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50-665: The source of the Altmühl is close to the town of Ansbach . From here the river runs southeastwards as a narrow brook to enter the Altmühlsee  [ de ] (a lake) north of Gunzenhausen . After leaving Gunzenhausen, the river moves in a broad curve through the Franconian Jura . It enters the Naturpark Altmühltal  [ de ] (Altmühl Valley Nature Park), which is known for its natural environment: The meanders of

100-402: A rating curve must be constructed. A rating curve is the functional relation between stage and discharge. It is determined by making repeated discrete measurements of streamflow discharge using a velocimeter and some means to measure the channel geometry to determine the cross-sectional area of the channel. The technicians and hydrologists responsible for determining the rating curve visit

150-561: A current meter or Acoustic Doppler current profiler . One informal methods that is not acceptable for any official or scientific purpose, but can be useful is the float method , in which a floating object such as a piece of wood or orange peel is observed floating down the stream. The first routine measurements of river flow in England began on the Thames and Lea in the 1880s, and in Scotland on

200-429: A branch of Environment and Climate Change Canada . As of 2021, it operates or collects data from more than 2800 gauges across Canada. This data is used by provincial and territory governments to inform flood predictions and water management. In Sri Lanka stream and rivers are monitored by Hydrology and Disaster Management Division a branch of Irrigation Department . It operates nearly 40 gauging station around

250-451: A central data logging facility. Automated direct measurement of stream discharge is difficult at present. Mathematically, measuring stream discharge is estimating the volumetric flow rate , which is in general a flux integral and thus requires many cross-sectional velocity measurements. In place of the direct measurement of stream discharge, one or more surrogate measurements can be used as proxy variables to produce discharge values. In

300-520: A few gauges to provide advisories for navigational purposes. In the Czech Republic, in some measuring places (profiles) are defined three levels which define three degrees of flood-emergency activity. The degree I is a situation of alertness, the degree II is a situation of readiness, the degree III is a situation of danger. Canadian streams and rivers are monitored by the Water Survey of Canada ,

350-684: A notable attraction into the 1800s. In 1791, the last margrave sold his realm to the Kingdom of Prussia . In 1796, the Duke of Zweibrücken , Maximilian Joseph — the future Bavarian king— was exiled to Ansbach the French took Zweibrücken. In Ansbach, Maximilian von Montgelas wrote an elaborate concept for the future political organization of Bavaria, which is known as the Ansbacher Mémoire. Napoleon forced Prussia to cede Ansbach and its principality to Bavaria in

400-409: A small diurnal air temperature variation between day and night during winter, and with a moderate annual precipitation. Around the time of the unification of Germany in 1871, the chief manufactures of Ansbach were woollen , cotton , and half- silk goods; earthenware ; tobacco ; cutlery ; and playing cards . A considerable trade in grain, wool , and flax was also supported. By the onset of

450-448: A stream where the geometry is relatively stable and there is a suitable location to make discrete direct measurements of streamflow using specialized equipment. Many times this will be at a bridge or other stream crossing. Technicians then install equipment that measures the stage (the elevation of the water surface) or, more rarely, the velocity of the flow. Additional equipment is installed to record and transmit these readings (via

500-557: A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was located here. Also during the Second World War the Luftwaffe and Wehrmacht had bases here. The nearby airbase was the home station for the Stab & I/KG53 (Staff & 1st Group of Kampfgeschwader 53) operating 38 Heinkel He 111 bombers. On 1 September 1939 this unit was one of the many that participated in the attack on Poland that started

550-484: Is an extensive network covering all major rivers and catchments in the country. However, a review of existing gauges raised serious concerns about the reliability of the data of a minority of stations, due in part to ongoing funding problems. The largest stream gauge network in Bangladesh is maintained by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). At few other locations, Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority maintains

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600-409: Is constructed that relates stage of the stream to cross-sectional area. Using these two ratings, the automatically collected stage produces an estimate of the cross-sectional area, and the automatically collected index velocity produces an estimate of the mean velocity of the cross section . The streamflow discharge is computed as the product of the estimate of the cross section area and the estimate of

650-618: Is designated as a bird and nature reserve . The water taken from the lake flows through a tunnel to the Brombach reservoirs , drained by the Brombach (Regnitz basin), north of the continental divide . The water of the Regnitz flows finally over the Main into the Rhine , so that with the transfer an artificial river bifurcation was created. From Treuchtlingen the Altmühl flows in its lower course through

700-497: Is fed by some streams; in the meantime the source of one of them is regarded as Altmühl origin. The Altmühl therefore rises just south of the major European watershed and then flows mainly in southeastern direction. It is the slowest river in Bavaria, flows very slowly, is even one of the slowest German rivers and is also the longest river that rises and flows in the same German state. The Altmühl can be divided into three parts. In

