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58-474: The Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory is in the northwest of the state of Amazonas. It has an area of 7,999,000 hectares (19,770,000 acres). It is divided between the municipalities of Japurá and São Gabriel da Cachoeira , and covers 68% of the latter municipality. It borders Colombia to the north and west. To the south the territory adjoins the Rio Apapóris]] and Médio Rio Negro I Indigenous territories. To

116-696: A Master's and a Doctorate in Sociology. His doctoral thesis, under the supervision of Florestan Fernandes , examined the institution of slavery in Southern Brazil, critiquing, from a Marxist perspective, the dominant approach of Gilberto Freyre to the topic. It has since become a classic on the subject. Cardoso also received the Livre-Docência degree in 1963, the most senior level of academic recognition in Brazil, also from Universidade de São Paulo. In 1968, he received

174-425: A new free-floating regime. With this economic shift, the greatest achievement of Cardoso – his landmark lowering of inflation – was maintained, but his popularity plummeted. Given his previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, he was respected on the world scene, building friendships with such leaders as Bill Clinton and Ernesto Zedillo . Although he

232-512: A position as a senior leader of his party and leading public voice in the opposition to the incumbent Workers' Party , writing extensively on Brazilian politics for newspapers and giving lectures and interviews. Nevertheless, his relatively low popularity rates among the general population have made his legacy a mixed blessing to his political allies, who are somewhat reluctant to embrace it wholeheartedly during elections, especially on topics regarding privatization and social policy. In 2006, he helped

290-460: A president to succeed himself, he won a second term almost as easily in 1998 , taking 53% to Lula's 31.7% to win in a single round. To date, he is the only president to win an outright majority of the popular vote, and the only one to win the presidency in a single round since the institution of the two-round system in 1989. Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, who ran for the fourth time and had come in second on prior attempts. Lula won in

348-568: A reduction of local government spending. Cardoso was also criticized for amending the constitution to his own benefit, allowing him to stay eight years in office. His popularity in his first four years, gained with the success of Plano Real , decreased during his last four years as the currency crisis was followed by lower economic growth and employment rates, greater public debt, growing political dissent, low levels of investment in appropriate infrastructure, and, finally, an energy crisis caused by an unexpected drought, as over 80% of Brazil's electricity

406-482: Is a Brazilian sociologist , professor, and politician who served as the 34th president of Brazil from 1 January 1995 to 1 January 2003. He was the first Brazilian president to be reelected for a subsequent term. An accomplished scholar of dependency theory noted for his research on slavery and political theory, Cardoso has earned many honors including the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation (2000) and

464-404: Is hydroelectric. He publicly admitted that he could have done more for public security and for the creation of new jobs, but defended his policies in areas such as health and education. Cardoso's administration was accused of bribing congressmen to pass a constitutional amendment that secured FHC the right to seek reelection, which he eventually won. After stepping down from office, he assumed

522-678: The Arawakan languages group and Hupda and Yuhupde  [ pt ] of the Nadahup languages group. The Eastern Tucano live along the Uaupés River and its tributaries, and the Pira Paraná River in Colombia. The Arawak and Tariano live along the upper Rio Negro, Xié, Uaupés and Içana rivers and their tributaries. The Hupdah, Yuhup, Dâw, and Nadêb are semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers who live in

580-618: The Global Commission on Drug Policy . He appeared as an interviewee in 2011 documentary Breaking the Taboo , which explores the conclusion reached by the Global Commission on Drug Policy in 2011 that drug liberalization is the best approach in dealing with drug policy. Cardoso is also a member of The Elders , a group of independent global leaders who work together on peace and human rights issues. In August 2009, he travelled to Israel and

638-872: The International Sociological Association (ISA), from 1982 to 1986. He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has written several books. Cardoso was also associate director of Studies in the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris, then visiting professor at the Collège de France and later Paris Nanterre University . He later gave lectures at British and US universities including Cambridge University , Stanford University , Brown University and

