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59-456: AltGr (also Alt Graph ) is a modifier key found on many computer keyboards (rather than a second Alt key found on US keyboards). It is primarily used to type special characters and symbols that are not widely used in the territory where sold, such as foreign currency symbols , typographic marks and accented letters . On a typical Windows-compatible PC keyboard, the AltGr key, when present, takes

118-518: A QWERTZ layout specifically designed for the Polish language with accented letters in the Polish alphabet obtainable directly. When personal computers became available worldwide in the 1980s, commercial importing into Poland was not supported by its communist government, so most machines in Poland were brought in by private individuals. Most had US keyboards, and various methods were devised to make available

177-417: A digraph (as in μποϊκοτάρω /boj.koˈtar.o/ , "I boycott"). The distinction between two separate vowels and an unstressed diphthong is not always clear, although two separate vowels are far more common. The diaeresis can be combined with the acute, grave and circumflex but never with breathings, since the letter with the diaeresis cannot be the first vowel of the word. In Modern Greek, the combination of

236-506: A Hebrew keyboard, one may write in Yiddish as the two languages share many letters. However, Yiddish has some additional digraphs not otherwise found in Hebrew, which are entered via AltGr: On Italian keyboards , AltGr enables the user to type the following characters: There is an alternate layout, which differ just in disposition of characters accessible through AltGr and includes

295-462: A cultural link to the past. Some individuals, institutions, and publishers continue to prefer the polytonic system (with or without grave accent), though an official reintroduction of the polytonic system does not seem probable. The Greek Orthodox church, the daily newspaper Estia , as well as books written in Katharevousa continue to use the polytonic orthography. Though the polytonic system

354-469: A modifier key is pressed. The most common are: The (Sun) Meta key, Windows key, (Apple) Cmd key, and the analogous "Amiga key" ( A ) on Amiga computers, are usually handled equivalently. Under the Linux operating system, the desktop environment KDE calls this key Meta , while GNOME calls this key, neutrally, Super . This could be considered confusing, since the original space-cadet keyboard and

413-490: A normal key and as a modifier. For example, you can use the space bar both as a normal Space bar and as a Shift. Intuitively, it will act as a standard Space when you want a whitespace, and a Shift when you want it to act as a shift. I.e. when you simply press and release it, it is the usual space, but when you press other keys, say X , Y and Z , while holding down the space , then they will be treated as ⇧ Shift plus X, Y and Z. The above example

472-564: A number of operating systems; they are known as Polish typists' layout ( klawiatura polska maszynistki ). Older Polish versions of Microsoft Windows used this layout, describing it as Polish layout . On current versions it is referred to as Polish (214) . The keymap with the AltGr key: < Romanian standard + the signs mostly pressed with AltGr prints the US keyboard signs Romanian standard> Since release 1903, versions of Windows 10 have

531-593: A palatalized pronunciation. They are not encoded as precombined characters in Unicode, so they are typed by adding the U+030C ◌̌ COMBINING CARON to the Greek letter. Latin diacritics on Greek letters may not be supported by many fonts, and as a fall-back a caron may be replaced by an iota ⟨ι⟩ following the consonant. An example of a Greek letter with a combining caron and its pronunciation: τ̌ /c/ . A dot diacritic

590-483: A voiceless glottal fricative ( /h/ ) before the vowel in Ancient Greek. In Greek grammar, this is known as aspiration. This is different from aspiration in phonetics , which applies to consonants, not vowels. The smooth breathing ( ψιλὸν πνεῦμα , psīlòn pneûma ; Latin spīritus lēnis )—' ἀ '—marked the absence of /h/ . A double rho in the middle of a word was originally written with smooth breathing on

649-473: A word. The iota subscript ( ὑπογεγραμμένη , hypogegramménē , 'written under')—'ι'—is placed under the long vowels ᾱ , η , and ω to mark the ancient long diphthongs ᾱι , ηι , and ωι , in which the ι is no longer pronounced. Next to a capital, the iota subscript is usually written as a lower-case letter ( Αι ), in which case it is called iota adscript ( προσγεγραμμένη , prosgegramménē , 'written next to'). In Ancient Greek,