750-646: Is now home to a US military base and to the Ansbach University of Applied Sciences . The city has connections via autobahn A6 and highways B13 and B14 . Ansbach station is on the Nürnberg–Crailsheim and Treuchtlingen–Würzburg railways and a Station of line S4 of the Nuremberg S-Bahn . Ansbach was originally called Onoltesbach (about 790 AD), a term composed of three parts. The individual word elements are "Onold" (the city founder's name),

800-564: The First World War , it also produced machinery , toys , and embroidery . Today there is a large density of plastics industry in the city and rural districts around Ansbach. The city is known for making Peperami pork sausages and jerky. Ansbach lies on the Treuchtlingen-Würzburg railway . Ansbach is twinned with: In the novel The Schirmer Inheritance (1953) by Eric Ambler (1909–1998), Sergeant Franz Schirmer of

850-728: The Franco-Prussian treaty of alliance signed at Schönbrunn Palace on 15 December 1805 at the end of the Third Coalition . Ansbach became the capital of the Rezatkreis ('Circle of the Rezat '). Bavarian ownership was confirmed by the 1815 Congress of Vienna ; Prussia was compensated with the Bavarian Duchy of Berg . In 1837 the Rezatkreis became the circle of Middle Franconia. Following

900-695: The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ) to the Water Science Center office where the records are kept. The USGS has a Water Science Center office in every state within the United States. Current streamflow data from USGS streamgages may be viewed in map form at: [2] . In Zimbabwe , the national stream gauge network is the responsibility of the Zimbabwe National Water Authority . This

950-552: The River Garry in 1913. The national gauging station network was established in its current form by the early 1970s and consists of approximately 1500 flow measurement stations supplemented by a variable number of temporary monitoring sites. The Environment Agency is responsible for collection and analysis of hydrometric data in England, Natural Resources Wales in Wales, whilst responsibility for Scotland and Northern Ireland rests with

1000-596: The Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Rivers Agency respectively. In the United States, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the principal federal agency tasked with maintaining records of natural resources . Within the USGS, the Water Resources Division carries the responsibility for monitoring water resources. To establish a stream gauge, USGS personnel first choose a site on

1050-585: The Suffix "-es" (a possessive ending, like "-'s" in English) and the Old High German expression "pah" or "bach" (for brook ). The name of the city has slightly changed throughout the centuries into Onoltespah (837 AD), Onoldesbach (1141 AD), Onoldsbach (1230 AD), Onelspach (1338 AD), Onsbach (1508 AD) and finally Ansbach (1732 AD). It was also formerly known as Anspach . According to folklore, towards

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1100-706: The unification of Germany Ansbach had a population of 12,635. Jewish families were resident in Ansbach from at least the end of the 18th century. They set up a Jewish Cemetery in the Ruglaender Strasse, which was vandalised and razed under the Nazi regime in the Kristallnacht . It was repaired in 1946, but it was damaged several times more. A plaque on the wall of the cemetery commemorates these events. The Jewish Congregation built its synagogue at No 3 Rosenbadstrasse, but it too

1150-586: The "Winden" during that period (even today, their settlements can easily identified by their names, like Meinhardswinden, Dautenwinden or Brodswinden). A Benedictine monastery was established there around 748 by the Frankish noble St Gumbertus . The adjoining village of Onoltesbach was first noticed as a proper town in 1221. The counts of Öttingen ruled over Ansbach until the Hohenzollern burgrave of Nürnberg took over in 1331. The Hohenzollerns made Ansbach

1200-548: The Altmühl river have cut deep gorges into the mountains of the Franconian Jura. The Altmühl passes the towns of Treuchtlingen , Eichstätt and Beilngries . Downstream of Dietfurt , the riverbed was straightened and integrated into a canal connecting the river Main and the river Danube (the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal ). In spite of protests by conservationists, the canal was opened in 1992 and has changed much of

1250-650: The American Zone. The American Military authorities established a displaced persons (DP) camp in what used to be a sanatorium in what is today the Strüth quarter. Bachwoche Ansbach has been held in Ansbach since 1947. Since 1970, Ansbach has enlarged its municipal area by incorporating adjacent communities. Ansbach hosts several units of the U.S. armed forces, associated with German units under NATO . There are five separate U.S. installations: Shipton Kaserne, home to 412th Aviation Support Battalion , Katterbach Kaserne, formerly

1300-915: The Ansbach Dragoons is wounded in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau in 1807. He returns to Ansbach to settle but changes his name as he has been posted as a deserter. The bulk of the novel concerns efforts by an American law firm to trace his descendants to claim an inheritance. River-level gauge A stream gauge , streamgage or stream gauging station is a location used by hydrologists or environmental scientists to monitor and test terrestrial bodies of water . Hydrometric measurements of water level surface elevation (" stage ") and/or volumetric discharge (flow) are generally taken and observations of biota and water quality may also be made. The locations of gauging stations are often found on topographical maps . Some gauging stations are highly automated and may include telemetry capability transmitted to

