 10,000 feet, the landing lights are no longer required, and
1380-403: The decoration overboard rather than be burdened with its useless weight. Until a new form of stern appeared in the 19th century, the transom stern was a floating house—and required just as many timbers, walls, windows, and frames. The stern frame provided the foundational structure of the transom stern, and was composed of the sternpost, wing transom, and fashion piece. Abaft the fashion timber,
1426-489: The first eight decades of steamship construction (roughly 1840–1920). Despite the design's leaving the rudder exposed and vulnerable in combat situations, many counter-sterned warships survived both World Wars, and stylish high-end vessels sporting them were coming off the ways into the 1950s, including the US-flagged sisters SS Constitution and SS Independence . As ships of wooden construction gave way to iron and steel,
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1472-474: The flat transom, often required for fitting azimuth thrusters . The design allows for improved seagoing characteristics. It is the stern design on Queen Mary 2 , and was originally proposed for SS Oceanic and Eugenio C , both constructed in the 1960s. A lute stern is to be found on inshore craft on the Sussex, England, shore. It comprises a watertight transom with the topside planking extended aft to form
1518-499: The keel diagonally aft and upward. It rests on the top of the sternpost and runs on either side of the rudder post (thus creating the "helm port" through which the rudder passes) to a point well above the vessel's waterline. Whereas the timbers of the transom stern all heeled on the wing transom, the timbers of the elliptical stern all heel on the whiskers, to which they are affixed at a 45° angle (i.e., "canted") when viewed from overhead and decrease in length as they are installed aft until
1564-559: The leftmost must give way. Therefore a red light is used on the ( left (port) ) side to indicate "you must give way"; and a green light on the ( right (starboard) ) side indicates "I will give way; you must stand on". In case of two power-driven vessels approaching head-on, both are required to give way. In 1838 the United States passed an act requiring steamboats running between sunset and sunrise to carry one or more signal lights; colour, visibility and location were not specified. In 1846
1610-437: The modern naval architectural repertoire, and all three continue to be used in one form or another by designers for many uses. Variations on these basic designs have resulted in an outflow of "new" stern types and names, only some of which are itemized here. The reverse stern, reverse transom stern, sugar-scoop, or retroussé stern is a kind of transom stern that is raked backwards (common on modern yachts, rare on vessels before
1656-401: The next major stern development—the iron-hulled cruiser stern—addressed far better and with significantly different materials. In naval architecture, the term transom has two meanings. First, it can be any of the individual beams that run side-to-side or "athwart" the hull at any point abaft the fashion timber; second, it can refer specifically to the flat or slightly curved surface that is
1702-424: The pilot can elect to turn them off. The same cycle in reverse order applies when landing. Landing lights are bright white, forward and downward facing lights on the front of an aircraft. Their purpose is to allow the pilot to see the landing area, and to allow ground crew to see the approaching aircraft. Civilian commercial airliners also have other non-navigational lights. These include logo lights, which illuminate
1748-462: The port side (left side) and a white light that shines from astern to two points abaft the beam on both sides. Power driven vessels in addition to these lights, must carry either one or two (depending on length) white masthead lights that shine from ahead to two points abaft the beam on both sides. If two masthead lights are carried then the aft one must be higher than the forward one. Small power-driven vessels (under 12 metres (39 ft)) may carry
1794-407: The round stern was quickly superseded by the elliptical stern. The United States began building the first elliptical stern warship in 1820, a decade before the British. USS Brandywine became the first sailing ship to sport such a stern. Though a great improvement over the transom stern in terms of its vulnerability to attack when under fire, elliptical sterns still had obvious weaknesses which
1840-574: The sea and finds Raghavan lying unconscious on the remains of his boat which is wrecked. Achootty rescues him and brings him back to the shore. Everyone understands Achootty's innocence but he feels let down by them. In the end, Achootty takes his boat and ventures into the sea, saying that is the only entity that has loved him unconditionally. voice-artists The film score was composed by Johnson . The film's soundtrack contains four songs composed by Raveendran . The lyrics were written by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri . The song "Hridaya Raga Thanthri"
1886-405: The top and bottom of the fuselage , wingtips and tail tip. Their purpose is to alert others when something is happening that ground crew and other aircraft need to be aware of, such as running engines or entering active runways. In civil aviation, pilots must keep navigation lights on from sunset to sunrise, even after engine shutdown when at the gate. High-intensity white strobe lights are part of
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1932-418: The transom stern was composed of two different kinds of timbers: The flat surface of any transom stern may begin either at or above the waterline of the vessel. The geometric line which stretches from the wing transom to the archboard is called the counter ; a large vessel may have two such counters, called a lower counter and a second or upper counter. The lower counter stretches from directly above
1978-400: The type and relative angle of a vessel, and thus decide if there is a danger of collision. In general, sailing vessels are required to carry a green light that shines from dead ahead to 2 points ( 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 °) abaft the beam on the starboard side (the right side from the perspective of someone on board facing forward), a red light from dead ahead to two points abaft the beam on
2024-422: The very back panel of a transom stern. In this sense, a transom stern is the product of the use of a series of transoms, and hence the two terms have blended. The stern of a traditional sailing ship housed the captain's quarters and became increasingly large and elaborate between the 15th and 18th centuries, especially in the baroque era, when wedding-cake-like structures became so heavy that crews sometimes threw
2070-456: The wing transom to the lower counter rail, and the upper counter from the lower counter rail to the upper counter rail, immediately under the stern's lowest set of windows (which in naval parlance were called "lights" ). The visual unpopularity of Seppings 's rounded stern was soon rectified by Sir William Symonds . In this revised stern, a set of straight post timbers (also called "whiskers", "horn timbers", or "fan tail timbers" ) stretches from
2116-413: The young chap shows that he is an able and hard-working fisherman and gains Achootty's silent admiration. Achootty does not acknowledge this publicly and keeps heckling his son-in-law in public, taunting him to catch a shark and prove himself before daring to talk to Achootty. One day, Raghavan decides he's had enough of the taunting and goes to the deep sea to capture a shark. But he is inexperienced, and in
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