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708-502: Is at U+03AC, while the polytonic "Greek small letter alpha with oxeîa " is at U+1F71. The monotonic and polytonic accent however have been de jure equivalent since 1986, and accordingly the oxeîa diacritic in Unicode decomposes canonically to the monotonic tónos —both are underlyingly treated as equivalent to the multiscript acute accent, U+0301, since letters with oxia decompose to letters with tonos , which decompose in turn to base letter plus multiscript acute accent. Thus: Where

767-796: Is attested since the 8th century BC, and until 403 BC, variations of the Greek alphabet—which exclusively used what are now known as capitals —were used in different cities and areas. From 403 on, the Athenians decided to employ a version of the Ionian alphabet. With the spread of Koine Greek , a continuation of the Attic dialect, the Ionic alphabet superseded the other alphabets, known as epichoric , with varying degrees of speed. The Ionian alphabet, however, also consisted only of capitals. The rough and smooth breathings were introduced in classical times in order to represent

826-1096: Is known as "SandS", standing for "Space and Shift" in Japan. But any number of any combinations are possible. To press shift+space in the previous example, you need in addition to a space/shift dual role key, one of (a) another space/shift key, (b) a usual shift, or (c) a usual space key. Polytonic Greek orthography has used a variety of diacritics starting in the Hellenistic period . The more complex polytonic orthography ( Greek : πολυτονικό σύστημα γραφής , romanized :  polytonikó sýstīma grafī́s ), which includes five diacritics, notates Ancient Greek phonology . The simpler monotonic orthography ( Greek : μονοτονικό σύστημα γραφής , romanized :  monotonikó sýstīma grafī́s ), introduced in 1982, corresponds to Modern Greek phonology , and requires only two diacritics. Polytonic orthography (from Ancient Greek πολύς ( polýs )  'much, many' and τόνος ( tónos )  'accent')

885-616: Is possible to use a modifier key as a normal key. In 2005 Quicksilver (software) introduced a feature called 'Modifier-only Activation'. If a modifier key (Command) was pressed for a short duration (under 300ms) then released with no other key being pressed, this was taken as a 'trigger'. In 2012 this kind of use of a Modifier key appeared in Apple's 'Dictation preferences' under OS X Mountain Lion , where Apple introduced options like 'Press Right Command Key twice' to launch dictation. This functionality

944-511: Is the standard system for Ancient Greek and Medieval Greek and includes: Since in Modern Greek the pitch accent has been replaced by a dynamic accent (stress) , and /h/ was lost, most polytonic diacritics have no phonetic significance, and merely reveal the underlying Ancient Greek etymology . Monotonic orthography (from Ancient Greek μόνος ( mónos )  'single' and τόνος ( tónos )  'accent')

1003-553: Is the standard system for Modern Greek . It retains two diacritics: A tonos and a diaeresis can be combined on a single vowel to indicate a stressed vowel after a hiatus, as in the verb ταΐζω ( /taˈizo/ , "I feed"). Although it is not a diacritic, the hypodiastole ( comma ) has in a similar way the function of a sound-changing diacritic in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , "whatever") from ότι ( óti , "that"). The original Greek alphabet did not have diacritics. The Greek alphabet

1062-694: Is therefore designed with compatibility in mind for all four languages. In German-speaking and Romansh-speaking Switzerland (as well as the Czech Republic ), the Swiss German layout is used, while in the French-speaking and Italian-speaking Switzerland, the Swiss French layout is used. The two layouts only differ on three keys—OEM1, OEM5 , and OEM7. On the Swiss German layout, these three keys are labelled ü , ö , and ä , respectively, while on

1121-620: Is written in Cyrillic keyboards AltGr + Г gives letter ґ and Ґ . Modifier key For example, in most keyboard layouts the Shift key combination ⇧ Shift + A will produce a capital letter "A" instead of the default lower-case letter "a" (unless in Caps Lock or Shift lock mode). A combination of Alt + F4 in Microsoft Windows will trigger the shortcut for closing