1350-530: The Franconian Jura plateau, in whose karst limestone it has dug a narrow valley. On the steep valley slopes here sometimes bizarre rock formations , for instance the cauldron shaped washouts near the village Eßlingen, about 20m above the river level . From Dollnstein the Jura Breakthrough Valley suddenly becomes much wider. From here the Altmühl flows through an earlier valley of the larger Danube . At Rennertshofen this "Urdonautal" branches off from

1400-529: The USAG Ansbach and Bleidorn Barracks, which has a library and housing, and Urlas, which hosts the Post Exchange as well as a housing area opened in 2010. Ansbach was also home to the headquarters of the 1st Armored Division (United States) from 1972 to the early 1990s. On 24 July 2016 a bomb was detonated in a restaurant in the city, killing only the bomber himself and injuring few people. The perpetrator

1450-543: The canal construction costs were spent on this. The Altmühl flows into the Danube below Kelheim at Danube kilometers 2411.54. The about 34 kilometers long Altmühl section is included in the federal waterway Main-Danube Canal; In addition, the 580 meters of Altmühl above the weir Dietfurt to the MDK are a federal waterway. Along the Altmühl runs the well-marked and quite well furnished Altmühltalradweg . Canoeing can be done safely on

1500-753: The eastern Altmühl valley. The Altmühl finally flows into the Danube in Kelheim . The Altmühl rises on the southern slope of the Franconian Ridge northeast of Rothenburg ob der Tauber , near the Hohe Leite and about 500m southeast of the Burgbernheim wilderness Wildbad. As its source, the Royal Bavarian Hydrotechnical Bureau at Munich in 1904 fixed the drainage ditch of Hornauer Weiher . This

1550-455: The end of the 7th century a group of Franconian peasants and their families went up into the wilderness to found a new settlement. Their leader Onold led them to an area called the "Rezattal" (Rezat valley). This is where they founded the "Urhöfe" (meaning the first farms: Knollenhof, Voggenhof and Rabenhof). Gradually more settlers, such as the "Winden-Tribe" came, and the farms grew into a small village. Many villages around Ansbach were founded by

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1600-481: The extermination facilities Sonnenstein and Hartheim which were disguised as psychiatric institutions, as part of the Action T4 euthanasia action. They were gassed there. At the clinic in Ansbach itself, around 50 intellectually disabled children were injected with the drug Luminal and killed that way. A plaque was erected in their memory in 1988 in the local hospital at No. 38 Feuchtwangerstrasse. During World War II ,

1650-469: The home of the 1st Infantry Division's 4th Combat Aviation Brigade , also home of 501st M.I. Bn and 501st Avn Bn. which has been replaced by the 12th Combat Aviation Brigade as of 2006, as part of the 1st Infantry Division's return to Fort Riley , Kansas; Bismarck Kaserne, which functions as a satellite post to Katterbach, hosting their Post Theater, barracks, Von Steuben Community Center, Military Police, and other support agencies, Barton Barracks, home to

1700-434: The majority of cases, a stage (the elevation of the water surface) measurement is used as the surrogate. Low gradient (or shallow-sloped) streams are highly influenced by variable downstream channel conditions. For these streams, a second stream gauge would be installed, and the slope of the water surface would be calculated between the gauges. This value would be used along with the stage measurement to more accurately determine

1750-419: The mean velocity of the streamflow. A variety of hydraulic structures / primary device are used to improve the reliability of using water level as a surrogate for flow (improving the accuracy of the rating table), including: Other equipment commonly used at permanent stream gauge include: Water level gauges: Discharge measurements of a stream or canal without an established stream gauge can be made using

1800-492: The present Danube valley; in the section where not the Altmühl flows in it, but only small brooks, it is called Wellheim dry valley. From the year 1910 the course of the river downstream from Unterwurmbach was straightened and regulated with numerous weirs , hence many oxbow lakes were cut off. Since then, some of the regulatory measures have been reversed, for instance near Treuchtlingen -Graben and shortly before Eichstätt at Wasserzell. Its lowermost course from Dietfurt

1850-575: The river Fränkische Rezat , a tributary of the river Main . In 2020, its population was 41,681. Developed in the 8th century as a Benedictine monastery , it became the seat of the Hohenzollern family in 1331. In 1460, the Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach lived here. The city has a castle known as Margrafen–Schloss , built between 1704 and 1738. It was not badly damaged during the World Wars and hence retains its original historical baroque sheen. Ansbach