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696-609: The Kluge Prize from the US Library of Congress (2012). Cardoso was the 10th president of the International Sociological Association (1982–1986). Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants. Some were politicians during the Empire of Brazil . He also has African ancestry, through a black great-great-grandmother and a mulatto great-grandmother. Cardoso described himself as "slightly mulatto" and allegedly said he has "a foot in

754-513: The New Tribes Mission . The region, located where Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela meet, is of considered to be of strategic importance by Brazil, which has six army platoons located at key points. The Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory is in the Amazon biome . The territory has blackwater rivers with low levels of fish, sandy and relatively infertile soil. The lack of nutrients in the waters of

812-706: The University of California, Berkeley . He is fluent in Portuguese, English, French, and Spanish, and can express himself in Italian and German. After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term (2003–2008) as professor-at-large at Brown University 's Watson Institute for International Studies , where he is now on the board of overseers. Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's advisory board. In February 2005, he gave

870-608: The 1970s the federal government launched the National Integration Plan to integrate the Amazon region with the rest of the country, and FUNAI posts were installed in the Upper Rio Negro region. Army frontier units were also moved into the region. A gold rush invaded the Serra do Traíra and the upper Içana region in the 1980s causing rapid growth of São Gabriel , which doubled in size in less than ten years. Another factor in

928-465: The 600 communities of the region. The Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory was declared by decree 301 of 17 May 1996. It was homologated by decree of 15 April 1998. Creation of an indigenous territory with 22 different ethnic groups was justified in part by their practice of linguistic exogamy. The majority of people in the Alto Rio Negro region are indigenous, despite forced migrations in the past to

986-614: The 7,999,000 hectares (19,770,000 acres) Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory , created in 1998. This article about a location in the Brazilian state of Amazonas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso GCB GCTE GCoIISE GColIH GColL GCM RE DMN CYC OMRI ( Brazilian Portuguese: [feʁˈnɐ̃du ẽˈʁiki kaʁˈdozu] ; born 18 June 1931), also known by his initials FHC ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ˌɛfjaɡaˈse] ),

1044-571: The Alto Rio Negro Territory as of 1996. According to Siasi/Sesai (Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena) this had risen to 21,291 by 2008 and to 26,046 by 2013. Indigenous people include Arapaso , Bará , Barasana , Desana , Carapanã , Kotiria , Cubeo , Macuna , Mirity-tapuya  [ it ; pt ] , Pira-tapuya , Siriano , Tucano and Tuyuka of the Tucanoan languages group, Baniwa , Baré , Koripako , Tariana , Warekena of

1102-661: The Alto Rio Negro reserves was the main contribution to indigenous people by the Fernando Henrique Cardoso government of 1995–2003. Demarcation was undertaken between December 1995 and May 1996 coordinated by the Environment Ministry, with funding from a group of industrialized countries led by Germany. The work was coordinated by the FOIRN and the Socio-Environmental Institute (ISA), and involved most of

1160-624: The Japurá microregion together with the municipality Maraã (to the east of the Japurá municipality). The southern border of both the municipality and the microregion is the Japurá River . The municipality contains the Juami-Japurá Ecological Station , which covers the entire Juami River basin. The municipality contains 55% of the 146,950 hectares (363,100 acres) Auatí-Paraná Extractive Reserve , created in 2001. It contains part of

1218-675: The Latin American policy publication Americas Quarterly , for which he is an occasional contributor. Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been involved in a number of international organisations and initiatives. He is a member of the Club of Madrid and was its president from 2003 to 2006. He has been a member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, ever since the Foundation

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1276-534: The Lower Rio Negro or to the cities of Manaus and Belém. The municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira has 37,896 people, of whom 29,017 are indigenous. It is one of the only municipalities in Brazil that has two official languages other than Portuguese, namely Tucano and Baniwa . In January 2009 a Tariana mayor and Baniwa deputy mayor took office in São Gabriel. ISA estimated that there were 14,599 people in