1180-548: The diaeresis (Greek: διαίρεσις or διαλυτικά , dialytiká , 'distinguishing') – ϊ – appears on the letters ι and υ to show that a pair of vowel letters is pronounced separately, rather than as a diphthong or as a digraph for a simple vowel. In Modern Greek, the diaeresis usually indicates that two successive vowels are pronounced separately (as in κοροϊδεύω /ko.ro.iˈðe.vo/ , "I trick, mock"), but occasionally, it marks vowels that are pronounced together as an unstressed diphthong rather than as

1239-406: The /h/ sound became silent. At the beginning of the 20th century (official since the 1960s), the grave was replaced by the acute, and the iota subscript and the breathings on the rho were abolished, except in printed texts. Greek typewriters from that era did not have keys for the grave accent or the iota subscript, and these diacritics were also not taught in primary schools where instruction

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1298-556: The Commodore 64 and other Commodore computers had the Commodore key at the bottom left of the keyboard. Compact keyboards, such as those used in laptops , often have a Fn key to save space by combining two functions that are normally on separate keys. On laptops, pressing Fn plus one of the function keys, e.g., F2, often control hardware functions. Keyboards that lack a dedicated numeric keypad may mimic its functionality by combining

1357-533: The WIMP metaphor which provided drop-down menus etc. Some non-English language keyboards have special keys to produce accented modifications of the standard Latin-letter keys. In fact, the standard British keyboard layout includes an accent key on the top-left corner to produce àèìòù, although this is a two step procedure, with the user pressing the accent key, releasing, then pressing the letter key. These kinds of keys are called dead keys . The AltGr modifier produces

1416-683: The X Window System recognize a " Meta " modifier distinct from " Super ". The ZX Spectrum has a Symbol Shift key in addition to Caps Shift. This was used to access additional punctuation and keywords. The MSX computer keyboard, besides Shift and Control, also included two special modifier keys, Code and Graph. In some models, as in the Brazilian Gradiente Expert , the Code and Graph keys are labelled " L Gra " and " R Gra " (Left and Right Graphics). They are used to select special graphic symbols and extended characters. Likewise,

1475-456: The active window ; in this instance, Alt is the modifier key. In contrast, pressing just ⇧ Shift or Alt will probably do nothing unless assigned a specific function in a particular program (for example, activating input aids or the toolbar of the active window in Windows). User interface expert Jef Raskin coined the term " quasimode " to describe the state a computer enters into when

1534-553: The minuscule polytonic supplanted it. By the Byzantine period , the modern rule that turns an acute accent ( oxeia ) on the last syllable into a grave accent ( bareia )—except before a punctuation sign or an enclitic —had been firmly established. Certain authors have argued that the grave originally denoted the absence of accent; the modern rule is, in their view, a purely orthographic convention. Originally, certain proclitic words lost their accent before another word and received

1593-518: The AltGr key can be used to create the following characters: Other AltGr combinations are peculiar to just some of the countries: The Finnish multilingual keyboard standard adds many new characters to the traditional layout via the AltGr key, as shown in the image below (the blue characters can be written with the AltGr key; several dead key diacritics, shown in red, are also available as an AltGr combination). Typewriters in Poland used

1652-410: The AltGr key nor a right-hand Alt key. Thus Ctrl + Alt + a has the same effect as AltGr + a . Because of this feature, Microsoft advises that Ctrl + Alt not be used as part of any application keyboard shortcut, as it would prevent typing the matching AltGr character on such keyboards. In most of the keyboard diagrams the symbol one gets when holding down AltGr is in blue in

1711-596: The Fn key with other keys. The MIT space-cadet keyboard had additional Top and Front modifier keys. Combined with standard modifiers, it could enter as many as 8,000 different characters. Specialist typesetting machines, and word processors such as the Redactron , sometimes used multiple modifier keys to trigger mode changes e.g. for emboldened text or justification changes. This approach gradually became obsolete after software based on commodity hardware and operating systems adopted