1900-515: The river itself. [REDACTED] Media related to Altmühl at Wikimedia Commons Ansbach Ansbach ( / ˈ æ n z b æ k / ANZ -bak , German: [ˈansbax] ; East Franconian : Anschba ) is a city in the German state of Bavaria . It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia . Ansbach is 40 kilometers (25 miles) southwest of Nuremberg and 140 kilometers (90 miles) north of Munich , on

1950-604: The seat of their dynasty until their acquisition of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1415. After the 1440 death of Frederick I , a cadet branch of the family established itself as the margraves of Ansbach . George the Pious introduced the Protestant Reformation to Ansbach in 1528, leading to Gumbertus Abbey's secularization in 1563. The Markgrafenschloß was built between 1704 and 1738. Its gardens continued to be

2000-406: The site routinely, with special trips to measure the hydrologic extremes (floods and droughts), and make a discharge measurement by following an explicit set of instructions or standard operating procedures (SOPs). Once the rating curve is established, it can be used in conjunction with stage measurements to determine the volumetric streamflow discharge. This record then serves as an assessment of

2050-403: The streamflow discharge. Improvements in the accuracy of velocity sensors have also allowed the use of water velocity as a reliable surrogate for streamflow discharge at sites with a stable cross-sectional area. These sensors are permanently mounted in the stream and measure velocity at a particular location in the stream. In those instances where only a stage measurement is used as the surrogate,

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2100-424: The technician or hydrologist at a variety of stages. For each discrete determination of streamflow discharge, the mean velocity of the cross section is determined by dividing streamflow discharge by the cross-sectional area. A rating curve, similar to that used for stage-discharge determinations, is constructed using the mean velocity and the index velocity from the permanently mounted meter. An additional rating curve

2150-659: The town to surrender to the US Forces without a fight. He was betrayed by Hitler Youth and was hanged from the portal of the City Hall by the city's military commander, Col. ( Oberst ) Ernst Meyer. Several memorials to his heroic deed have been erected over the years, despite opposition from some residents — in the Ludwigskirche, in the Gymnasium Carolinum and at No 6 Kronenstrasse. After the Second World War, Ansbach belonged to

2200-491: The upper third, it is a meadow river slowly flowing in a broad valley . The landscape is flat, slightly hilly and the ground consists mainly of rocks of the Keuper period, here mainly limestone and clay . The mudstone seals the subsoil , therefore, the Altmühl in its upper reaches is a not-too- broad stream . In its middle course flows the Altmühl in the north and east on Altmühlsee at Gunzenhausen over. The riverbed

2250-475: The volume of water that passes by the stream gauge and is useful for many tasks associated with hydrology. In those instances where a velocity measurement is additionally used as a surrogate, an index velocity determination is conducted. This analysis uses a velocity sensor, often either magnetic or acoustic, to measure the velocity of the flow at a particular location in the stream cross section. Once again, discrete measurements of streamflow discharge are made by

2300-717: The war. All of its bridges were destroyed during the course of the war. During the Western Allied invasion of Germany in April 1945, the airfield was seized by the United States Third Army , and used by the USAAF 354th Fighter Group which flew P-47 Thunderbolts from the aerodrome (designated ALG R-82 ) from late April until the German capitulation on 7 May 1945. At the end of the war, 19-year-old student Robert Limpert tried to get

2350-546: Was damaged by the SA, though it was not burnt down for fear of damaging the neighbouring buildings. It serves today as a "Symbolic House of God". A plaque in the entrance serves as a memorial to the synagogue and to Jewish residents who were murdered during the Holocaust. In 1940, at least 500 patients were deported from the Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Ansbach [ Ansbach Medical and Nursing Clinic ] to

2400-623: Was expanded in the middle of the 19th century with 10 locks to become a part of the Ludwig-Danube-Main Canal . The same route was used from 1975 to 1991 for the construction of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal , a major shipping route with locks in Riedenburg and Kelheim. For the first time in a waterway construction project in Europe, landscaping plans for ecological measures were set up in order to replace nature and landscape interventions; 15% of

2450-643: Was rebuilt here during the construction of the Altmühlsee in the 1980s. On the southern shore of the Altmühlsee, the course of the river crosses the Altmühlüberleiter underground . Only at times of high water discharge does water flow from the Altmühl over the Altmühlzuleiter into the Altmühlsee, which was created as a reservoir to divert water from the Altmühl to the drier river system of the Regnitz . This lake

2500-515: Was reported to be a Syrian refugee whose asylum application had been rejected but who had been given exceptional leave to remain until the security situation in Syria returned to a safe condition. Witnesses reported he had tried to enter a nearby music festival but had been turned away, before detonating his device outside a nearby wine bar. Ansbach has a transitional temperate - continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb / Dfb ), with

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