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73-775: The Altaians are represented by two ethnographic groups: The Northern and Southern Altaians formed in the Altai area on the basis of tribes of Kimek - Kipchaks . In the Soviet Union until 1991 and the Russian Federation until 2000, the authorities considered the Northern Altaians and the Teleuts to be part of the Altai people. Currently, according to the Resolution of the Government of

146-598: A Tiele group who initially inhabited northwestern Mongolia before migrating to north of Altay Mountains and Irtysh zone. Initially, Golden (1992:202, 227, 263) accepted the identification of Kimeks with Imeks/Yimeks/Yemeks, because the /k/ > ∅, resulting in Kimek > İmek , was indeed attested in several Medieval Kipchak dialects; Golden also thought Yemeks unlikely to be 鹽莫 * jiäm-mâk > Yánmò in Chinese source. However, Golden later changed his mind, reasoning that, as

219-692: A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with Vladimir Lenin 's Bolshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The Mensheviks were led by Julius Martov and Pavel Axelrod . The initial point of disagreement was the Mensheviks' support for a broad party membership, as opposed to the Bolsheviks' support for a smaller party of professional revolutionaries. However,

292-588: A "fair peace without annexations ", but in the meantime supported the war effort under the slogan of "defense of the revolution". Along with the other major Russian socialist party, the Socialist Revolutionaries (also known as эсеры , esery ), the Mensheviks led the network of soviets , notably the Petrograd Soviet in the capital, throughout most of 1917. With the monarchy gone, many social democrats viewed previous tactical differences between

365-495: A genetic separation of the northern and southern Altaians is undeniable. The southern Altaians are dominated by such variants of the Y chromosome haplogroup as Q-M242 and R1a , and there are also I-M170 and O-M175 . Within the northern Altaians, the R1a haplogroup is dominant, Q-M242 is rarely found, and I-M170 and O-M175 are not found at all. Mitochondrial DNA The maternal genetic ancestry of northern and southern Altaian populations

438-467: A greater variety of West Eurasian haplogroups at low frequencies. Shors, who have sometimes been categorized as northern Altaians,18 exhibited a similar haplogroup profile to other northern Altaian ethnic groups, including moderate frequencies of C, D, and F1, although they lacked others (N9a and U). Haplogroups C and D were the most frequent mtDNA lineages in the Altaians, consistent with the overall picture of

511-776: A group called Menshevik-Internationalists. They were active around the newspaper Novaya Zhizn and took part in the Mezhraiontsy formation. After July 1917 events in Russia, they broke with the Menshevik majority that supported continued war with Germany. The Mensheviks-Internationalists became the hub of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (of Internationalists ). Starting in 1920, right-wing Mensheviks-Internationalists emigrated, some of them pursuing anti-Bolshevik activities. The Democratic Republic of Georgia

584-561: A large fringe of non-party sympathizers and supporters, whereas Martov believed it was better to have a large party of activists with broad representation. Martov's proposal was accepted by the majority of the delegates (28 votes to 23). However, after seven delegates stormed out of the Congress—five of whom were representatives of the Jewish Bund who left in protest about their own federalist proposal being defeated —Lenin's supporters won

657-681: A part of the Chuy tribes remained in its successor, the Uyghur Kaganate (740-840), and another part retained their independence. During the Uyghur period, the Chuy tribes consolidated into the nucleus of the tribes known as Kimaks in the Arab and Persian sources. Lev Gumilyov associated one Duolu Chuy tribe, Chumukun 處木昆 (< * čomuqun "immersed in water, drowned") with the Kimeks as both coincidentally occupied

730-422: A party member, which had prevailed at the 1st Congress, was replaced by Lenin's. On the other hand, numerous disagreements about alliances and strategy emerged. The two factions kept their separate structures and continued to operate separately. As before, both factions believed that Russia was not developed enough to make socialism possible and that therefore the revolution which they planned, aiming to overthrow

803-690: A separate Burkhanist republic called the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region), although only as part of the Russian Federation. They also hoped to extend its territory to form a larger Oyrot republic that would include other former subjects of the Dzungar Khanate or even all Turkic peoples of Siberia. Many Altai leaders supported the Mensheviks during the Civil War . After