1770-647: The Swiss French layout, the labels are inverted as è , é , and à ; namely, the base layer and the Shift⇧ layer are swapped. However, with respect to the AltGr layer, the region-specific layouts are irrelevant. Swiss German: AltGr + Ä → { Swiss French: AltGr + À → { In Turkish keyboard variants the AltGr can be used to display the following characters: In Ukrainian (enhanced) keyboard, added in Windows Vista , combination AltGr + U (or as it

1829-669: The Windows On-Screen Keyboard by selecting the necessary keys with the German keyboard layout selected. Some newer types of German keyboards offer the assignment AltGr + H → capital ß. [REDACTED] Some of these key combinations also result in different characters if the polytonic layout is used. On Hebrew keyboards , AltGr enables the user to type the Hebrew vowels and pronunciation marks . In addition, there are several combinations for special characters: Using

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1888-496: The accented Polish letters. An established method was to configure the right   Alt key as an AltGr key and to use it in combination with a Latin base letter to obtain the equivalent precomposed character (accented form of the letter). (Because there are two types of "z with diacritic " ( ź and ż ), AltGr + X is a special case.) At the time of the Fall of communism and opening of commercial import channels this practice

1947-464: The accents, of which the use started to spread, to become standard in the Middle Ages. It was not until the 2nd century AD that accents and breathings appeared sporadically in papyri . The need for the diacritics arose from the gradual divergence between spelling and pronunciation. The majuscule , i.e., a system where text is written entirely in capital letters , was used until the 8th century, when

2006-431: The acute and diaeresis indicates a stressed vowel after a hiatus. In textbooks and dictionaries of Ancient Greek, the macron —' ᾱ '—and breve —' ᾰ '—are often used over α , ι , and υ to indicate that it is long or short, respectively. In some modern non-standard orthographies of Greek dialects, such as Cypriot Greek , Griko , and Tsakonian , a caron (ˇ) may be used on some consonants to show

2065-426: The acute at the end of a word if another accented word follows immediately without punctuation . The circumflex ( περισπωμένη , perispōménē , 'twisted around') – ' ᾶ ' – marked high and falling pitch within one syllable. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a tilde ( ◌̃ ) or an inverted breve ( ◌̑ ). It

2124-400: The advent of Unicode and appropriate fonts . The IETF language tags have registered subtag codes for the different orthographies: While the tónos of monotonic orthography looks similar to the oxeîa of polytonic orthography in most typefaces, Unicode has historically separate symbols for letters with these diacritics. For example, the monotonic "Greek small letter alpha with tónos "

2183-550: The binding: On South Slavic Latin (used in Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia) and on Czech keyboards, the following letters and special characters are created using AltGr: South Slavic cyrillic keyboards use a different layout. On Swiss keyboards , AltGr in combination with the following keys types the following characters: Switzerland has four national Languages ( German , French , Italian , and Romansh ). The Swiss keyboard layout

2242-475: The first of two (or occasionally three) successive vowels in Modern Greek to indicate that they are pronounced together as a stressed diphthong. The grave accent ( βαρεῖα , bareîa , 'heavy' or "low", modern varia ) – ' ὰ ' – marked normal or low pitch. The grave was originally written on all unaccented syllables. By the Byzantine period it was only used to replace

2301-428: The first rho and rough breathing on the second one ( διάῤῥοια ). In Latin, this was transcribed as rrh ( diarrhoea or diarrhea ). The coronis ( κορωνίς , korōnís , 'curved') marks a vowel contracted by crasis . It was formerly an apostrophe placed after the contracted vowel, but is now placed over the vowel and is identical to the smooth breathing. Unlike the smooth breathing, it often occurs inside

2360-424: The grave, and later this was generalized to all words in the orthography. Others—drawing on, for instance, evidence from ancient Greek music —consider that the grave was "linguistically real" and expressed a word-final modification of the acute pitch. In the later development of the language, the ancient pitch accent was replaced by an intensity or stress accent, making the three types of accent identical, and