1334-627: The Rio Negro and its tributaries means that fish obtain most of their diet from organic matter from the margin of the river, including insects, fruits, flowers and seeds. Although there are some large species, there are many smaller species, each with low numbers of individuals. The forest vegetation is 26.94% campinarana , 71.4% campinarana-rainforest contact, 0.78% open rainforest and 0.89% closed rainforest. As of 2000 80,064 hectares (197,840 acres) had been deforested. This had risen to 93,830 hectares (231,900 acres) by 2014, with little deforestation towards

1392-471: The United States, has written two books about his experience as president of Brazil and advocates for relaxation of criminal laws relating to drugs, generating both criticism and praise. He lectures at Brown University about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and deforestation and has taught as a guest lecturer at Sciences Po in Paris. Also, in 2007 he became a member of the editorial board of

1450-517: The United States. After presiding the International Sociological Association from 1982 to 1986 Cardoso was selected as a Fulbright Program 40th anniversary distinguished fellow and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured at Columbia University on democracy in Brazil. Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad. In June 2013 he was elected as a member of Academia Brasileira de Letras . He said his election

1508-458: The Upper Rio Negro near the present city of São Gabriel da Cachoeira . It is estimated that in this period 20,000 Indigenous people were captured to work on the farms of Belém and São Luís, Maranhão . In the second half of the 18th century the Portuguese government under the Marquis of Pombal removed the secular power of the missionaries, replacing them by civil or military authorities, and raised

1566-590: The age of ten considered to be without income, with most others earning less than half the minimum wage. The residents have limited access to health services and economic alternatives. Some efforts have been made to introduce new sources of sustainable income. Thus in April 2015 the Indigenous Organization of the Içana Basin (Oibi) inaugurated two Baniwa Pepper Houses, places for production, packaging and storage of

1624-564: The campaign of the PSDB candidate for the Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin , and has reiterated that he does not wish to run for office again. In the 2022 presidential election , Cardoso endorsed his former Workers' Party rival Lula over then-incumbent Jair Bolsonaro . He dedicates his time to a personal institute which he founded in São Paulo , based on the model of bodies created by former presidents of

1682-510: The centrist Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing coalition after the election, as did the right-wing Brazilian Progressive Party (PPB) in 1996. Party loyalty was not always strong, and coalition members did not always vote with the government. Cardoso had difficulty at times gaining support for some of his legislative priorities, even though his coalition held an overwhelming majority of

1740-461: The congressional seats. Nevertheless, many constitutional amendments were passed during his presidency. Cardoso's presidency saw institutional advancements in human rights, beginning with a national secretariat and a new government program, discussed with civil society, to address the issue. On 8 January 1996, he issued the controversial Decree 1775 , which created a framework for the clear demarcation of indigenous territories , but which, as part of

1798-460: The disease, causing rapid spread in areas that had formerly been unaffected. 74 indigenous organizations have been registered in the region. There are Brazilian customs posts at Iauaretê, Querari, São Joaquim, Pari-Cachoeira and Tunuí. FUNAI has posts at Foz do Rio Içana, Foz do Rio Uaupés, Foz do Rio Xié, Melo Franco and Tunuê Cachoeira. There are two Catholic ( Salesian ) missions at Santa Izabel do Rio Negro and Içana, and an evangelical mission of

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1856-565: The east it adjoins the Cué-cué/Marabitanas Indigenous Territory . Other indigenous territories in the Alto Rio Negro region are the Médio Rio Negro II, Balaio and Rio Tea Indigenous Territory. Together the territories cover more than 11,500,000 hectares (28,000,000 acres) of the municipalities of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro , Barcelos and Japurá. As of 2016 all had been homologated by

1914-501: The end of this period. In the late 1990s the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM) reported 451 formal mining concessions in the territory covering 38% of the area. The main threat comes from informal garimpeiro mineral prospectors. Japur%C3%A1 Japurá is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas . Its population was 2,251 (2020) and its area is 55,791 km² (21541 Mi ). It forms