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876-536: A slight majority, which was reflected in the composition of the Central Committee and the other central party organs elected at the Congress. This was also the reason behind the naming of the factions. It was later hypothesized that Lenin had purposely offended some of the delegates in order to have them leave the meeting in protest, giving him a majority. However, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were united in voting against

949-536: Is rich with mythology and supernatural beings . Popular deities included Erlik , the god of the underworld, and Oyrot-Khan, a heroic figure who is a composite blend taken from historical Zungarian (Oirat) Khans and ancient legendary heroes. However, with many migrations, settlement changes, and the presence of Russians and their eventual union with the Russian Empire , the Altaians encountered three world religions: Buddhism , Christianity , and Islam . At first,

1022-539: The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia and studied at Buddhist centers of learning before and after the rise of the Burkhanist movement in the early 20th century; indicating a significant Buddhist influence on the new religion. Around 1904, the development of Burkhanism among the Altaians was underway. Burkhanism is a monotheistic religion named after Ak-Burkhan, a deity who is believed and recognized by its adherents to have been

1095-562: The Bolshevik victory, a separate Oyrot Autonomous Oblast was established as a national home for the Altais. In the 1940s, during World War II, Joseph Stalin 's government accused Altai nationalists of being pro-Japanese . After the war, the word "Oyrot" was declared to be counter-revolutionary due to its associations with the idea of a larger Oyrot state that could secede from the USSR. Because of that,

1168-785: The Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile in Leuville-sur-Orge . In 1930, Ramishvili was assassinated by a Soviet spy in Paris. Menshevism was finally made illegal after the Kronstadt uprising of 1921. A number of prominent Mensheviks emigrated thereafter. Martov went to Germany, where he established the paper Socialist Messenger . He died in 1923. In 1931, the Menshevik Trial

1241-739: The Göktürks ' remnants and formed a tribe called Shatuo , which lived in southern Dzungaria , to the west of Lake Barkol . The Shatuo separated from the Chuyue in the middle of the 7th century. (Another component of the Chuyue, the Chigil, were still listed in censuses taken in Tsarist Russia and the early decades of the Soviet Union.) After the disintegration in 743 AD of the Western Turkic Kaganate,

1314-805: The Scythians , Xiongnu , the Rouran Khaganate , the Turkic Khanganate , the Uyghur Empire , and the Yenisei Kyrgyz . According to one study in 2016, the Altaians, precisely some Southern Altaians, assimilated local Yeniseian people which were closely related to the Paleo-Eskimo groups. From the 13th to 18th century, the Altai people were dominated politically and culturally by the Mongols . The origin of

1387-520: The Tsarist regime , would be a bourgeois-democratic revolution . Both believed that the working class had to contribute to this revolution. However, after 1905 the Mensheviks were more inclined to work with the liberal bourgeois democratic parties such as the Constitutional Democrats because these would be the "natural" leaders of a bourgeois revolution. In contrast, the Bolsheviks believed that

1460-803: The Ural River and Emba River , and from the Aral Wea and Caspian steppes, to the Zhetysu area. After the 840 AD breakup of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Yemeks headed a new political tribal union, creating a new Kimek state. Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) wrote that the Kimak federation consisted of seven tribes: Yemeks (Ar. Yamāk < MTrk * Yemǟk or * (Y)imēk ), Eymür , Tatars , Bayandur , Kipchak , Lanikaz and Ajlad . Later, an expanded Kimek Kaganate partially controlled

1533-627: The para-Mongolic-speaking Tatabï, known to Chinese as Kumo Xi . Sümer associates the Kimeks with the Chiks (who were mentioned in Tang Huiyao and Bilge Qaghan inscription ); however, Golden sees little evidence for this. According to Golden (1992), the Quns and Śari (whom Czeglédy (1949:47-48,50) identifies with Yellow Uyghurs ) were possibly induced into the Kimek union or took over said union and absorbed

