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34-459: It covers an area of 4,468 ha (11,040 acres). This article about a Black Sea Region of Turkey location is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a protected area in Asia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Black Sea Region The Black Sea region ( Turkish : Karadeniz Bölgesi ) (sometimes referred to as Pontus or Pontos)

68-718: A breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Although the first option is considered the better of the two, two or three passes do take more time to complete than one. In 2021, world production of hazelnuts (in shells) was 1.1 million tonnes . The hazelnut production in Turkey accounts for 64% of the world total, followed by Italy , the United States , and Azerbaijan as secondary producers. Hazelnuts are used in confections to make pralines , chocolate truffles , and hazelnut paste products. The (solid) combination of ground hazelnuts with chocolate

102-415: A cart pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift hauls away the full totes and brings empty ones back to the harvester to maximize the harvester's time. Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early when about half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of

136-864: A common constituent of muesli . The nuts may be eaten fresh or dried, having different flavors. Raw hazelnuts are 5% water, 61% fat , 17% carbohydrates , and 15% protein (table). In a 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference amount, raw hazelnuts supply 2,630 kilojoules (628 kilocalories) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of numerous essential nutrients (see table). Hazelnuts contain particularly high amounts of protein , dietary fiber , vitamin E , iron , thiamin , phosphorus , manganese , and magnesium , all exceeding 30% DV (table). Several B vitamins have appreciable content. In lesser but still significant amounts (moderate content, 10–19% DV) are vitamin K , calcium , zinc , and potassium (table). Hazelnuts are

170-558: A large community (around 25% of the population) of Christian Pontic Greeks remained throughout the Pontus area (including Trabzon and Kars in northeastern Turkey/the Russian Caucasus) until the 1920s, and in parts of Georgia and Armenia until the 2010s, preserving their own customs and dialect of Greek , the vast majority have since left, mainly to Greece. However, most Muslim Pontic Greeks remained in Turkey. The Black Sea region has

204-493: A rich source of dietary fat , accounting for 93% DV in a 100-gram amount. The fat components are monounsaturated fat as oleic acid (75% of total), polyunsaturated fat mainly as linoleic acid (13% of total), and saturated fat , mainly as palmitic acid and stearic acid (together, 7% of total). The hazelnut is used as a literary device by Julian of Norwich (c. 1343 – after 1416) within her mystical Christian treatise Revelations of Divine Love . The hazelnut shell

238-419: A smooth shell, while a filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination. The seed is edible and consumed raw, roasted or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking. In 1995, evidence of large-scale Mesolithic nut processing, some 8,000 years old,

272-467: A steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Doğu Karadeniz Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters in

306-428: A tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks any lightweight soil, leaves from the nuts, and discharges them into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into

340-686: Is a geographical region of Turkey . The largest city in the region is Samsun . Other big cities are Zonguldak , Trabzon , Ordu , Tokat , Giresun , Rize , Amasya and Sinop . It is bordered by the Marmara Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the south, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast, the Republic of Georgia to the northeast, and the Black Sea to

374-543: Is called gianduja . In Austria , hazelnut paste is an ingredient for making tortes , such as Viennese hazelnut torte. In Kyiv cake , hazelnut flour is used to flavor its meringue body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. Dacquoise , a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut meringue. Hazelnuts are used in Turkish cuisine and Georgian cuisine ; the snack churchkhela and sauce satsivi are used, often with walnuts . Hazelnuts are also

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408-408: Is performed either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts. Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting: the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart, and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris (i.e., twigs and leaves), the nut cart holds the nuts picked up by the harvester, and

442-443: Is strongly flavored and high in monounsaturated fat . It is used as a cooking oil and as a salad or vegetable dressing. Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnuts, accounting for 64% of total production in 2021. A hazelnut cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 8 –1 inch) long and 10–15 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 8  in) in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding

476-702: Is the fruit of the hazel tree and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus , especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana . They are also known as cobnuts or filberts according to species. Hazelnuts are used as a snack food, in baking and desserts , and in breakfast cereals such as muesli . In confectionery , they are used to make praline , and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa spreads such as Nutella . They are also used in Frangelico liqueur. Hazelnut oil , pressed from hazelnuts,

510-575: Is the main variety cultivated in fields known as plats, hand-picked, and eaten green. According to the BBC, a national collection of cobnut varieties exists at Roughway Farm, near Plaxtol in Kent. They are called cobnuts because cob was a word used to refer to the head or "noggin,” and children had a game in which they would tie a string to a hazelnut and use it to try to hit an opponent on the head. In Europe hazelnuts are traditionally grown as multi-trunk trees where

544-467: The Isle of Man . This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and pollen analysis suggests that all of the hazel trees were cut down at the same time. The scale of the activity and the lack of large game on the island suggest that Colonsay may have contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on

578-576: The Black Sea region, especially the Zonguldak area, is a center of coal mining and heavy industry . The North Anatolian Mountains in the north are an interrupted chain of folded highlands that generally parallel the Black Sea coast. In the west, the mountains tend to be low, with elevations rarely exceeding 1,500 meters, but they rise in an easterly direction to heights greater than 3,000 meters south of Rize. Lengthy, trough-like valleys and basins characterize