1972-554: The federal government apart from Cué-Cué / Marabitanas, which had only been declared. The Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory is 96.24% in the Rio Negro basin and 3.6% in the Japurá River basin. The Rio Negro defines the southwest boundary. Major tributaries of the Rio Negro in the reserve include the Xié , Içana and Uaupés rivers. The Tiquié River is an important tributary of the Uapés. From

2030-821: The following programs: Bolsa Escola , the Auxílio Gás , the Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação. His wife, Ruth Cardoso , focused on unifying transfer programs aimed at helping people suffering from poverty and hunger., by means of a program based on the idea that educating the poor could help raise them out of poverty. Cardoso's administration deepened the privatization program launched by president Fernando Collor de Mello . During his first term, several government-owned enterprises in areas such as steel milling, telecommunications and mining, such as Telebras and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce were sold to

2088-661: The fourth annual Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America . In 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect as being one of the world's top one hundred living public intellectuals. Cardoso earned a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences from Universidade de São Paulo in 1952, from where he also earned

2146-408: The government achieved better profitability as a result of their disengagement from the state. Despite the sale of public assets, the years 1995 to 2002 saw a rise of the total public debt from 30% to 55.5% of GDP. Economists aligned with his government argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and

2204-500: The growth of São Gabriel was that families moved to the city during the school year due to the closure of the missionary boarding schools. A move by indigenous groups to regain control of their traditional territories developed in the 1990s. Identification of the Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory began with ordinance 1.892/E of 19 June 1985. The Federation of Indigenous Organizations of the Upper Rio Negro (FOIRN)

2262-457: The growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars. Nevertheless, devaluation of the currency was an instrument of monetary policy used right after his reelection, when the real pegged to the dollar led to a financial crisis that saw the country lose much of its foreign reserve fund and raise its interest rates on government bonds to very high levels as he tried to stabilize the currency under

2320-509: The inaccessible inter-fluvial areas. According to the 2010 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics the territory had 15,183 indigenous inhabitants and just 102 non-indigenous people. Among the indigenous people, 48.1% were women and 51.9% men. Most of the inhabitants of the territory are literate. Of the 11,140 people over ten years old in 2010, 8,366 were literate and 2,774 illiterate. There were 9,242 people over

2378-566: The internal rules of procedure, including the procedural rules governing the drafting of the Constitution itself. These rules of procedure were adopted by the Assembly and published on 25 March 1987. Until 1992, Cardoso served as Leader of the PSDB in the Senate. From October 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Itamar Franco (PMDB). From May 1993 to April 1994, he

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2436-538: The kitchen" (a nod to historical Brazilian domestic slavery ). Born in Rio de Janeiro, he lived in São Paulo for most of his life. Cardoso is a widower who was married to Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso , an anthropologist, from 1953 until her death on 24 June 2008; they had three children. Educated as a sociologist, he was a professor of political science and sociology at the Universidade de São Paulo . and president of

2494-430: The left to identify him with neoliberalism and right-wing politics , terms that often carry a very negative connotation in Latin American political debate and academic circles. He also experienced personal problems with former ally Itamar Franco , his predecessor and later became Governor of Minas Gerais , a fierce opponent of his administrative reforms that saw the state lose its capacity to contract debt and forced

2552-471: The mid-17th century there was a growing shortage of indigenous labor in the lower Amazon, in part due to smallpox epidemics, and settlers began raiding the upper Amazon and the Rio Negro to capture slaves, massacring those who resisted. The Portuguese reached the upper Rio Negro in the first half of the 18th century and its main tributaries such as the Uaupés , Içana and Xié . The Carmelites set up settlements on

2610-425: The more prosperous settlements to the status of villages or cities with Portuguese names, usually that of a saint. The years that followed saw growing military control of the region, forced labor for colonists and missionaries, depopulation due to forced migration and epidemics, occasional violent revolts and a variety of religious movements. Many of the indigenous people moved to the less accessible upper courses of