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1606-532: The taiga (boreal forests). However, some Altaians also engaged in small scale agriculture , gathering , and fishing . Most of the Southern Altaians traditionally lived in yurts . Many Northern Altaians mainly built polygonal yurts with conic roofs made out of logs and bark. Some Altai-Kizhi also lived in mud huts with birch bark gable roofs and log or plank walling. The Teleuts and a few Northern Altaians lived in conic homes made out of perches or bark. With

1679-550: The 18th century. In the Tsarist period , the Altai were also known as Oirot or Oyrot (this name means " Oirat " and would later be carried on for the Oyrot Autonomous Oblast ). The name was inherited from their being former subjects of the 17th-century Oirat -led Dzungar Khanate . The Altai report that many of them became addicted to the Russians' vodka , which they called "fire water". With regard to religion, some of

1752-574: The Altai people. At present, shamanism is practiced by many Telengits, although there is a large amount that also profess Orthodox Christianity. Burkhanism is the main religion of the Altai-Kizhi, the largest group of Altaians, but there is a significant number of Orthodox Christians. The majority of Kumandins, Tubalars, Teleuts, and Chelkans are Russian Orthodox, although there is a significant minority that practice shamanism. A few Altaians are Evangelical Christians and Tibetan Buddhists . In principle,

1825-469: The Altai region, which is especially popular among Altaian youth. According to recent statistical studies, up to 70% or 86 % (data of the Research State Institute of Altaic Studies) of the Altaians continue to profess the "Altai Faith": Burkhanism, shamanism, and other native religions . According to Natalia Zhukovskaia , traditional Altai shamanism is the supreme religion of the majority of

1898-526: The Altai remained shamanists and others (in a trend beginning in the mid-19th century) have converted to the Russian Orthodox Church . In 1904, a millenarian indigenist religious movement called Ak-Jang or Burkhanism arose among these people. Prior to 1917, the Altai were considered to be made up of many different ethnic groups. With the rise of the 1917 Russian revolution , Altai nationalists and Socialist-Revolutionaries attempted to make

1971-493: The Altaians were indifferent and at times even hostile to these foreign faiths and their expansion in the region (modern Altai Republic ). In 1829, a Russian Orthodox mission was founded in the region soon after it became a protectorate of the Russian Empire . The mission and its missionaries were initially culturally sensitive and tolerant to the Altaians and their customs. However, the rise of Russian nationalism during

2044-460: The Bolshevik Party by late April 1917, taking it in a more radical direction. They called for an immediate revolution and transfer of all power to the soviets, which made any re-unification impossible. In March–April 1917, the Menshevik leadership conditionally supported the newly formed liberal Russian Provisional Government . After the collapse of the first Provisional Government on 2 May over

2117-533: The Bolsheviks favoured armed violence. Some Mensheviks left the party after the defeat of 1905 and joined legal opposition organisations. After a while, Lenin's patience wore out with their compromising and, in 1908, he called these Mensheviks " liquidationists ". In 1912, the RSDLP had its final split, with the Bolsheviks constituting the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) , and

2190-495: The Bundist proposal, which lost 41 to 5. Despite the outcome of the Congress, the following years saw the Mensheviks gathering considerable support among regular social democrats and effectively building up a parallel party organization. At the 4th Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, a reunification was formally achieved. In contrast to the 2nd Congress, the Mensheviks were in the majority from start to finish, yet Martov's definition of

2263-539: The Constitutional Democrats were not capable of sufficiently radical struggle and tended to advocate alliances with peasant representatives and other radical socialist parties such as the Socialist Revolutionaries . In the event of a revolution, this was meant to lead to a dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry, which would carry the bourgeois revolution to the end. The Mensheviks came to argue for predominantly legal methods and trade union work, while

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2336-574: The Kimek and Kipchak lands west of the Irtysh. In the eleventh to twelfth centuries a Mongol-speaking Naiman tribe displaced the Kimeks and Kipchaks from the Mongolian Altai and Upper Irtysh as it moved west. Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries Kimek tribes were nomadizing in the steppes of the modern Astrakhan Oblast of Russia. A portion of the Kimeks that left the Ob - Irtysh interfluvial region joined