2419-406: The last of the two vowels of a diphthong (ά, but αί) and indicated pitch patterns in Ancient Greek. The precise nature of the patterns is not certain, but the general nature of each is known. The acute accent ( ὀξεῖα , oxeîa , 'sharp' or "high") – ' ά ' – marked high pitch on a short vowel or rising pitch on a long vowel. The acute is also used on

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2478-1255: The left of the letter rather than above it. Unlike other diacritics, the dieresis is kept above letters also in uppercase. Different conventions exist for the handling of the iota subscript . Diacritics can be found above capital letters in medieval texts and in the French typographical tradition up to the 19th century. Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς· ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου· ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου, ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς· τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον· καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν· καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. Ἀμήν. Πάτερ ημών ο εν τοις ουρανοίς· αγιασθήτω το όνομά σου· ελθέτω η βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω το θέλημά σου, ως εν ουρανώ, και επί της γης· τον άρτον ημών τον επιούσιον δος ημίν σήμερον· και άφες ημίν τα οφειλήματα ημών, ως και ημείς αφίεμεν τοις οφειλέταις ημών· και μη εισενέγκης ημάς εις πειρασμόν, αλλά ρύσαι ημάς από του πονηρού. Αμήν. There have been problems in representing polytonic Greek on computers, and in displaying polytonic Greek on computer screens and printouts, but these have largely been overcome by

2537-510: The letters on the keys, but also additional symbols and punctuation marks . Some languages such as Bengali use this key when the number of letters of their alphabet is too large for a standard keyboard. For example, on the US-International keyboard layout, the C key can be used to insert four different characters: IBM states that AltGr is an abbreviation for alternate graphic . A key labelled with some variation of "Alt Graphic"

2596-452: The lower-right of the corner. If different, the symbol for Shift+AltGr is shown in the upper-right. The Windows version of the Belgian keyboard may only support a subset of these characters. Several of the AltGr combinations are themselves dead keys , which are followed by another letter to produce an accented version of that letter. The new Finnish keyboard standard of 2008 ( SFS 5966 )

2655-484: The place of the right-hand Alt key . The key at this location will operate as AltGr if a keyboard layout using AltGr is chosen in the operating system, regardless of what is engraved on the key. In macOS , the Option key has functions similar to the AltGr key. The AltGr key is used as an additional Shift key , to provide a third and a fourth (when Shift is also pressed) grapheme for most keys. Most are accented variants of

2714-597: The presence or absence of an /h/ in Attic Greek , which had adopted a form of the alphabet in which the letter ⟨Η⟩ ( eta ) was no longer available for this purpose as it was used to represent the long vowel /ɛː/ . During the Hellenistic period (3rd century BC), Aristophanes of Byzantium introduced the breathings—marks of aspiration (the aspiration however being already noted on certain inscriptions, not by means of diacritics but by regular letters or modified letters)—and

2773-562: The three accents have disappeared, and only a stress accent remains. The iota subscript was a diacritic invented to mark an etymological vowel that was no longer pronounced, so it was dispensed with as well. The transliteration of Greek names follows Latin transliteration of Ancient Greek; modern transliteration is different, and does not distinguish many letters and digraphs that have merged by iotacism . The accents ( Ancient Greek : τόνοι , romanized :  tónoi , singular: τόνος , tónos ) are placed on an accented vowel or on

2832-581: The tilde and the curly brackets. The following letters can be input in the Latvian keyboard layout using AltGr: On Macedonian keyboards, AltGr enables the user to type the following characters: The keyboard layouts in the Nordic countries Denmark (DK), Faroe Islands (FO), Finland (FI), Norway (NO) and Sweden (SE) as well as in Estonia (EE) are largely similar to each other. Generally

2891-472: The time of Ancient Greek, each of these marked a significant distinction in pronunciation. Monotonic orthography for Modern Greek uses only two diacritics, the tonos and diaeresis (sometimes used in combination) that have significance in pronunciation, similar to vowels in Spanish . Initial /h/ is no longer pronounced, and so the rough and smooth breathings are no longer necessary. The unique pitch patterns of