2668-552: The polls, he let himself be photographed in the mayor's chair before the elections. Some attribute his loss to this episode. Elected to the Senate in 1986 for the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), which MDB became after re-democratization, he joined a group of PMDB parliamentarians who left that party to found the Brazilian Social Democratic Party ( PSDB ) after previously held PMDB positions shifted to

2726-448: The private sector, the deepest denationalisation in Brazilian history, amidst a polarized political debate between "neoliberals" and "developmentalists". Ironically, this time Cardoso was against the latter group, generating uproar among former academic colleagues and political allies who accused him of reneging on his previous intellectual work. Economists still contend over its long-term effects; some research suggests that companies sold by

2784-419: The process, opened indigenous territories to counterclaims by adjacent landowners. In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning Operation Condor , a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents. FHC was the first Brazilian President to address the inequality and the enormous gap between rich and poor. He started

2842-464: The right when the party filled with politicians who had collaborated with the dictatorship. As a senator, Cardoso took part in the 1987–1988 National Constituent Assembly that drafted and approved Brazil's current Constitution in the wake of the country's re-democratization. In the early stages of the Constituent Assembly's work (from February to March 1987), Cardoso led the committee that drafted

2900-458: The rivers. In the 20th century there was steady decline in extractive exploitation. Missionary centers were established among the indigenous people, and provided a measure of protection against the traders. North American evangelical missionaries of the New Tribes Mission led by Sophie Muller entered the region in the 1940s. The Salesian (Catholic) missions continued to provide most of the infrastructure of sanitation, education and commerce. In

2958-631: The runoff election against the Cardoso-supported candidate, José Serra . Lula's election has been interpreted as resulting from Cardoso's low approval ratings in his second term. Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the support of a heterodox alliance of his own Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and two right-wing parties, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). Brazil's largest party,

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3016-520: The title of Cathedratic Professor , holding the chair of Political Science at Universidade de São Paulo. As he continued his academic career abroad in Chile and France after the tightening of the Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published several books and papers on state bureaucracy, industrial elites and, particularly, dependency theory . His work on dependency would be his most acclaimed contribution to sociology and development studies, especially in

3074-525: The traditional Jiquitaia pepper, a "flour" of peppers with salt that carries a great range of varieties from the Baniwa women's gardens. In October 2016 ISA reported a growing problem with malaria in the territory. Indigenous people who travelled to urban areas to collect social benefit such as Bolsa Família were becoming infected and carrying the disease back to their communities. The health services in these communities were not able to quickly diagnose and treat

3132-405: Was Minister of Finance and resigned in April 1994 to launch a presidential campaign. In the 3 October election , he won the presidency in the first round of voting with 54% of the vote, more than twice that of his nearest opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . This is still the largest margin of victory ever recorded in a free election in Brazilian history. After the constitution was amended to allow

3190-478: Was created in 1987, with headquarters in São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Its goals are to obtain self-determination of peoples, defense and guarantee of indigenous lands, recovery of appreciation of indigenous culture, support for economic and social subsistence, and coordination with local and regional organizations. The identification of the territory was submitted to the Ministry of Justice on 28 April 1993. Homologation of

3248-546: Was due to recognition for his academic achievements, rather than his political career. After his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the burgeoning democratic opposition to the military-dominated regime both as an intellectual and as a political activist. He became Senator from São Paulo for the former Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) in 1982, replacing Franco Montoro, the newly elected governor of São Paulo. In 1985, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros . Ahead in

3306-502: Was launched in 2008 by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. Cardoso is a founding member of Washington D.C.-based think tank The Inter-American Dialogue as well as former chair of the organization's board. He is also a former director of World Resources Institute . Cardoso has a particular interest in drug policy. He served on the Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy and later chaired

3364-455: Was respected abroad, in Brazil he had problems gaining support in Congress for government priorities and among people in general. As a result, major reforms planned by the executive branch , such as changes in the tax system and to social security , were only partially approved and only after long discussion. Although claiming to still support social democracy , his economic policies led people on

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