2409-698: The Kimek. As a result, the Kipchaks presumably replaced the Kimeks as the union's dominant group, while the Quns gained ascendancy over the westernmost tribes and became Quman (though difficulties remain with the Qun-Cuman link and how Qun became Cuman, e.g. qun + man "the real Quns"? > * qumman > quman ?). Kimeks were still represented amongst the Cuman– Kipchaks as Yimek ~ Yemek ( Old East Slavic : Polovtsi Yemiakove ). The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S.A. Tokarev, A.I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive

2482-762: The Kipchak Khanlyk moved west, occupying lands that had earlier belonged to the Oguz. After seizing the Oguz lands, the Kipchaks grew considerably stronger, and the Kimeks became dependents of the Kipchaks. The fall of the Kimek Kaganate in the middle of the 11th century was caused by the migration of Central Asian Mongolian-speaking nomads, displaced by the Mongolian-speaking Khitan state of Liao , which formed in 916 AD in Northern China. The Khitan nomads occupied

2555-708: The Kipchak confederation that survived until the Mongol invasion, and later united with the Nogai confederation of the Kipchak descendants. The last organized tribes of the Nogai in Russian sources were dispersed with the Russian construction of zaseka bulwarks in the Don and Volga regions in the 17th-18th centuries, which separated the cattle breeding populations from their summer pastures. Another part of

2628-452: The Medieval Kipchak dialectal sound-change /k/ > ∅ had not yet happened in the mid-7th century Old Turkic , the identification of Yemeks with Kimeks is disputed. As a result, Golden (2002:660-665) later abandons the Kimeks > Yemeks identification and becomes more amenable to the identification of 鹽莫 Yánmò with Yemeks, by scholars such as Hambis, Zuev , and Kumekov, cited in Golden (1992:202). According to Tishin (2018), Yemeks were simply

2701-508: The Menshevik Party supported actions against the Bolsheviks while the left-wing, the majority of the Mensheviks at that point, supported the left in the ensuing Russian Civil War . However, Martov's leftist Menshevik faction refused to break with the right-wing of the party, resulting in their press being sometimes banned and only intermittently available. The Mensheviks opposed war communism and in 1919 suggested an alternative programme. During World War I , some anti-war Mensheviks had formed

2774-597: The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks as a thing of the past and a number of local party organizations were merged. When Bolshevik leaders Lev Kamenev , Joseph Stalin , and Matvei Muranov returned to Petrograd from Siberian exile in early March 1917 and assumed the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, they began exploring the idea of a complete re-unification of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at the national level, which Menshevik leaders were willing to consider. However, Lenin and his deputy Grigory Zinoviev returned to Russia from exile in Switzerland on 3 April and re-asserted control of

2847-504: The Mensheviks received about 3 percent of the vote, compared to the Bolsheviks' 23 percent. Mensheviks denounced the October Revolution as a coup d'état , though broadly supported the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War (while being critical of war communism ). Their party was made illegal after the Kronstadt rebellion in 1921. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in August 1903, Julius Martov and Vladimir Lenin disagreed, firstly, with regard to which persons should be in

2920-420: The Mensheviks the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks) . The Menshevik faction split further in 1917 at the middle of World War I . Most Mensheviks opposed the war, but a vocal minority supported it in terms of "national defense". After the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty by the February Revolution in 1917, the Menshevik leadership led by Irakli Tsereteli demanded that the government pursue

2993-443: The Mensheviks. Others, like Alexandra Kollontai , joined the Bolsheviks. A significant number, including Leon Trotsky and Adolf Joffe , joined the non-factional Petrograd-based anti-war group called Mezhraiontsy , which merged with the Bolsheviks in August 1917. A small yet influential group of social democrats associated with Maxim Gorky 's newspaper Novaya Zhizn ( New Life ) refused to join either party. The 1917 split in

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3066-436: The Nogai were deported from the Budjak steppes after Russian conquest of Western Ukraine and Moldova in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. According to C. E. Bosworth (2007) and R. Turaeva (2015) the Kimek tribe was Turkic . According to R. Preucel and S. Mrozowki (2010) and S. Divitçioğlu (2010), the Kimek tribe was Tungusic . Josef Markwart proposed that Kimeks were Turkicized Tatars , who were related to