2950-533: The user to type the following characters: On German keyboards , AltGr enables the user to type the following characters, which are indicated on the keyboard: Windows 8 introduced the ability of pressing AltGr + ⇧ Shift + ß to produce ẞ ( capital ß ). Even though this is usually not indicated on the physical keyboard—potentially due to a lack of space, since the ß-key already has three different levels ( ß → "ß", ⇧ Shift + ß → "?", and, as shown above, AltGr + ß → "\")—, it can be seen in

3009-400: The áéíóú sequence, or in conjunction with the Shift key, ÁÉÍÓÚ. Keyboards of some languages simply include the accented characters on their own keys. Some keyboards also have a Compose key for typing accented and other special characters. By pressing Compose , and then two other keys, something similar to a combination of the glyphs of the two previous keys will appear on the screen. It

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3068-426: Was also known as ὀξύβαρυς oxýbarys "high-low" or "acute-grave", and its original form ( ^ ) was from a combining of the acute and grave diacritics. Because of its compound nature, it only appeared on long vowels or diphthongs. The breathings were written over a vowel or ρ. The rough breathing (Ancient Greek: δασὺ πνεῦμα , romanized:  dasù pneûma ; Latin spīritus asper )—' ἁ '—indicates

3127-469: Was designed for easily typing 1) Finnish, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian; 2) Nordic minority languages and 3) European Latin letters (based on MES-2 , with emphasis on contemporary proper nouns), without needing engravings different from those on existing standard keyboards of Finland and Sweden. AltGr and dead diacritic keys are extensively used, although letters of Finnish and Swedish are mostly provided as normal keys. On AZERTY keyboards , AltGr enables

3186-410: Was further increased in macOS Sequoia (2024) with the addition of modifier only keys to be used alone to activate shortcuts such as 'Show Desktop, including Left Command, Left Option, Left Control, Left Shift, Right Command, Right Control, Right Option, Right Shift, fn. This effectively gives users 9 extra keys to activate shortcuts. It is also possible to use (with some utility software) one key both as

3245-468: Was in Demotic Greek . Following the official adoption of the demotic form of the language, the monotonic orthography was imposed by law in 1982. The latter uses only the acute accent (or sometimes a vertical bar , intentionally distinct from any of the traditional accents) and diaeresis and omits the breathings. This simplification has been criticized on the grounds that polytonic orthography provides

3304-462: Was not used in Classical Greece, these critics argue that modern Greek, as a continuation of Byzantine and post-medieval Greek, should continue their writing conventions. Some textbooks of Ancient Greek for foreigners have retained the breathings, but dropped all the accents in order to simplify the task for the learner. Polytonic Greek uses many different diacritics in several categories. At

3363-595: Was on many computer keyboards before the Windows international layouts. On early home computers the alternate graphemes were primarily box-drawing characters . This likely was the intended purpose of the Alt key on PC keyboards, however software quickly used this as a combination key for shortcuts, requiring a new key for producing additional characters. Windows interprets Ctrl + Alt as AltGr , to accommodate some compact keyboards like those of netbooks which have neither

3422-491: Was so widespread that it was adopted as the de facto standard. Nowadays nearly all PCs in Poland have standard US keyboards and use the AltGr method to enter Polish diacritics. This keyboard mapping is referred to as the Polish programmers' layout ( klawiatura polska programisty ) or simply Polish layout . Another layout is still used on typewriters, mostly by professional typists. Computer keyboards with this layout are available, though difficult to find, and supported by

3481-581: Was used above some consonants and vowels in Karamanli Turkish , which was written with the Greek alphabet. Diacritics are written above lower-case letters and at the upper left of capital letters. In the case of a digraph , the second vowel takes the diacritics. A breathing diacritic is written to the left of an acute or grave accent but below a circumflex. Accents are written above a diaeresis or between its two dots. In uppercase (all-caps), accents and breathings are eliminated, in titlecase they appear to

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