612-430: The center row. It is best to sweep only a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the number of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop due to the weather. The harvester is a slow-moving machine pushed by

646-443: The coast, summers are warm and humid, and winters are cool and damp. The eastern part of the coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, and it can be heavy once it snows. The water temperature in the whole Turkish Black Sea coast is always cool and fluctuates between 8° and 20 °C throughout

680-474: The east in Kaçkar Mountains , form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely forested. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia . The mild, damp oceanic climate of the Black Sea coast makes commercial farming profitable. Running from Zonguldak in the west to Rize in

714-549: The east, the narrow coastal strip widens at several places into fertile, intensely cultivated deltas. The Samsun area, close to the midpoint, is a major tobacco -growing region; east of it are numerous citrus groves. East of Samsun, the area around Giresun is known for the production of hazelnuts , and farther east the Rize region has numerous tea plantations. All cultivable areas, including mountain slopes wherever they are not too steep, are sown or used as pasture. The western part of

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748-399: The forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor (nut dryer). The sweeper is a low-to-the-ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the center of

782-467: The island. Originally, the pit was on a beach close to the shore and was associated with two smaller, stone-lined pits whose function remains obscure, a hearth and a second cluster of pits. The traditional method to increase nut production is called brutting , which involves prompting more of the tree's energy to go into flower bud production by snapping, but not breaking off, the tips of the new year shoots six or seven leaf groups from where they join with

816-464: The mountains. Rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea . The southern slopes—facing the Anatolian Plateau—are mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen trees. Most of the Black Sea region has a borderline humid subtropical and oceanic ( Köppen : Cfa / Cfb ) climate; with high and evenly distributed rainfall the year round. At

850-586: The north. Provinces that are entirely in the Black Sea Region: Provinces that are mostly in the Black Sea Region: Provinces that are partially in the Black Sea Region: The Black Sea region's population is 8,439,213 based on the 2010 census. 4,137,166 people live in cities and 4,301,747 people in villages. This makes it the only one of the seven regions of Turkey in which more people live in rural rather than urban areas. Though

884-464: The nut, including large nut size or early or late fruiting, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert . In Ireland and the United Kingdom, hazelnuts are sometimes referred to as cobnuts, for which a specific cultivated variety – Kentish cobnuts –

918-495: The overwhelming majority is Turkish, the east of the region is also inhabited by the Laz , a people who speak a Kartvelian language which is closely related to Georgian and converted to Islam from Georgian Orthodoxy in the late Ottoman period as well as Muslim Georgians , also the Hemsin , Armenian converts to Islam, and Pontic Greeks , who converted to Islam in the 17th century. While

952-428: The plant protection measures, potentially impacting the yield quality and level. There are very few studies on these systems, leading to a higher uncertainty for the producer. Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop rather than using equipment to shake them from the tree. The harvesting of hazelnuts

986-471: The rootstock is formed by the variety itself. To enhance the possibility for mechanization and to prevent suckering , a single-trunk tree can be formed by grafting a scion of the desired variety on a Corylus colurna rootstock. There are different approaches in orchard floor management. Strong infestations of certain weeds can lower the yield. Therefore, to prevent yield loss by competition, herbicides are used to create bare soil. Using cover crops protects

1020-449: The row as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to 90 m/s (300 ft/s). Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest may eliminate the need for hand raking around the tree trunk, where nuts may accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts, narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on

1054-415: The soil and suppresses weed establishment without a yield reduction. Silvopastoral systems where animals like pigs are kept in the orchard or silvoarable systems where crops are grown between the rows could introduce new sources of revenue into the hazelnut production and may have beneficial effects on hazelnut yield by fertilizing the soil through nitrogen fixation or animal dung. These systems limit

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1088-480: The trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season. The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat . The many cultivars of the hazel include 'Atababa', 'Barcelona', 'Butler', 'Casina', 'Clark', 'Cosford', 'Daviana', 'Delle Langhe', 'England', 'Ennis', 'Halls Giant', 'Jemtegaard', 'Kent Cob', 'Lewis', 'Tokolyi', 'Tonda Gentile', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Romana', 'Wanliss Pride', and 'Willamette'. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of

1122-707: The year. Those who dislike the heat and humidity of the summer in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey, escape to the plateaux of the mountains in the Black Sea region which are almost permanently cloudy and receive immense amounts of rain, and are very attractive with rich flora and fauna , forests , crater lakes , waterfalls , rivers , streams , mountain and nature walk, rafting , canoe and winter sports , hunting and fishing , grass skiing , healing water, and local dishes. 41°00′N 36°00′E  /  41.000°N 36.000°E  / 41.000; 36.000 Hazelnut The hazelnut

1156-632: Was found in a midden pit on the island of Colonsay in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7720±110 BP, which calibrates to c.  6000 BCE . Similar sites in Britain are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on

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