3139-415: The Russian Federation No. 255 dated March 24, 2000 , the Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, and Tubalars were recognized as separate ethnic groups as well as the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East . However, in the 2010 Russian Census , the only recognized distinct ethnic groups are the Kumandins and Teleuts. The Altai region came within the sphere of influence of

3212-433: The Siberian mtDNA gene pool. Kimek tribe ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The Yemek or Kimek were a Turkic tribe constituting the Kimek-Kipchak confederation , whose other six constituent tribes, according to Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061), were the Imur (or Imi ), Tatars , Bayandur , Kipchaks , Lanikaz , and Ajlad . Minorsky , citing Marquart, Barthold, Semenov and other sources, proposes that

3285-420: The Southern Altaians can be traced during this period from the result of the mixing of Kipchak and Mongol tribes. Meanwhile, the Northern Altaians were a result of the fusion of Turkic tribes with Samoyeds , Kets , and other indigenous Siberian ethnic groups. The Altaians were annexed by the Four Oirat of Western Mongols in the 16th century. The Mongols called them " Telengid " or " Telengid aimag " in

3358-402: The chaos. This was believed to have occurred because ancient religious beliefs could be easily orally transmitted from generation to another. It's also likely that no Burkhanist texts survived the repression and main sources for the beliefs of the religion come from Russian missionaries, travellers, and scholars. Recently, both Burkhanism and traditional Altai shamanism have seen a revival in

3431-409: The conditions for a socialist revolution emerged. In 1912, the RSDLP formally split into Bolshevik and Menshevik parties . The Mensheviks further split over World War I and the Russian Provisional Government , which the party supported by entering a coalition with the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the liberal Constitutional Democrats . In the 1917 election to the Constituent Assembly ,

3504-450: The connection with the Proto-Mongolic world seriously. Mahmud al-Kashgari does not mention any Kimek, but Yamāk ; Kashgari further remarked that Kara-Khanids like him considered Yemeks to be "a tribe of the Kipchaks", though contemporary Kipchaks considered themselves a different party. The ethnonym Yemäk might have been transcribed in the mid 7th century by Chinese authors as 鹽莫 Yánmò < Middle Chinese * jiäm-mâk , referring

3577-423: The division into the Burkhanists and shamanists has ceased to be relevant for the contemporary religiosity of the Altaians. According to a number of studies, by the beginning of the 21st century, there were practically no traditional shamans or classical Burkhanists anti-shamanists. The main one was the single " Altai Faith " ( Altay : Алтай јаҥ , romanized:  Altai jang )—a traditional ethnic religion in

3650-416: The editorial committee of Iskra , the Party newspaper; secondly, in regards to the definition of a "party member" in the future Party statute: Although the difference in definitions was small, with Lenin's being more exclusive, it was indicative of what became an essential difference between the philosophies of the two emerging factions: Lenin argued for a small party of professional revolutionaries with

3723-438: The fact that most Altaians today wear modern clothes, traditional wear still remains in use. Altai cuisine consists of soups of horseflesh or mutton . Dishes with gopher , badger , marmot , fermented milk , cream (from boiled milk), blood pudding, butter, fried barley flour, and certain vegetables are also staples of Altai cuisine. Popular drinks include aryki (hard liquor made from kumis ). Traditional Altai shamanism

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3796-435: The faith among the Altaians during the 19th century. The Buddhist missionaries also encouraged the Altaians to unite together against the Russians. However, their activities and preaching were suppressed both by the Russian state and Orthodox Christian missionaries. Buddhism made little headway among the Altaians but many Buddhist ideas and principles filtered into Altai spiritual beliefs. However, some Altaians reportedly visited

3869-602: The form of a synthesis of Burkhanism with the remnants of Altai shamanism, Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhism , and other tribal beliefs and customs. Y Chromosome Altai population can be divided into northern and southern clusters based on linguistics, culture, and genetics. According to a 2012 study that analyzed mtDNA (by PCR - RFLP analysis and control region sequencing) and nonrecombinant Y-DNA (by scoring more than 100 biallelic markers and 17 Y-STRs ) obtained from Altaian samples, northern Altaians are genetically more similar to Yeniseian , Ugric , and Samoyeds to

3942-403: The influx of Russians near the homeland of the Altaians, there was an increase of the construction of large huts with two to four slope roofs in consequence of Russian influence. Despite the many social and political changes the Altaians have endured, many modern and settled families still keep a yurt in their yards. These yurts are usually used as a summertime kitchen or extra room. Historically,

4015-458: The issue of annexations, Tsereteli convinced the Mensheviks to strengthen the government for the sake of "saving the revolution" and enter a socialist-liberal coalition with Socialist Revolutionaries and liberal Constitutional Democrats, which they did on 17 May. With Martov's return from European exile in early May, the left-wing of the party challenged the party's majority led by Tsereteli at the first post-revolutionary party conference on 9 May, but

4088-702: The late 19th century caused the Russification of Orthodox Christianity in the country, and the mostly Russian clergy in Siberia also took up the ideology. This created intolerant views of the natives of Siberia (including the Altaians) and of their culture. This led to the rejection of Christianity by many Altaians, who saw it as a foreign Russian religion. However, Russian rule continued to grow increasingly strict both politically and religiously. Russian Orthodox missionaries regularly confiscated land from Altaians who refused to convert to Christianity. Altaians were often forcefully converted to Christianity. Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhist missionaries attempted to spread

4161-407: The meaning of the names are switched: больше meaning "majority" or "more" and меньше meaning "minority" or "less". The Bolsheviks gained a majority on the Central Committee in 1903, though the power of the two factions fluctuated in the following years. Mensheviks came to be associated with the position that a bourgeois-democratic revolution and period of capitalism would need to occur before

4234-427: The most important of the seven constituent tribes whose representatives met at the Irtysh valley, where the diverse Kimek tribal union emerged, as related by Gardizi . In the Western Turkic Khaganate two Chuy tribes , Chumukun and Chuban, occupied a privileged position of being voting members of the confederation's Onoq elite, while the Chuyue and Chumi tribes did not. A part of the Chuyue tribe intermixed with

4307-553: The name Kīmāk (pronounced Kimäk ) is derived from Iki-Imäk , "the two Imäk", probably referring to the first two clans ( Īmī and Īmāk ) of the federation. On the other hand, Pritsak attempted to connect the Kimek with the Proto-Mongolic Kumo of the Kumo Xi confederation (庫莫奚; Middle Chinese : kʰuo -mɑk̚-ɦei; * qu(o)mâġ-ġay , from * quo "yellowish" plus denominal suffix * -mAk ); Golden judges Pritsak's reconstruction "highly problematic", as Pritsak did not explain how Quomâġ might have produced Kimek ; still, Golden considers

4380-468: The name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym Kimak , or from another name for Kipchaks — Cuman . A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of Kimek male buried in Pavlodar Region , Kazakhstan ca. 1350 AD. He was found to be carrying the paternal haplogroup R1b1b and the maternal haplogroup A . It was noted that he was not found to have "elevated East Asian ancestry". Menshevik The Mensheviks were

4453-420: The north, while southern Altaians having greater affinities to other Turkic speaking populations of southern Siberia and Central Asia. The same study conducted a high-resolution analysis of Y chromosome Haplogroup Q-M242 that was found in Altaian samples and concluded that southern Altaians and indigenous peoples of the Americas share a recent common ancestor . According to a new study by Russian geneticists,

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4526-417: The oblast was renamed to Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast . By 1950, Soviet industrialization policies and development in this area resulted in considerable migration of Russians to this republic, reducing the proportion of Altai in the total population from 50% to 20%. In 1990, the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast was declared an autonomous republic, the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which

4599-426: The party crippled the Mensheviks' popularity and they received 3.2% of the vote during the Russian Constituent Assembly election in November 1917 compared to the Bolsheviks' 23% and the Socialist Revolutionaries' 37%. The Mensheviks got just 3.3% of the national vote, but in the Transcaucasus they got 30.2%. 41.7% of their support came from the Transcaucasus and in Georgia , about 75% voted for them. The right-wing of

4672-436: The period of the Northern Yuan dynasty , with the region known as Telengid Province. After the fall of the Zunghar Khanate in the 18th century, the Altaians were subjugated by the Qing dynasty , which referred to them as Altan Nuur Uriyangkhai . Altaians are genetically related to the Uriyangkhai , which is a common neighbouring Oirat Mongol ethnic group in Mongolia . The Altai people came into contact with Russians in

4745-405: The right wing prevailed 44–11. From then on, the Mensheviks had at least one representative in the Provisional Government until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution . With Mensheviks and Bolsheviks diverging, Mensheviks and non-factional social democrats returning from exile in Europe and United States in spring-summer of 1917 were forced to take sides. Some re-joined

4818-404: The same territory, i.e. Semirechye , and that Chumukun were known only to Chinese and Kimek only to Persians and Arabs. The head of the Kimek confederation was titled Shad Tutuq , "Prince Governor" ( tutuk being from Middle Chinese tuo-tuok 都督 "military governor"); as well as Yinal Yabghu , according to Gardizi. By the middle of the eighth century, the Kimeks occupied territory between

4891-529: The sole god. Burkhanism was opposed to both the Russians and the traditional Altai shamans. The hostility towards the shamans was so great that the shamans had to seek protection from Russian authorities. The rise of the Bolsheviks in the first quarter of the 20th century also led to the brutal repression of all religions , which included the indigenous faiths of the Altai people. For the next few decades, public expressions of religion severely declined with only shamanistic and ancient polytheistic beliefs surviving

4964-399: The territories of the Oguz , Kangly , and Bagjanak tribes, and in the west bordered the Khazar and Bulgar territories. The Kimaks led a semi-settled life, as the Hudūd mentioned a town named * Yimäkiya (> Yamakkiyya > ms. Namakiyya ); while the Kipchaks, in some customs, resembled the contemporary Oghuzes, who were nomadic herders. In the beginning of the eleventh century

5037-483: The total population of the republic, compared with 56.6% with a Russian background, Altaian families are the majority only in certain villages. However, Altaian culture is still the local culture between people and communities. The Southern Altaians were mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic livestock holders. They raised horses , goats , sheep , and cattle . The Northern Altaians mainly engaged in hunting as their primary form of subsistence. Their main prey were animals from

5110-400: The traditional clothing of Southern Altaian men and women was very similar with little differences between the two. Average clothing consisted of long shirts with wide breeches, robes, and fur coats. Other apparel often included fur hats, high boots, and sheepskin coats. Northern Altaians and some Teleuts traditionally wore short breeches, linen shirts, and single-breasted oriental robes. Despite

5183-489: Was a stronghold of the Mensheviks. In parliamentary elections held on 14 February 1919, they won 81.5% of the votes and the Menshevik leader Noe Zhordania became Prime Minister . Prominent members of the Georgian Menshevik Party included Noe Ramishvili , Evgeni Gegechkori , Akaki Chkhenkeli , Nikolay Chkheidze and Alexandre Lomtatidze. After the occupation of Georgia by the Bolsheviks in 1921, many Georgian Mensheviks, led by Zhordania, fled to France , where they set up

5256-694: Was explored by characterizing coding region SNPs and control region sequences from 490 inhabitants of the Altai Republic. Differences in mtDNA haplogroup profiles were observed among northern Altaian ethnic groups and between northern Altaians and Altai-kizhi, with the Chelkans being extraordinarily distinct. Nevertheless, comparisons among other Altaian ethnic groups revealed some consistent patterns. mtDNA haplogroups B, C, D, and U4 were found in all Altaian populations, but at varying frequencies, whereas southern Altaians (Altai-kizhi, Telengits, and Teleuts) tended to have

5329-517: Was renamed to the Altai Republic in 1992. In the early 21st century, ethnic Altaians make up about 31% of the Altai Republic's population. Today, the special interests of the Altaians are articulated and defended by the Association of Northern Ethnoses of Altai. According to the 2010 Russian census, there was a total of 69,963 Altaians who resided within the Altai Republic. This represented 34.5% of

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